CN112681002A - 压板 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明涉及用于电功率变压器中的绝缘的纤维素基压板。压板以压板的重量的0.01%与20%之间的组合量包括聚乙烯胺(PVAm)和聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)。本发明还涉及这样的压板作为功率变压器中的绝缘的使用、包括这样的压板的功率变压器以及生产压板的方法。
Description
本申请是发明名称为“压板”、申请日为2015年10月16日、申请号为“201580056831.3”的中国专利申请的分案申请。
技术领域
本公开涉及用于电功率变压器中的绝缘的纤维素基压板以及这样的变压器和用于生产压板的方法。
背景技术
在电气变压器的不同部件中,绝缘材料用来避免闪络诸如此类。该绝缘材料典型地是纤维素基的,因为这样的纸或压板材料便宜且容易处理同时给予良好的绝缘并具有合适的机械、电气和热属性。在填充油的变压器中的绝缘体的示例是:
-间隔件,被定位在绕组的匝/盘之间,允许油在其间循环。
-轴向棒,被定位在绕组与芯之间,或者在不同绕组之间。
-筒体,被围绕绕组定位在绕组与其芯之间,或者在不同绕组之间。
-绕组台,被定位在多个绕组的上方和下方,支撑着它们。
-绕组的导体的绝缘涂层。
压板是一类纤维素基材料,典型地由一个或若干层(层片)的纸构成,当使用热和压力的组合进行压缩时这些纸形成了在一定范围的重量内的坚硬的致密材料。
压板多年来一直用作功率变压器中的绝缘材料。压板的组成和制造工艺多年来基本保持不变。这样缺乏创新有很多原因。压板主要以相对便宜的价格提供良好的机械和电气属性。除此之外,车间中的易机械加工性和通用性增加了材料的价值。
然而,存在有期望可以改进的压板材料的一些方面。这些方面主要与材料的机械属性有关。一个挑战是改进压板的平面内和平面外机械属性,而不使其介电属性劣化。改进了的平面内刚度和强度将产生单个片材和层压材料两者的较高弯折刚度。平面外的较高刚性在制造过程和变压器使用寿命两者期间都有帮助。
重要的是要记住,第一个的改进不一定会引起第二个的改进并且反之亦然,在此意义上,平面内和平面外的属性在没有直接联系。
US 6,736,933公开了一种多层片纸板,其包括至少一个层片的传统纤维素纤维与从大约0.1至大约6重量百分比的水性粘合剂,和至少一层片的化学纤维内交联的纤维素高容纤维与从大约0.1至大约6重量百分比的水性粘合剂。水性粘合剂可以是淀粉、改性淀粉、聚乙烯醇、聚乙酸乙烯酯、聚乙烯/丙烯酸共聚物、丙烯酸聚合物、聚丙烯酸酯、聚丙烯酰胺、多胺、瓜胶、氧化聚乙烯、聚氯乙烯、聚氯乙烯/丙烯酸共聚物、丙烯腈/丁二烯/苯乙烯共聚物或聚丙烯腈。
发明内容
本公开的目的是提供一种具有改进的机械属性的压板。
根据本发明的一方面,提供有一种用于电气设备中的绝缘的纤维素基压板。压板以压板重量的0.01%与20%之间的组合量包括聚乙烯胺(PVAm)和聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)。
根据本发明的另一方面,提供有一种本发明的压板的实施例作为电气设备、例如变压器中的绝缘材料的使用。
根据本发明的另一方面,提供有一种电气设备,其包括由本发明的压板的实施例制成的固体绝缘材料。在一些实施例中,电气设备是电气变压器(例如功率变压器或配电变压器),其包括变压器绕组、填充变压器的绝缘流体和由本发明的压板的实施例制成的固体绝缘材料。
根据本发明的另一方面,提供有一种用于生产纤维素基压板的方法。该方法包括提供纤维素浆、将一定量的阳离子PVAm混合到浆中、将一定量的阴离子PAM混合到浆中并将压力施加至含PVAm和PAM的浆以形成压板。压板中的PVAm和PAM的组合量在压板重量的0.01%与20%之间。
通过使用PVAm和PAM的组合作为压板中的添加剂,实现了平面内拉伸强度的增加以及平面外压缩性的降低。例如,阳离子PVAm可以与带负电荷的纤维素结合,使得表面呈阳性。阴离子PAM的添加会使表面稍微为呈阴性。随着聚电解质PVAm和PAM的这种逐层的形成,纤维素纤维变得更坚固且更硬,并且还可能修复沿着纤维的较弱区域。添加剂还可以加强纤维-纤维结合,从而给予了整体更好的机械性能。
通常,权利要求书中使用的所有术语均应根据其在本技术领域的普通含义进行解释,除非本文另有明确限定。对“一/一个/所述元件、设备、组件、装置、步骤等等”的所有引用将被开放式地解释为是指元件、设备、组件、装置、步骤等等中的至少一个实例,除非另有明确指出。本文公开的任何方法的步骤不必以所公开的确切顺序执行,除非明确指出。用于本公开的不同特征/组件的“第一”、“第二”等等的使用仅旨在将特征/组件与其他类似特征/组件区分开来,而不是赋予特征/组件件任何顺序或层次。
附图说明
将参照附图通过示例的方式来描述示例,其中:
图1是具有由本发明的压板制成的绝缘体的变压器的实施例的示意截面。
图2是本发明的方法的实施例的示意流程图。
具体实施方式
现在将在下文中参考附图更充分地描述实施例,在附图中示出了某些实施例。然而,在本公开的范围内,很多不同形式的其他实施例是可能的。而是,通过示例的方式提供以下实施例,使得本公开将是彻底和完整的,并且将向本领域技术人员充分地传达本公开的范围。相似的数字贯穿描述是指相似的元件。
图1示意性地图示出呈电气变压器100的形式的电气设备的实施例。绝缘压板可以在其中有益地使用的电气设备的其他示例包括例如电动机、发电机和开关。图1的变压器被至少部分地填充油(由图中指示出的波浪油-空气界面示意性地图示出),例如用矿物油或酯基油。需要注意的是,该图仅是示意性的并且被提供以特别地说明可以由本发明的压板制成的不同种类的绝缘体中的一些。
示出了两个相邻的绕组101(a&b),各包括围绕芯103(a&b)、例如金属芯的电导体102(a&b)的线圈。芯103a和103b通过顶部和底部轭104彼此连接和固定。因此这是变压器的一个示例设置,但是任何其他变压器设置可以替代地与本发明一起使用,如本领域技术人员所领会的那样。
导体102借助于变压器所含的流体(即,图1的实施例中的油)彼此绝缘并与变压器100的其他部件绝缘。然而,还需要固体绝缘体以使导体和变压器的其他部件在结构上保持在其预期位置上不动。今天,这样的固相绝缘体典型地由纤维素基压板或由绝缘流体浸渍的NomexTM制成。相比之下,根据本发明,使用包括呈PVAm和PAM形式的添加剂的压板来制备固体绝缘体中的至少一些。绝缘体可以例如呈将绕组101的匝或盘彼此分离的间隔件105、例如将导体102绕组101与其芯103或与另一绕组101分离的轴向棒106、将绕组与变压器100的例如形成绕组、芯、轭等倚靠在其上的支撑件或台的其他部件分离的绕组台107、以及形成绕组101的导体102的绝缘涂层(未示出)的形式。在附图中,为了清楚起见,仅示出几个不同的示例绝缘体。例如,在一些实施例中可以使用由绝缘复合材料制成的在绕组与其芯之间或在不同绕组之间(例如,在高压与低压绕组之间)围绕绕组的筒体。当导体例如被缠绕在筒体之上/到其上时,这样的筒体可以为绕组提供机械稳定性,并且它可以阻断两个绕组(例如低压和高压绕组)之间的大的油隙,这提高了两个绕组之间的间隙的整体绝缘强度。在一些实施例中,围绕芯的同心筒体可以用于将绕组的不同导体层彼此分离和绝缘。
间隔件105被定位在导体103的匝或盘之间,将匝或盘彼此分离。为了避免间隔件在制造或使用期间被压缩,为间隔件105使用基本上刚性且非多孔材料是有利的。纤维素压板的问题是它们随时间的推移被压缩,导致绕组高度上的改变,这造成绕组101之间的轴向不平衡。两个绕组之间的轴向不平衡造成较高的轴向短路力。此外,间隔件需要承受加在其上的应力。轴向棒106被沿着绕组101定位,例如在绕组的导体102与其芯103之间或在两个绕组101之间,使它们彼此绝缘并间隔开。绕组棒也应该能够承受应力,以免断裂或变形。绕组台107应该能够支撑相对重的绕组/芯组件。如本文所讨论的,通过使用依照本发明的具有添加剂的压板,与常用的压板相比,压缩性以及拉伸强度得到改善。
图2是本发明方法的实施例的示意流程图。该方法用于生产如本文所讨论的具有改进属性的纤维素基压板。在S1中提供纤维素浆、例如亚硫酸盐浆。将典型地是阳离子的一定量的PVAm混合S2到浆中。类似地,将典型地是阴离子的一定量的PAM混合S3到浆中。PVAm和PAM可以同时或一个接一个地混合到浆中。例如,可以首先将阳离子PVAm混合S2到浆中,很可能跟着是一些附加搅拌,然后将阴离子PAM混合S3到浆中,或者可以将PAM混合S3到浆中然后将PVAm混合S2到其中。可替代地,可以首先将PVAm和PAM彼此混合然后将组合的添加剂混合S2和S3到浆中。首先使阳离子添加剂(例如阳离子PVAm)与浆混合的优点在于,浆的纤维素纤维通常是阴离子的,允许阳离子添加剂结合至浆的纤维素,此后使阴离子添加剂(例如阴离子PAM)与浆混合,允许了阴离子添加剂结合至已经结合到纤维素上的阳离子添加剂。添加剂PVAm和PAM在当混合S2和S3到浆中时可以呈水溶液、悬浮液或浆料或者粉末的形式。接着,以传统方式将纸浆从一个或多个层片制成压板,包括将压力和典型地还有热施加S4至含PVAm和PAM的浆/纸层片以形成压板。生产出的压板具有在压板重量的0.01%与20%之间的添加剂量(PVAm+PAM)。
执行实验(参见例如下面的示例)以确定更合适量的添加剂。该量应大到足以获得改进的属性,但不需要使用比必要的更多的添加剂。发现压板重量(wt%)的0.01%与20%之间的PVAm和PAM的组合量是合适的,优选在0.01wt%与5wt%之间、例如在0.02wt%与2wt%之间、诸如在0.02wt与1wt%之间或者在0.03wt%与0.5wt%之间。还发现PVAm与PAM添加剂之间的比率可以影响压板的属性,允许添加剂彼此合适地协作。在1:1与2:1之间、例如大约3:2的PVAm与PAM的重量比是合适的。典型地,压板中的PVAm的量在0.01wt与5wt%之间,例如在0.01wt%与1wt%之间、诸如在0.02wt与0.3wt%之间。类似地,典型地,压板中的PAM的量在0.01wt%与5wt%之间、例如在0.01wt%与1wt%之间、诸如在0.01wt%与0.2wt%之间。需注意的是,本文讨论的量是生产出的板中的量,而不是在生产其板之前添加到浆中的量。与浆混合的添加剂中的至少一些会在生产期间、典型地在加压期间与浆的水分一起离开。例如,添加剂的保留可以是与浆混合的量的20wt%与90wt%之间。
在本发明的一些实施例中,压板是具有如在标准大气和23℃下依照IEC 641-2测量的至少1g/cm3的表观密度的高密度压板,但在本发明的其他实施例中压板是低密度压板。高密度压板可能适合于获得压板的合适的强度和刚性,尤其是如果它是承载件的话,并且高密度接着与添加剂组合以获得改进的机械属性、尤其是降低的平面外压缩性(即,压板厚度的压缩)和改进的平面内拉伸强度以处理沿着压板的纸片材而不在其之间的拉伸应力。
在本发明的一些实施例中,压板呈间隔件105、轴向棒106或绕组台107或者变压器中的任何其他类型的固体绝缘体的形式,例如电功率变压器100中的用于绕组101的间隔件。例如,压板固体绝缘材料可以呈与绕组101一体的多个间隔件105的形式。
变压器可以是功率变压器,典型地填充有诸如矿物油或酯基液体或油等的电绝缘液体。在一些实施例中,变压器被配置用于高电压应用。
示例
使用了具有重量比为3:2的不同组合量的PVAm和PAM的以下压板试样,并与没有PVAm和PAM的参考板进行了比较。需注意的是,下面对于不同试样的添加剂的量是添加到浆中的量。取决于保留,生产出的板中的量可能更低。在一些其他实验中,保留估计为大约50%,但可能在20%与90%之间变化。
1.参考
2.PVAm和PAM 0.15wt%
3.PVAm和PAM 0.3wt%
4.PVAm和PAM 0.75wt%
5.PVAm和PAM 1.5wt%
重量百分比是基于添加剂的重量而不是添加剂悬浮液/浆料/溶液的重量,和浆的不包括浆中水分的干重计算的。基础浆是没有添加剂的亚硫酸盐浆,以确保良好的介电属性。将PVAm和PAM分离地投到水溶液中。阳离子PVAm购自BASF,商品名为Luredur VM,并且具有大概15wt%的浓度。阴离子聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)的溶液也购自BASF,商品名为Luredur AM,并且具有大概15wt%的浓度。
将PVAm和PAM以3:2的比例加入到原料中。首先加入阳离子PVAm并将原料搅拌10分钟。接着加入阴离子PAM。
根据IEC标准60641-2执行了拉伸测试。实验是在造纸机的机器方向(MD)和造纸机的横向(CD)方向上在室温和110℃下执行的。数据包括强度和刚度值。
根据IEC标准60641-2执行了压缩性测试。压缩性和可逆压缩性的值由IEC标准60641规定。这些属性与间隔件中使用的压板、典型地是具有从1mm至3mm范围的厚度的非层压高密度(HD)压板相关。这种要求的实际原因是在变压器生产的不同阶段限定绕组高度的必要性。在厚度方向上的较刚性的材料引起较小变形,并因此减少了包括调整间隔件的需要。
在室温下的干燥材料和在110℃下的热且干燥材料两者上执行了测试。在高温下运行压缩性测试的选择旨在了解增加的温度会使经修改的材料的平面外机械属性降低多少。已知一些添加剂在高温下具有较低的机械属性。将用于压缩性测试的设备、即板和连接到活塞的连接件插入烘箱中。用两个传感器监测温度。一个传感器测量空气温度。将第二传感器插入具有相同的测试试样高度的压板的堆叠中。仿制件堆叠被用作用于测试堆叠中间的温度参考。将在110℃下测试的测试件在测试前保存在热空气烘箱中。在从热空气烘箱转移到拉伸测试机后,当仿制件的温度达到110℃标记时开始压缩性测试。
拉伸测试
参考和经修改的压板的拉伸强度和弹性模量值的结果的总结见表1(下文)。
大多数测试件在室温(RT)下显示出拉伸强度上的改进。对于在110℃下执行的测试,也保持改进。
表1:在RT和110℃下的拉伸强度和弹性模量的值
压缩性测试
根据IEC标准执行的压缩性测试的结果的总体总结见表2(下文)。寻求低的压缩性和高的可逆压缩性。10%的组合PVAm+PAM的值归因于材料不足而无法得到。
表2:测试试样材料的压缩性和可逆压缩性值的总结
上面参照几个实施例主要描述了本发明。然而,如本领域技术人员容易理解的那样,除上面所公开的那些之外的其他实施例同样可能在如由随附权利要求限定的本公开的范围内。
Claims (16)
1.一种用于电气设备(100)中的绝缘的纤维素基压板,其中所述压板由混合有一定量的阳离子聚乙烯胺PVAm和一定量的阴离子聚丙烯酰胺PAM的纤维素浆制成;
其中所述压板包括组合量在所述压板的重量的0.01%与20%之间的PVAm和PAM;
其中所述压板具有至少1g/cm3的表观密度并且呈用于所述电气设备的承载的固体绝缘体的形式;以及
其中PVAm与PAM的重量比在1:1与2:1之间。
2.根据权利要求1所述的压板,其中所述压板中的PVAm和PAM的所述组合量在0.01wt%与5wt%之间,例如在0.02wt%与2wt%之间,诸如在0.02wt%与1wt%之间或在0.03wt%与0.5wt%之间。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的压板,其中所述压板中的PVAm的量在0.01wt%与5wt%之间,例如在0.01wt%与1wt%之间,诸如在0.02wt%与0.3wt%之间。
4.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的压板,其中所述压板中的PAM的量在0.01wt%与5wt%之间,例如在0.01wt%与1wt%之间,诸如在0.01wt%与0.2wt%之间。
5.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的压板,其中PVAm与PAM的重量比是3:2。
6.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的压板,其中所述压板的所述纤维素来自亚硫酸盐浆。
7.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的压板,其中所述压板呈间隔件(105)、轴向棒(106)或绕组台(107)的形式,例如用于电功率变压器(100)中的绕组(101)的间隔件。
8.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的压板,其中,所述PVAm和PAM逐层形成。
9.一种根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的压板作为绝缘材料在电气设备中的用途,所述电气设备例如是变压器(100)。
10.一种电气设备(100),包括由根据权利要求1至8中任一项所述的压板制成的固体绝缘材料。
11.根据权利要求10所述的电气设备,其中所述设备是变压器(100),所述变压器(100)包括:
变压器绕组(101);和
填充所述变压器的绝缘流体。
12.根据权利要求11所述的变压器,其中所述固体绝缘材料呈与所述绕组(101)一体的多个间隔件(105)的形式。
13.根据权利要求11或12所述的变压器,其中所述绝缘流体是液体。
14.根据利要求11至13中任一项所述的变压器,其中所述变压器是配置用于高压操作的功率变压器。
15.一种用于生产纤维素基压板的方法,所述压板呈用于电气设备的承载的固体绝缘体的形式,所述方法包括:
提供纤维素浆;
将一定量的阳离子PVAm混合到所述浆中;
将一定量的阴离子PAM混合到所述浆中;和
将压力施加至含PVAm和PAM的所述浆以形成具有至少1g/cm3的表观密度的压板;和
将所述压板形成为用于电气设备的固体绝缘体的形式;
其中所述压板中的PVAm和PAM的组合量在所述压板的重量的0.01%与20%之间;以及
其中PVAm与PAM的重量比在1:1与2:1之间。
16.根据权利要求15所述的方法,其中在将所述PAM混合到所述浆中之前将所述PVAm混合到所述浆中。
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CN1399034A (zh) * | 2001-07-25 | 2003-02-26 | 中国科学院成都有机化学研究所 | 一种变压器绝缘纸抗高温老化助剂及其制备方法和应用 |
WO2014131245A1 (en) * | 2013-03-01 | 2014-09-04 | Abb Technology Ltd | Electrically insulating composite material and electrical device comprising the same |
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EP3012282A1 (en) | 2016-04-27 |
EP3012282B1 (en) | 2020-10-07 |
WO2016062638A1 (en) | 2016-04-28 |
US20170321378A1 (en) | 2017-11-09 |
US10351996B2 (en) | 2019-07-16 |
CN107075806A (zh) | 2017-08-18 |
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