CN1125870C - 用于燃料和润滑剂的减小摩擦添加剂 - Google Patents

用于燃料和润滑剂的减小摩擦添加剂 Download PDF

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CN1125870C
CN1125870C CN98803964A CN98803964A CN1125870C CN 1125870 C CN1125870 C CN 1125870C CN 98803964 A CN98803964 A CN 98803964A CN 98803964 A CN98803964 A CN 98803964A CN 1125870 C CN1125870 C CN 1125870C
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fuel
alkyl
rxr
diamines
amine
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CN1252088A (zh
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J·T·凯里
H·奥马-穆罕默德
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ExxonMobil Oil Corp
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Mobil Oil Corp
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Abstract

本发明提供了一类特定的碳酸酯，由烷基胺与碳酸二烷基酯和/或碳酸亚烃酯反应制得，用作燃料和润滑剂中的减小摩擦添加剂。

Description

用于燃料和润滑剂的减小摩擦添加剂
本发明涉及烷基胺与碳酸二烷基酯和/或碳酸亚烃酯反应形成N-烷基氨基甲酸烷基酯(N-alkylalkylcarbamates)和N-烷基氨基甲酸羟烷基酯(N-alkylhydroxyalkylcarbamates)，以及使用所得产物作为燃料和润滑剂中的减小摩擦添加剂。本发明更具体的是涉及含有该减小摩擦添加剂的燃料和润滑剂的组合物和浓缩物(concentrates)。
当今人们所关注的主要问题是寻求对环境无害且经济的减小发动机摩擦和降低内燃机中燃料消耗的方法。一种方法是用含有减小摩擦添加剂的润滑剂处理这些发动机的活动部件。在这一领域中人们作了大量的工作。
美国专利No.4,617,026中揭示了将一种三元醇的一羧酸酯(即单油酸甘油酯)用作燃料和润滑剂中的减小摩擦添加剂，以促进内燃机中的燃料经济使用。
美国专利Nos.4,789,493；4,808,196和4,867,752中揭示了使用脂族甲酰胺。
美国专利No.4,280,916中揭示了使用脂肪酸酰胺。
美国专利No.4,406,803中揭示了在润滑剂中使用烷烃-1，2-二醇来促进内燃机的燃料经济使用。
美国专利No.4,512,903揭示了由单羟基或多羟基取代的脂族一元羧酸与伯胺或仲胺制得的酰胺类，它可用作减小摩擦剂。
因此，本发明的一个目的是提供一种用于减小和/或防止摩擦的组合物。
本发明的另一个目的是提供一种用于减小内燃机运转中摩擦的方法。
本发明是针对氨基甲酸酯，它通过烷基胺与碳酸二烷基酯和/或碳酸亚烃酯的缩合反应制得，被发现是用于燃料(特别是汽油)、燃料添加剂浓缩物、润滑剂和润滑添加剂浓缩物中的有效的减小摩擦添加剂，并具有良好的高温分解洁净性。
根据本发明，提供了一种润滑剂组合物，它包含润滑油或由其制得的润滑脂(grease)，以及减小摩擦量的一种反应产物，该反应产物是由RXR1NH2与碳酸二烷基酯(dialkylcarbonate)和/或碳酸亚烃酯反应得到的，在RXR1NH2式中，X＝CH2、O、S或NH；R＝氢、烃基、烯基或烷基(C1至C60)；R1＝C1至C4烯基或取代的烯基。
还提供了一种燃料组合物，它包含内燃机燃料和减小摩擦量的一种产物，该产物是由RXR1NH2与碳酸二烷基酯和/或碳酸亚烃酯反应得到的，在RXR1NH2式中，X＝CH2、O、S或NH；R＝氢、烃基、烯基或烷基(C1至C60)；R1＝C1至C4烯基或取代的烯基。
本发明还提供了一种用于减小和/或防止内燃机运转中摩擦的方法，它包括向所述发动机中加注液态燃料组合物，该组合物包含每158,987升燃料11.3-113千克(每1000桶燃料25至250磅)的一种产物，该产物是由RXR1NH2与碳酸二烷基酯和/或碳酸亚烃酯反应得到的，在RXR1NH2式中，X＝CH2、O、S或NH；R＝氢、烃基、烯基或烷基(C1至C60)；R1＝C1至C4烯基或取代的烯基。
已经发现，碳酸二烷基酯和/或碳酸亚烃酯与烷基胺的反应产物具有优良的减小摩擦性能和优良的高温洁净性和分解特性，这些都是用于内燃机的优质燃料和润滑剂所必需的。
合适的烷基胺包括纯的饱和或不饱和的一元胺和/或二元胺，或者由脂肪酸(如椰子(coco)酸、油(oleyl)酸或动物脂(tallow)酸)衍生得到的烷基胺的混合物。
烷基胺在其烷基链上也可以含有杂原子，如氧、硫或氮。胺上的烷基基团足够长以提供减小摩擦的性能，但不能太长以致于不能防止长链烷烃的固有蜡质。然而，可以通过向烷基链中引入不饱和部位或杂原子来将蜡质减至最小。
合适的碳酸二烷基酯包括碳酸二甲酯和碳酸二乙酯，较好的是碳酸二甲酯。
产生的醇副产物通过蒸馏除去。然而，将醇保留在混合物中会改进最终产物的流动性。
合适的碳酸亚烃酯包括环状碳酸亚乙酯和碳酸亚丙酯(propylene carbonate)。较好的是碳酸亚丙酯。将碳酸亚烃酯用作反应剂时没有醇副产物。
烃类溶剂或其它惰性溶剂可以用于反应中。在可用的溶剂中有苯、甲苯和二甲苯。当使用溶剂时，较好的溶剂是二甲苯的混合物。一般来说，可以使用任何能够溶解反应剂和产物并且易于除去的烃类溶剂。
与碳酸二烷基酯的缩合反应通常如下进行：
式中，X＝X1＝CH2、O、S、NH；当X＝NH时，X1可以是NCOOR2R＝氢、烃基、烯基、烷基(C1至C60)，可任选地含有芳基、烷芳基；R1＝C1至C4的烯基或取代的烯基；R2＝C1至C4烷基。
与碳酸亚烃酯的缩合反应通常如下进行：
式中，X＝X1＝CH2、O、S、NH；当X＝NH时，X1可以是NCOO(R3)(R4)OHR＝氢、烃基、烯基、烷基(C1至C60)，可任选地含有芳基、烷芳基；R1＝C1至C4的烯基或取代的烯基；R2＝C1至C4烷基；(R3)(R4)＝亚乙基(ethylenyl)或甲基亚乙基(methylethylenyl)。
反应温度通常在室温至165℃的范围内，较好的是在室温至100℃的范围内。反应时间通常为1-24个小时，较好为2-12个小时。
较好的是使用化学计算量的胺与碳酸二烷基酯和/或碳酸亚烃酯。然而，一种或另一种试剂过量是较好的。所产生的醇(如果有的话)基本上留在最终化合物混合物中。
润滑剂组合物中的减小摩擦添加剂的含量可以是润滑剂组合物总量的0.1-10％(重量)。较好的是0.1-2.0％(重量)。
在润滑添加剂浓缩物中，减小摩擦添加剂的量可以是润滑添加剂浓缩物总量的1.0-50.0％(重量)。较好的是10-30％(重量)。
润滑剂组合物和/或润滑添加剂浓缩物可以含有添加剂组合物(additivepackages)中常见的其它材料，这些材料包括分散剂、清净剂、抗氧剂、抗磨剂和耐特压剂、粘度指数改善剂、防腐蚀剂、防锈剂、防泡沫剂、倾点下降剂、各种标记剂(markers)、标签剂(taggants)和任何增溶剂，如油类、聚合物、溶剂等。这些材料将它们的常见性能赋予特定的组合物，并且不减损它们被加入后的组合物的价值。
合适的分散剂包括聚亚烷基琥珀酰亚胺、曼尼期碱、聚醚、聚亚烷基胺、各种酯等。
合适的清净剂包括酚的金属和/或非金属盐、磺酸盐、羧酸盐等。
合适的抗氧剂包括受阻酚、芳化胺、硫化烯烃等。
合适的粘度指数改善剂包括聚甲基丙烯酸酯、烯烃共聚物等。
合适的抗磨剂和耐特压剂包括二硫代磷酸二烷酯锌盐、二硫代氨基甲酸盐(酯)、噻二唑等。
一般来说，所有这些其它材料的总量不超过润滑剂组合物的10.0-30.0％(重量)，不超过润滑添加剂浓缩物的10.0-100.0％(重量)。
此外，要用于本发明的润滑剂包括具有润滑粘度的矿物烃类油和合成烃类油、矿物油和合成油的混合物以及由其制得的润滑脂，以及其它固态润滑剂。合成油可以包括聚α-烯烃；聚亚烷基二醇，如聚丙二醇、聚乙二醇、聚丁二醇；酯，如癸二酸二(2-乙基己基)酯、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯、新戊酯(如季戊四醇酯)、三甲基丙烷酯；聚异丁烯；聚苯；醚，如苯氧基苯基醚；碳氟化合物；硅氧烷；聚硅氧烷；硅烷和硅酸酯；氢化矿物油，或者它们的混合物。
本发明还可用于燃料，如汽油、加氧汽油、重整汽油、酒精汽油、烃类燃料、烃类燃料和加氧燃料的混合燃料、喷射式涡轮发动机燃料和柴油机燃料。本发明还可用于燃料添加剂浓缩物。
燃料组合物可以含有每158,987升燃料4.5-454千克(每1,000桶燃料10至1,000磅)减小摩擦添加剂，或者更好的是每158,987升燃料11.3-113千克(每1,000桶燃料25至250磅)。
在燃料添加剂浓缩物中，减小摩擦添加剂的量可以在燃料添加剂浓缩物总量的1.0％-50.0％(重量)的范围内。较好的是10％-30％(重量)。
燃料和燃料添加剂浓缩物可以含有燃料添加剂组合物中常见的其它材料，包括用于化油器、出入口燃料注入/喷射器(port fuel injecotors)、进气口、进气阀和燃烧室的控制沉积添加剂；载体流体；抗爆剂(如四烷基铅化合物、有机锰化合物、铅净化剂、辛烷增强添加剂等)；染料；标记剂；标签剂；十六烷值增进剂(如硝酸烷基酯、烷基过氧化物等)；抗氧剂(如受阻酚、芳化胺、硫化烯烃等)；防锈剂；破乳剂；抑菌剂；阻胶剂；防冻剂；金属减活化剂；排气阀抗衰退剂(exhaust valveanti-recession agent)；火花增强添加剂；低温增溶剂；低温性能所必需的溶剂，或者它们的混合物。
合适的破乳剂包括烷氧化的烷基酚醛(甲醛)树脂和聚氧化烯基二醇。
合适的载体流体包括矿物油和/或合成油、聚亚烷基类、酯、多元醇、聚醚，或者它们的混合物。
合适的防腐蚀剂包括丁二酸烷基乳酸基酯(alkyl lactic succinate esters)。
燃料和燃料添加剂浓缩物通常包括有效量的至少一种清净剂。该清净剂通常选自聚亚烷基胺，以及烃基酚类、醛类和胺类的曼尼期碱型缩合产物。这些清净剂通常能减少和/或防止在化油器、燃料喷射系统中往往会形成的沉积，从而提高发动机性能。这些清净剂还能提高燃料的经济使用，并且减少内燃机的废气排放。
较好的聚亚烷基胺清净剂选自聚合的1-胺，包括聚异丁烯胺类(polyisobutylene-amines)。最好的是高乙烯含量的聚异丁烯胺。在美国专利Nos.5,004,478和5,112,364，以及DE3942860中记述了合适的聚异丁烯胺。较好的聚异丁烯胺的平均分子量是500至3,000或更大。
这些聚亚烷基胺通常可以从市场上购得，或者可以由平均分子量为500至3000或更大的高乙烯含量的聚烯烃的胺化作用制得，所用的制备方法是本领域技术人员已知的。聚异丁烯胺的制各通常如下：对反应性聚异丁烯进行氯化或加氢甲酰化，接着用氨、烃基胺、烃基二胺、烃基多胺、烷氧基化的烃基胺，或者它们的混合物进行胺化作用。可以向聚烯烃胺(polyalkeneamines)中混入氨、1，2-乙二胺、二亚乙基三胺、三亚乙基四胺、四亚乙基五胺、哌嗪、己二胺、羟烷基乙二胺、羟烷基三亚乙基四胺等。这些胺可以如下制备：对适宜的聚合烯烃进行氯化或卤化，接着用种种已知的制备方法将它们转化成相应的聚烯烃衍生物。
燃料组合物中聚亚烷基胺的含量可以是每158,987升燃料至少4.5至91千克(每1,000桶燃料至少10至200磅)，较好的是每158,987升燃料至少18至68千克(每1,000桶燃料至少40至150磅)。
燃料添加剂浓缩物中聚亚烷基胺的含量可以是至少为10％(重量)，较好的是至少20％(重量)，最好的是在25-60％(重量)的范围内。
此外，较好的清净剂是烃基酚类、醛类和胺类的曼尼期碱缩合产物。烃取代的酚类通常制备如下：用含10至150碳原子的烃基对苯酚或酚类进行烷基化作用。例如，长链烯烃或聚合烯烃(如丙烯和聚异丁烯)可用于酚的烷基化步骤。然后，将被取代的酚与羰基源和胺反应。羰基源包括醛类，如甲醛、乙醛、丙醛、丁醛和2-乙基己醛。此外，芳族醛类可用于提供羰基源。例如，可以使用苯甲醛、甲苯甲醛、香草醛、水杨醛和肉桂醛。多羰基化合物(如多聚甲醛和乙二醛)也可用于本发明的一些方面。
用于制备曼尼期碱缩合产物的胺包括伯胺或仲胺和酰胺。脂族胺、含羟基的胺或多胺(如二胺、三胺、四胺和五胺)可用于本发明的一些方面。例如，可以使用直链或环状的C2-C6亚烷基二胺、三胺、四胺和五胺、多胺，以及它们的被取代的多官能的衍生物。此处所用的“被取代的衍生物”是指用取代基取代，这些取代基例如卤、羟基、烷氧基、硝基、硫代、烷氧羰基和烷硫基。这些曼尼期碱缩合产物通常可从市场上购得。合适的曼尼期碱缩合产物记述于美国专利No.5,169,410中。
在燃料组合物中曼尼期碱缩合产物的含量可以是每158,987升燃料至少4.5至91千克(每1,000桶燃料至少10至200磅)，较好的是每158,987升燃料至少18至68千克(每1,000桶燃料至少40至150磅)。
在燃料添加剂浓缩物中曼尼期碱缩合产物的含量可以是至少10％(重量)，较好的是至少20％(重量)，最好的是25-60％(重量)的范围内。
使用了本发明减小摩擦添加剂的浓缩物中通常还包含15-80％的溶剂。较好的组成范围如下：
                 组分                        重量％范围
              氨基甲酸酯                        5-25
              清净剂                            20-60
              溶剂
              异丙醇                            0-30
              二甲苯                            15-50
在现描述的本发明用作汽油添加剂的情况下，添加剂组合物可以在提炼汽油之后的任何时间地点加入，也就是说添加剂组合物可以在炼油厂或在配送体系中加入。
本发明还包括一种减小和/或防止内燃机运转中摩擦的方法。本发明可实现的其它可能的益处包括提高了发动机的洁净性、提高了润滑性、提高了耐腐蚀性能、降低了燃料消耗、提高了功率，以及降低了磨损。该方法包括向内燃机中加入一种燃料，该燃料包含汽油和减小摩擦添加剂，以及其它如上所述常见于添加剂组合物中的材料。
以下实施例是对本发明的说明。
实施例1
将195克(0.7摩尔)的脂族油胺(oleylamine)(Armeen OL，购自AkzoChemicals，Inc.)和70毫升(0.7摩尔)碳酸二甲酯在惰性氮气气氛下于100℃加热2小时。用水分分离器(moisture trap)通过蒸馏恒定地除去反应过程中形成的甲醇。得到203克黄色液体。
实施例2
将1995克(7.5摩尔)的一种脂族椰子二胺(cocodiamine)，N-椰子基-1，3-丙二胺(N-coco-1，3-propanediamine)(Duomeen C，购自Akzo Chemicals，Inc.)和1350克(15.0摩尔)碳酸二甲酯于回流下加热3.5个小时。得到3292克澄清的略带棕黄色的液体，它含有14％(重量)的甲醇。
实施例3
将400克(1.5摩尔)的一种脂族椰子二胺，N-椰子基-1，3-丙二胺(Duomeen C，购自Akzo Chemicals，Inc.)和323.0克(3.15摩尔)碳酸亚丙酯(Texacar PC，购自Texaco Chemical Company)在145毫升二甲苯溶剂中的溶液于100℃加热4小时，然后于165℃额外加热1小时。得到720克澄清的褐色液体。
用LVFA(低速摩擦仪器)试验和/或Buick 3.8L Fired Engine试验测量实施例中产物的减小摩擦性能。将添加剂以1.00或0.50或0.25％(重量)溶解在完全按配方制造的5W-30发动机矿物油中作为对比样品。
在LVFA试验中，在滑动速度(5-30ft/min)的范围内，于32、38、48和58psi下测量对比油和含有本发明产物的油的摩擦系数，在室温和250°F下均测量并进行平均。下表1中列出了试验油相对于对比油的摩擦系数的变化百分数。同时也列出了市售摩擦改进剂单油酸甘油酯(GMO)的结果作为比较。摩擦系数的降低百分数越大，添加剂的有效性也就越高。实施例1的N-烷基氨基甲酸甲酯在减小摩擦方面优越于GMO。
                             表1
                         摩擦系数的变化
    实施例     使用量(Treat Rate)％(重量)        摩擦系数的降低％
  静摩擦系数   动摩擦系数
    1     0.5     15.5     12.0
    GMO     0.5     7.0     4.0
用3.8L Fired Engine试验测量每个样品的制动燃料比耗(brake specific fuelconsumption，BSFC)，将其结果与用作对比样品的未加入本发明产物的发动机油的结果进行比较。
试验一般是把添加剂掺加到在275°F(136℃)的温度下运转的发动机的润滑油中。
下表2中列出的燃料消耗的降低百分数的结果是相对于对比油所改进的百分数。BSFC的降低百分数越大，添加剂就越有效。这里同样也使用了GMO(单油酸甘油酯)的结果来对比。
                表2
           燃料消耗的降低
实施例   使用量重量％   燃料消耗的降低％
    275°F
    1     1     4.2
    2     1     4.8
    3     1     4.1
  GMO     1     2.0
*没有响应
从低速摩擦仪器试验的结果和3.8L Fired Engine试验的结果可见，本发明产物显示了异常的减小摩擦性能，得到比市售摩擦改进添加剂单油酸甘油酯更高更好的燃料经济性和性能。
还用TGA(热解重量分析)来评定实施例产物在热分解过程中的洁净性，将其结果与市售摩擦改进剂单油酸甘油酯(GMO)进行比较，如下表3所示。用热解重量分析仪在以100ml/min的气流下以20℃/min加热小样品进行热解重量分析。记录425℃时剩下的残留物的百分数；希望几乎没有或没有残留物。
              表3
             洁净性
    实施例      热解重量分析在424℃时的残留物％
    1     8.5
    2     5.0
    3     3.3
    GMO     25.0
由表3中热解重量分析结果可见，本发明产物显示了比市售摩擦改进剂GMO格外高的洁净性。实施例1和2的N-烷基氨基甲酸甲酯和实施例3的N-烷基氨基甲酸(2-羟基丙基)酯在洁净性方面优越于GMO。
上表中LVFA和TGA的结果表明，本发明产物在用作减小摩擦剂和分解洁净性方面都要优越于单油酸甘油酯。据信，酰胺上的附加基团(如羟基、氨基、亚氨基和烷氧基)与酰胺协同作用能得到更好的表面活性。
实施例4
使用实施例2的反应产物，制得如下燃料添加剂浓缩物制剂。
         制剂             A        B       C        D       E       F
   组分(重量％范围)
  实施例2的反应产物      15.0    14.88    22.7    19.46    29.7    10.0
         清净剂曼尼期碱缩合产物(Ethyl 4961M)        30.12    47.3             40.3    45.0聚异丁烯胺(Pluradyne AP-92M) 30.0                      40.54
          溶剂
         异丙醇          18.33    18.33    10.0    13.3    10.0     8.0
         二甲苯          36.67    36.67    20.0    26.67    20.0    37.0
实施例5
使用实施例3的反应产物，制得如下燃料添加剂浓缩物制剂。
     制剂                  A       B      C        D        E       F
组分(重量％范围)
实施例3的反应产物        15.0    14.88    22.7    19.46    29.7    10.0
    清净剂曼尼期碱缩合产物(Ethyl 4961M)        30.12    47.3             40.3    45.0聚异丁烯胺(Pluradyne AP-92M)  30.0                     40.54
     溶剂
    异丙醇                18.33  18.33    10.0     13.3    10.0    8.0
    二甲苯                36.67  36.67    20.0     26.67   20.0    37.0
现已完整地说明了本发明，应该理解，在不偏离本发明的精神和主要特征的情况下，本发明可以有其它的具体形式和变化。因此，上述实施方案在所有方面都只能被认为是说明性而非限制性的，本发明的范围是所附权利要求书所指出的，而不是上述说明书所叙述的。在与本发明权利要求书等价的意义和范围内的所有变化都被认为是包括在本发明内。

Claims (11)

1.一种燃料组合物，它包含内燃机燃料和一种反应产物，该反应产物是由RXR1NH2与碳酸二烷基酯和/或碳酸亚烃酯反应得到的，其中，RXR1NH2式中的X＝CH2、O、S或NH，R＝C8至C18烃基，R1＝C1至C4烯基或取代的烯基；所述碳酸二烷基酯中的烷基是C1-C4烷基；所述碳酸亚烃酯是碳酸亚乙酯或碳酸亚丙酯；
该燃料组合物包含以每158,987升所述燃料计4.5-454千克的所述反应产物。
2.如权利要求1所述的燃料组合物，其特征在于所述RXR1NH2选自油胺、油二胺、椰子胺、椰子二胺、动物脂胺和动物脂二胺。
3.如权利要求1或2所述的燃料组合物，其特征在于它还包含选自聚烯烃胺和曼尼期碱缩合产物的清净剂。
4.如权利要求1或2所述的燃料组合物，其特征在于它还包含破乳剂。
5.如权利要求1或2所述的燃料组合物，其特征在于内燃机燃料选自馏分燃料、汽油、烃、醇、氧化烃，以及它们的混合物。
6.一种燃料添加剂浓缩物，它包含一种反应产物和至少一种清净剂，该反应产物是由RXR1NH2与碳酸二烷基酯和/或碳酸亚烃酯反应得到的，其中，RXR1NH2式中的X＝CH2、O、S或NH，R＝C8至C18烃基，R1＝C1至C4烯基或取代的烯基；所述碳酸二烷基酯中的烷基是C1-C4烷基；所述碳酸亚烃酯是碳酸亚乙酯或碳酸亚丙酯；
所述反应产物的含量占所述燃料添加剂浓缩物总量的1.0-50.0重量％。
7.如权利要求6所述的燃料添加剂浓缩物，其特征在于所述RXR1NH2选自油胺、油二胺、椰子胺、椰子二胺、动物脂胺和动物脂二胺。
8.一种用于减小和/或防止内燃机运转中摩擦的方法，它包括向所述发动机中加注液态燃料组合物，该组合物包含以每158,987升燃料计11.3-113千克的一种反应产物，该反应产物是由RXR1NH2与碳酸二烷基酯和/或碳酸亚烃酯反应得到的，其中，RXR1NH2式中的X＝CH2、O、S或NH，R＝C8至C18烃基，R1＝C1至C4烯基或取代的烯基；所述碳酸二烷基酯中的烷基是C1-C4烷基；所述碳酸亚烃酯是碳酸亚乙酯或碳酸亚丙酯。
9.如权利要求8所述的方法，其特征在于所述RXR1NH2选自油胺、油二胺、椰子胺、椰子二胺、动物脂胺和动物脂二胺。
10.一种制备用于燃料组合物的减小摩擦添加剂的方法，该方法基本上包括使RXR1NH2与碳酸二烷基酯和/或碳酸亚烃酯反应，其中，RXR1NH2式中的X＝CH2、O、S或NH，R＝C8至C18烃基，R1＝C1至C4烯基或取代的烯基；所述碳酸二烷基酯中的烷基是C1-C4烷基；所述碳酸亚烃酯是碳酸亚乙酯或碳酸亚丙酯。
11.如权利要求10所述的方法，其特征在于所述RXR1NH2选自油胺、油二胺、椰子胺、椰子二胺、动物脂胺和动物脂二胺。
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