CN112655546B - High-yield directional improvement method for three capsule type sesame - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention provides a high-yield directional improvement method of three-capsule type sesame, which comprises the following steps: s1, sowing the three capsule type sesame germplasm resources according to the row spacing of more than or equal to 40cm, and thinning in the true leaf stage at 1-2 times, wherein the seedling spacing is 3-5 cm; performing final singling at the true leaf stage at 3-4, wherein the seedling spacing is more than or equal to 30 cm; s2, screening to obtain the sesame seed of the plutella xylostella; s3, carrying out artificial hybridization by taking the obtained multi-capsule sesame germplasm and the three-capsule sesame as parents in the step S2, and harvesting F1 hybrid seeds; s4, marking plants with axillary flowering numbers of 5-7 at more than or equal to 50% of the nodes in the middle of the F1 plant; s5, continuously backcrossing and directionally selecting for 3-5 times by taking the marked F1 plant as a female parent and the three-capsule type sesame parent in the step S3 as a male parent; the method can achieve oriented improvement of common three capsule sesame varieties, greatly increase the per-axillary capsule forming number and the single-plant capsule number of common three capsule sesames, and realize great improvement of the single yield of sesames.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of sesame breeding, in particular to a high-yield directional improvement method of three capsule type sesame.
Background
Sesame (s.indicum l., 2n ═ 26) is a traditional important oil crop in China. Sesame seeds have high nutritional value and wide consumer groups, and are indispensable raw materials for many traditional foods in China. Sesame seeds are high in oil content, rich in unsaturated fatty acids (wherein oleic acid and linoleic acid account for about 85% of the total amount), and also contain natural antioxidant substances such as sesamin (sesamin), sesamol (sesamol) and vitamin E, so that the sesame seeds are very beneficial to human health and are important high-quality edible oil sources and nutritional health-care foods.
Sesame mainly has a single capsule type and a triple capsule type, namely, the sesame is of the single capsule type with the number of capsules per axilla being 1, and the sesame is of the triple capsule type with the number of capsules per axilla being 3. At present, most of sesame varieties applied in production are of the type of three capsules. However, under the influence of factors such as planting density, soil fertility, growth environment and adversity stress, the sesame varieties of the three-capsule type often have the phenomenon of flower and fruit drop in production, the capsule forming rate is low, and 3 capsules can be formed in each axil by the whole plant. The existing research shows that the number of capsules formed in each axilla of the three Capsule type sesame germplasm resources is between 1.01 and 2.10, the average is 1.68 (see 'the research on yield traits and moisture resistance evaluation after wet injury of different plant types sesame germplasm)' Sunjing, Zxielengrong, Zhan Yan Xin, Wang Linhai, Ridonghua, plant genetic resources Science, 2010,11 (2): 139. Thehua 'research on Capsule laws and Capsule development characteristics at different parts of sesame' Gaulo Meishui, Weishuang, Li Ming, Li Feng, Meihong Henan agricultural Science, 2013,42 (4): 64-67; 'Capsule depth manufacturers at difference locations of search (Sesamum indicum)' Gao T M, Weii S L, Li C M, Li F, Mei H. Science), Science and Technology: "2014 45-82:" the yield improvement is difficult to realize.
Disclosure of Invention
Therefore, the technical problem to be solved by the invention is to overcome the defect of low yield of sesame varieties in the prior art, so that a high-yield directional improvement method of three-capsule sesame is provided, a multi-capsule type resource material is identified and discovered, the existing common three-capsule sesame variety is directionally improved by taking the multi-capsule type resource material as a parent, the per-axillary capsule forming number and the per-plant capsule number are increased, and the single yield of the common three-capsule sesame variety can be greatly improved.
The invention provides a high-yield directional improvement method of three capsule type sesame, which comprises the following steps:
s1, sowing the three capsule type sesame germplasm resources according to the row spacing of more than or equal to 40cm, thinning in the true leaf stage at 1-2, wherein the seedling spacing is 3-5 cm; fixing seedlings in the true leaf stage at 3-4 times, wherein the seedling spacing is more than or equal to 30 cm;
s2, observing and recording the flowering condition of the sesame plants in the step S1 after the sesame plants enter the full-bloom stage, and marking the germplasm resources with the axillary flowering number of each leaf being more than 3; investigating and recording the capsule condition after final flowering, and marking the germplasm resources with the number of capsules per axilla being more than 3; after the plants are mature, germplasm resource markers with the axillary flowering number and the capsule number larger than 3 are subjected to seed test analysis, sesame plants with S capsules growing in each axillary are selected from more than or equal to 50% of nodes in the middle of the plants, and S is more than or equal to 5 and less than or equal to 7, so that the sesame germplasm with multiple capsules is obtained;
S3, carrying out artificial hybridization by taking the germplasm of the multi-capsule sesame and the three-capsule sesame obtained in the step S2 as parents, and harvesting F1 hybrid seeds;
s4, planting F1 generation hybrid seeds to obtain F1 plants, and after the F1 plants bloom, marking plants with the axillary flowering number of 5-7 of more than or equal to 50% of the nodes in the middle of the F1 plants;
s5, taking the F1 plant marked in the step S4 as a female parent and the three-capsule type sesame parent in the step S3 as a male parent, carrying out artificial hybridization, harvesting BC1 generation hybrid, planting BC1 generation hybrid to obtain a BC1 segregation population plant, and marking the plants with the axillary flowering number of 5-7 of the nodes which are more than or equal to 50% of the nodes in the middle of the plant of the BC1 population and occupy the nodes in the middle of the plant after the whole plant of BC1 flowers; and (3) carrying out artificial hybridization by taking the marked plant as a female parent and the parent of the three-capsule sesame in the step S3 as a male parent, harvesting BC2 hybrid seeds, planting BC2, marking plants with axillary flowering numbers of 5-7 at more than or equal to 50% of nodes in the middle of the plants in the population, and carrying out artificial hybridization (i.e. backcross) for 3-5 times.
In the invention, the plant comprises an upper part (with the height of a), a middle part (with the height of b) and a lower part (with the height of c) from top to bottom, the length of the whole plant is H, and the ratio of b to H is more than or equal to 1/3.
Optionally, in step S1, the row spacing is 40-60cm, and the row spacing after final singling is 30-40 cm.
Optionally, the hybrid is planted in a manner of sparse planting.
Optionally, the method of sparse planting is as follows: sowing the hybrid seeds according to the row spacing of more than or equal to 40cm, thinning the seedlings at the true leaf stage by 1-2 pairs, and keeping the seedling spacing between 3-5 cm; and (4) final singling is carried out in the true leaf stage at 3-4, and the seedling spacing is more than or equal to 30 cm.
Optionally, the method of sparse planting is as follows: the row spacing for planting the hybrid seeds is 40-60cm, and the seedling spacing after final singling is 30-40 cm.
Optionally, the number of the plants of each generation of segregating population obtained by artificial hybridization is more than or equal to 30.
Optionally, the artificial hybridization is: the artificial emasculation is carried out on one of the parents in the evening of the previous day, and then pollen of the flower which is opened by the other parent is taken in the morning of the next day to pollinate the pistil of the parent after the artificial emasculation.
The technical scheme of the invention has the following advantages:
1. the invention provides a high-yield directional improvement method of three-capsule type sesame, which comprises the following steps: s1, sowing the three capsule type sesame germplasm resources according to the row spacing of more than or equal to 40cm, and thinning in the true leaf stage at 1-2 times, wherein the seedling spacing is 3-5 cm; performing final singling at the true leaf stage at 3-4, wherein the seedling spacing is more than or equal to 30 cm; s2, observing and recording the flowering condition of the sesame plants in the step S1 after the sesame plants enter the full-bloom stage, and marking the germplasm resources with the axillary flowering number of each leaf being more than 3; investigating and recording the capsule condition after final flowering, and marking the germplasm resources with the number of capsules per axilla being more than 3; after the plants are mature, germplasm resource markers with the axillary flowering number and the capsule number larger than 3 are subjected to seed test analysis, sesame plants with S capsules growing in each axillary are selected from more than or equal to 50% of nodes in the middle of the plants, and S is more than or equal to 5 and less than or equal to 7, so that the sesame germplasm with multiple capsules is obtained; s3, carrying out artificial hybridization by taking the obtained multi-capsule sesame germplasm and the three-capsule sesame as parents in the step S2, and harvesting F1 hybrid seeds; s4, planting F1 generation hybrid seeds to obtain F1 plants, and marking plants with the axillary flowering number of 5-7 of more than or equal to 50% of the nodes in the middle of the F1 plants after the F1 plants bloom; s5, taking the F1 plant marked in the step S4 as a female parent and the three-capsule type sesame parent in the step S3 as a male parent, carrying out artificial hybridization, harvesting BC1 generation hybrid, planting BC1 generation hybrid to obtain BC1 plant, and marking the axillary flowering number of 5-7 of more than or equal to 50% of the nodes in the middle of the plants in the BC1 segregating population after the BC1 plant flowers; performing artificial hybridization (i.e. backcross) by taking the marked plant as a female parent and the three capsule type sesame parent in the step S3 as a male parent, harvesting BC2 hybrid seeds, planting a BC2 segregation population, marking the plants with axillary flowering number of 5-7 of more than or equal to 50% of the nodes in the middle of the plant, and then performing backcross for 3-5 times (i.e. 3-5 times of backcross); since the occurrence rate of the per-axillary multi-capsule character of the three-capsule type sesame is extremely low and the character expression stability is extremely low, researchers neglect the per-axillary multi-capsule character as the targeted improvement character of the three-capsule type sesame in terms of improving the yield of the three-capsule type sesame, and have no related report on the per-axillary multi-capsule character improvement of the three-capsule type sesame and the success, since the three-capsule type sesame is a single-rod type sesame and is generally not branched and is suitable for close planting, no researchers find that low-density planting will affect the per-axillary multi-capsule character occurrence rate and the character expression stability of the three-capsule type sesame, and the applicant finds that the per-axillary multi-capsule character occurrence rate and the character expression stability of the three-capsule type sesame can be obviously improved when the three-capsule type sesame is implemented according to the step S1 in the research process, and can efficiently obtain the per-axillary multi-capsule character resource of the three-capsule type sesame, providing a new favorable character gene resource for the genetic improvement of the sesame; through the step S2, each axillary multi-capsule character resource of the three-capsule type sesame can be effectively screened; through the breeding method of the steps S3-S5, the directed improvement of the common three capsule sesame variety can be completed, the capsule forming number of each axilla and the single plant capsule number of the common three capsule sesame can be greatly increased, and the single yield of the sesame can be greatly improved.
Detailed Description
The following examples are provided to further understand the present invention, not to limit the scope of the present invention, but to provide the best mode, not to limit the content and the protection scope of the present invention, and any product similar or similar to the present invention, which is obtained by combining the present invention with other prior art features, falls within the protection scope of the present invention.
The examples do not indicate specific experimental procedures or conditions, and can be performed according to the procedures or conditions of the conventional experimental procedures described in the literature in the field. The reagents or instruments used are not indicated by manufacturers, and are all conventional reagent products which can be obtained commercially.
The evening time period referred to in the following examples is 16:00-19:00 and the morning time period is 7:00-9: 00.
Example 1
The materials used in this example are 107 tripaque sesame germplasm resources (germplasm resources provided by crop research institute of crop science institute of Jiangxi province & crop germplasm resource center of Jiangxi province, and shown in Table 2, wherein some germplasm resources are named and numbered by crop research institute of agriculture science institute of Jiangxi province & crop germplasm resource center of Jiangxi province) and 10 typical common tripaque sesame varieties (shown in Table 1), and the specific operation steps are as follows:
(1) And (3) identifying the capsule characteristics of the three-capsule type sesame germplasm resources. Sowing 107 sesame germplasm resources at a row spacing of 40-60cm (in the embodiment, a row spacing of 40cm is selected), thinning at a true leaf stage of 1-2 pairs, and requiring a seedling spacing of 3-5cm (in the embodiment, a seedling spacing of 5cm is selected); performing final singling at the true leaf stage at 3-4, wherein the plant spacing is 30-40cm (in the embodiment, the plant spacing is 30 cm); and observing and recording the characteristics of capsules after the plants are mature. Other field management is basically consistent with that of normal sesame planting.
(2) Obtaining the resources of the capsules. Observing and recording the flowering condition of the plants after the sesame germplasm resources sparsely planted in the step (1) enter the full-bloom stage, and marking the germplasm resources with the axillary flowering number of more than 3; surveying and recording the capsule condition again after final flowering, and marking the germplasm resources with the effective capsule number of each axilla being more than 3; after the plants are mature, performing species test analysis on germplasm resource markers with the number of flowers and capsules of each axillary greater than 3, selecting sesame plants with S capsules growing on each axillary from more than or equal to 50% of nodes in the middle of the plant, wherein 5 sesame plants with S capsules growing on each axillary are less than or equal to 7, thereby obtaining multi-capsule sesame germplasm, finding that the average number of flowers of each axillary in 107 sesame germplasm resources is between 1.0 and 4.35, the average number of capsules growing on each axillary is between 1.0 and 3.66, selecting sesame germplasm resources meeting the requirements of 5-7 capsules growing on more than or equal to 50% of nodes in the middle of the plant, and selecting sesame germplasm resources meeting the requirements of 5-7 capsules growing on more than or equal to 50% of nodes in the middle of the plant, wherein the RX786 sesame germplasm resources are the optimal sesame germplasm resources (provided by the research on the western province crop germplasm resource center and the Jiangxi province agriculture academyeiling academy code academy) and named sesame germplasm resources), specifically, 1-5 capsules are born per axilla at the upper part and the lower part, the average flowering number per axilla of the whole plant is 4.35, the average capsule forming number per axilla of the whole plant is 3.66, the average capsule number per single plant is up to 300.11, and the average yield per single plant is 41.51g, so RX786 is selected as the sesame germplasm of the multi-capsule.
(3) And (4) artificial hybridization. The obtained sesame "RX 786" with the capsules obtained in the step (2) and the sesame varieties with 10 common capsules are identified as parents (see Table 1), and artificial hybridization is carried out. The hybridization method comprises the following steps: and (3) manually castrating one of the parents at 16:00-19:00 in the evening of the first day, and pollinating pistils of the parents which are manually castrated by taking pollen of flowers which are opened by the other parent in the next morning at 7:00-9: 00.
(4) And (4) planting and selecting filial generation. And (3) carrying out sparse planting (planting according to the sparse planting method in the step (1)) on seeds (F1 generation hybrid seeds) harvested after the hybridization in the step (3), investigating the axillary flowering number of each leaf in the middle of the plant after the F1 plant flowers, and marking the multi-capsule plant with the axillary flowering number of 5-7 in more than or equal to 50% of the nodes in the middle of the plant.
(5) Continuous backcrossing and directional selection. And (3) taking the polycapsule plant marked in the step (3) as a female parent and taking the common trimaelis type parent as a male parent (shown in the table 1), and performing artificial hybridization, namely backcross, wherein the hybridization method refers to the step (3). And (2) continuously thinly planting the received hybrid seeds (planting according to the thinly planting method in the step (1)), investigating axillary flowering number of each leaf in the middle of the plant after the progeny plants bloom, and marking the multi-capsule plants with the axillary flowering number of 5-7 of more than or equal to 50% of the nodes in the middle of the plant. Then the plant of the multi-capsule is taken as the female parent again, the common parent of the three-capsule type (shown in the table 1) is taken as the recurrent parent, the backcross is carried out again, and the hybrid seeds are collected. And (3) backcrossing for 5 times, wherein each generation of segregation population plants are large enough (more than 30 plants), directionally improving by taking the multi-capsule character with the axillary flowering number of 5-7 of more than or equal to 50% of the nodes in the middle of the plants as a target character, considering the characters such as strain resistance, seed quality and the like, finally finishing the directional improvement of the common three-capsule sesame variety (shown in table 1), greatly increasing the axillary capsule forming number of each leaf of the common three-capsule sesame and the capsule number of each plant, and realizing the great improvement of the single yield.
The improvement effect is compared. The main character identification is carried out on the directionally improved variety which is continuously backcrossed for 5 times, and the identification method comprises the following steps: the test cell is 3 meters long and 2 meters wide, random block design is carried out, the three times of repetition are carried out, the planting row spacing is 40cm, 1-2 pairs of seedlings in the true leaf period, 3-4 pairs of seedlings in the true leaf period are set, the plant spacing is 10cm, and other field management is carried out as usual. Comparative analysis shows that the properties of the improved variety, such as the capsule joint number, the capsule grain number, the thousand grain weight and the like, are very similar to those of the recurrent parent, and the difference is small (Table 1); the single capsule quantity, the per axillary capsule forming quantity, the single plant yield and the reduced per mu yield are obviously increased, the yield increase amplitude is up to 20.54-48.36 percent, and the single yield of the common three capsule sesame variety is greatly improved.
TABLE 1 comparison of Effect before and after Directional improvement
TABLE 2 sesame seed resources
Experimental example 1
The experimental example investigates the influence of different planting densities on the character occurrence rate of each axillary polychaellus of the RX786 sesame, wherein the character occurrence rate of each axillary polychaes of an RX786 plant (the plant occurrence rate of the polychaes) refers to the percentage of the number of sesame plants, in which 5-7 capsules appear in each axillary epipolar region, of more than or equal to 50% of the nodes in the middle of the plant to the total number of sesame plants in a cell.
The test method comprises the following steps: the cells were set according to the row spacing in table 3, with a cell width of 2m, 10 rows were planted in each cell, and the blocks were randomly organized and repeated three times. Seedlings are grown in 1-2 pairs of true leaf stages, and seedlings are grown in 3-4 pairs of true leaf stages.
The sesame germplasm resource of RX786 is implemented according to the steps (1) and (2) in the example 1, wherein the row spacing and the seedling spacing after the final singling in the step (1) are shown in the following table 3, and the statistical occurrence rate of the axillary capsules of RX786 plants per leaf is shown in the following table 3.
TABLE 3, results of trait incidence of Corchorus capsularis per leaf of RX786 plants
| Line spacing/cm | Plant spacing/cm | Row spacing and plant spacing | Occurrence rate of Polychaea fruit character% | |
| Scheme 1 | 40 | 30 | 40*30 | 100.00 |
| Scheme 2 | 40 | 25 | 40*25 | 90.28 |
| Scheme 3 | 40 | 20 | 40*20 | 47.62 |
| Scheme 4 | 40 | 15 | 40*15 | 1.67 |
| Scheme 5 | 35 | 30 | 35*30 | 91.67 |
| Scheme 6 | 35 | 25 | 35*25 | 58.33 |
| Scheme 7 | 35 | 20 | 35*20 | 7.14 |
| Scheme 8 | 35 | 15 | 35*15 | 0.00 |
| Scheme 9 | 30 | 30 | 30*30 | 60.00 |
| Scheme 10 | 30 | 25 | 30*25 | 25.00 |
| Scheme 11 | 30 | 20 | 30*20 | 1.19 |
| Scheme 12 | 30 | 15 | 30*15 | 0.00 |
As is clear from the above Table 3, the occurrence of the per-capsule character of the triple-capsule type sesame can be remarkably improved by controlling the row pitch/cm and the plant pitch/cm.
It should be understood that the above examples are only for clarity of illustration and are not intended to limit the embodiments. Other variations and modifications will be apparent to persons skilled in the art in light of the above description. And are neither required nor exhaustive of all embodiments. And obvious variations or modifications therefrom are within the scope of the invention.
Claims (5)
1. The high-yield directional improvement method of three capsule type sesame is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
S1, sowing the three capsule type sesame germplasm resources according to the row spacing of more than or equal to 40cm, thinning in the true leaf stage at 1-2, wherein the seedling spacing is 3-5 cm; fixing seedlings in the true leaf stage at 3-4 times, wherein the seedling spacing is more than or equal to 30 cm;
s2, observing and recording the flowering condition of the sesame plants in the step S1 after the sesame plants enter the full-bloom stage, and marking the germplasm resources with the axillary flowering number of more than 3; investigating and recording capsule conditions after final flowering, and marking germplasm resources with the number of capsules per axilla being more than 3; after the plants are mature, germplasm resource markers with the axillary flowering number and the capsule number larger than 3 are subjected to seed test analysis, sesame plants with S capsules growing in each axillary are selected from more than or equal to 50% of nodes in the middle of the plants, and S is more than or equal to 5 and less than or equal to 7, so that the sesame germplasm with multiple capsules is obtained;
s3, carrying out artificial hybridization by taking the obtained multi-capsule sesame germplasm and the three-capsule sesame as parents in the step S2, and harvesting F1 hybrid seeds;
s4, planting F1 generation hybrid seeds to obtain F1 plants, and marking plants with the axillary flowering number of 5-7 of more than or equal to 50% of the nodes in the middle of the F1 plants after the F1 plants bloom;
s5, taking the F1 plant marked in the step S4 as a female parent and the three-capsule type sesame parent in the step S3 as a male parent, carrying out artificial hybridization, harvesting BC1 generation hybrid, planting BC1 generation hybrid to obtain a BC1 segregation population plant, and marking plants with axillary flowering number of 5-7 at a node position which is more than or equal to 50% of the node position in the middle of the BC1 population plant after the BC1 population plant flowers; carrying out artificial hybridization by taking the marked plant as a female parent and the parent of the three-capsule type sesame in the step S3 as a male parent, harvesting BC2 hybrid seeds, planting BC2, marking plants with axillary flowering number of 5-7 at more than or equal to 50% of nodes in the middle of the plants in the population, and carrying out artificial hybridization for 3-5 times; the hybrid seeds are planted in a sparse planting mode during planting; the thin planting mode is as follows: sowing the hybrid seeds according to the row spacing of more than or equal to 40cm, thinning the seedlings at the true leaf stage by 1-2 pairs, and keeping the seedling spacing between 3-5 cm; and (4) final singling is carried out in the true leaf stage at 3-4, and the seedling spacing is more than or equal to 30 cm.
2. The high yield orientation improvement method of triscapsule type sesame according to claim 1, wherein the row spacing is 40-60cm and the row spacing after the final singling is 30-40cm in step S1.
3. The method for improving the high yield of the three capsule type sesame according to claim 1, wherein the thin planting mode is: the row spacing for planting the hybrid seeds is 40-60cm, and the row spacing of the seedlings after final singling is 30-40 cm.
4. The method for high yield targeted improvement of the triple capsule type sesame as claimed in claim 1, 2 or 3, wherein the number of plants per generation of segregating population obtained by the artificial hybridization is more than or equal to 30.
5. The method for high yield targeted improvement of three capsule type sesame as claimed in claim 1, 2 or 3, wherein the artificial hybridization is: the artificial emasculation is carried out on one of the parents in the evening of the previous day, and then pollen of the flower which is opened by the other parent is taken in the morning of the next day to pollinate the pistil of the parent after the artificial emasculation.
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