CN1252089A - 用于燃料和润滑剂的减小摩擦添加剂 - Google Patents

用于燃料和润滑剂的减小摩擦添加剂 Download PDF

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CN1252089A
CN1252089A CN98803946A CN98803946A CN1252089A CN 1252089 A CN1252089 A CN 1252089A CN 98803946 A CN98803946 A CN 98803946A CN 98803946 A CN98803946 A CN 98803946A CN 1252089 A CN1252089 A CN 1252089A
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Prior art keywords
alkenyl
fuel
acetoacetamide
reaction
rxr
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J·T·凯里
H·奥马-穆罕默德
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ExxonMobil Oil Corp
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Mobil Oil Corp
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Publication of CN1252089A publication Critical patent/CN1252089A/zh
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Abstract

本发明提供了一类特定的亚氨乙酰胺,由烷基胺与乙酰乙酰胺反应制得,用作燃料和润滑剂中的减小摩擦添加剂。

Description

用于燃料和润滑剂的减小摩擦添加剂
本发明涉及与乙酰乙酰胺(acetoacetamides)和/或N-取代的乙酰乙酰胺反应形成亚氨乙酰胺(iminoacetamides)的烷基胺，以及使用所得产物作为燃料和润滑剂中的减小摩擦添加剂。本发明更具体的是涉及含有该减小摩擦添加剂的燃料和润滑剂的组合物和提浓物(concentrates)。
当今人们所关注的主要问题是寻求对环境无害且经济的减小发动机摩擦和降低内燃机中燃料消耗的方法。一种方法是用含有减小摩擦添加剂的润滑剂处理这些发动机的活动部件。在这一领域中人们作了大量的工作。
美国专利No.4,617,026中揭示了将一种三元醇的一羧酸酯(即单油酸甘油酯)用作燃料和润滑剂中的减小摩擦添加剂，以促进内燃机中的燃料经济使用。
美国专利Nos.4,789,493；4,808,196和4,867,752中揭示了使用脂族甲酰胺。
美国专利No.4,280,916中揭示了使用脂肪酸酰胺。
美国专利No.4,406,803中揭示了在润滑剂中使用烷烃-1，2-二醇来促进内燃机的燃料经济使用。
美国专利No.4,512,903揭示了由单羟基或多羟基取代的脂族一元羧酸与伯胺或仲胺制得的酰胺类，它可用作减小摩擦剂。
因此，本发明的一个目的是提供一种用于减小和/或防止摩擦的组合物。
本发明的另一个目的是提供一种用于减小内燃机运转中摩擦的方法。
本发明是针对亚氨乙酰胺，它通过烷基胺与乙酰乙酰胺和/或N-取代的乙酰乙酰胺的缩合反应制得，被发现是用于燃料(特别是汽油)、燃料添加剂提浓物、润滑剂和润滑添加剂提浓物中的有效的减小摩擦添加剂，并具有良好的高温分解洁净性。
根据本发明，提供了一种润滑剂组合物，它包含润滑油或由其制得的润滑脂(grease)，以及减小摩擦量的一种反应产物，该反应产物是由RXR1NH2与乙酰乙酰胺反应得到的，
在RXR1NH2式中，X＝CH2、O、S或NH；R＝烃基、烯基或烷基(C1至C60)；R1＝C1至C4烯基或取代的烯基；
乙酰乙酰胺的化学式是CH3COCH2CON(R2)2，其中R2＝H或C1至C4烷基。
还提供了一种燃料组合物，它包含内燃机燃料和减小摩擦量的一种产物，该产物是由RXR1NH2与乙酰乙酰胺反应得到的，
在RXR1NH2式中，X＝CH2、O、S或NH；R＝烃基、烯基或烷基(C1至C60)；R1＝C1至C4烯基或取代的烯基；
乙酰乙酰胺的化学式是CH3COCH2CON(R2)2，其中R2＝H或C1至C4烷基。
本发明还提供了一种用于减小和/或防止内燃机运转中摩擦的方法，它包括向所述发动机中加注液态燃料组合物，该组合物包含每1000桶燃料25至250磅的一种非硼酸化的产物(non-borated product)，该产物是由RXR1NH2与乙酰乙酰胺反应得到的，
在RXR1NH2式中，X＝CH2、O、S或NH；R＝烃基、烯基或烷基(C1至C60)；R1＝C1至C4烯基或取代的烯基；
乙酰乙酰胺的化学式是CH3COCH2CON(R2)2，其中R2＝H或C1至C4烷基。
已经发现，乙酰乙酰胺与烷基胺的反应产物具有优良的减小摩擦性能和优良的高温洁净性和分解特性，这些都是用于内燃机的优质燃料和润滑剂所必需的。
合适的烷基胺包括纯的饱和或不饱和的一元胺和/或二元胺，或者由脂肪酸(如椰子(coco)酸、油(oleyl)酸或动物脂(tallow)酸)衍生得到的烷基胺的混合物。
烷基胺在其烷基链上也可以含有杂原子，如氧、硫或氮。胺上的烷基基团足够长以提供减小摩擦的性能，但不能太长以致于不能防止长链烷烃的固有蜡质。然而，可以通过向烷基链中引入不饱和部位或杂原子来将蜡质减至最小。
合适的乙酰乙酰胺包括N-取代的乙酰乙酰胺，如N，N-二烷基乙酰乙酰胺，特别是N，N-二甲基乙酰乙酰胺。
烃类溶剂或其它惰性溶剂可以用于反应中。在可用的溶剂中有苯、甲苯和二甲苯。当使用溶剂时，较好的溶剂是二甲苯的混合物。一般来说，可以使用任何能够溶解反应剂和产物并且易于除去的烃类溶剂。
可以用水分分离器(moisture trap)(Dean-Stark仪器)进行溶剂与反应过程中所形成水的恒定的共沸除去。在一些情况下，可以用连续加热来汽提除去溶剂，在除去预计量的水之后通过施加低真空(10-20mm/Hg)来完全地除去溶剂。在其它情况下，溶剂可以保留在最终混合物中以改善该混合物的流动性。
缩合反应通常如下进行：
式中，X＝X1＝CH2、O、S、NH；当X＝NH时，X1可以是NC(CH3)(OH)CH2CON(R2)2或N(CH3)C＝CHCON(R2)2R＝烃基、烯基、烷基(C1至C60)，可任选地含有芳基、烷芳基；R1＝C1至C4的烯基或取代的烯基；R2＝H或C1至C4烷基。
反应温度通常在100-200℃的范围内，较好的是在120-165℃的范围内。反应时间通常为1-24个小时，较好为4-12个小时。
较好的是使用化学计算量的胺与乙酰乙酰胺。然而，一种或另一种试剂过量是较好的。
润滑剂组合物中的减小摩擦添加剂的含量可以是润滑剂组合物总量的0.1-10％(重量)。较好的是0.1-2.0％(重量)。
在润滑添加剂提浓物中，减小摩擦添加剂的量可以是润滑添加剂提浓物总量的1.0-50.0％(重量)。较好的是10-30％(重量)。
润滑剂组合物和/或润滑添加剂提浓物可以含有添加剂组合物(additivepackages)中常见的其它材料，这些材料包括分散剂、洗涤剂、抗氧剂、抗磨剂和耐特压剂、粘度指数改善剂、防腐蚀剂、防锈剂、防泡沫剂、倾点下降剂、各种标记剂(markers)、标签剂(taggants)和任何增溶剂，如油类、聚合物、溶剂等。这些材料将它们的常见性能赋予特定的组合物，并且不减损它们被加入后的组合物的价值。
合适的分散剂包括聚亚烷基琥珀酰亚胺、曼尼期碱、聚醚、聚亚烷基胺、各种酯等。
合适的洗涤剂包括酚的金属和/或非金属盐、磺酸盐、羧酸盐等。
合适的抗氧剂包括受阻酚、芳化胺、硫化烯烃等。
合适的粘度指数改善剂包括聚甲基丙烯酸酯、烯烃共聚物等。
合适的抗磨剂和耐特压剂包括二硫代磷酸二烷酯锌盐、二硫代氨基甲酸盐(酯)、噻二唑等。
一般来说，所有这些其它材料的总量在润滑剂组合物中不超过10.0-30.0％(重量)，在润滑添加剂提浓物中不超过10.0-100.0％(重量)。
此外，要用于本发明的润滑剂包括具有润滑粘度的矿物烃类油和合成烃类油、矿物油和合成油的混合物以及由其制得的润滑脂，以及其它固态润滑剂。合成油可以包括聚α-烯烃；聚亚烷基二醇，如聚丙二醇、聚乙二醇、聚丁二醇；酯，如癸二酸二(2-乙基己基)酯、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯、新戊酯(如季戊四醇酯)、三甲基丙烷酯；聚异丁烯；聚苯；醚，如苯氧基苯基醚；碳氟化合物；硅氧烷；聚硅氧烷；硅烷和硅酸酯；氢化矿物油，或者它们的混合物。
本发明还可用于燃料，如汽油、加氧汽油、重整汽油、酒精汽油、烃类燃料、烃类燃料和加氧燃料的混合燃料、喷射式涡轮发动机燃料和柴油机燃料。本发明还可用于燃料添加剂提浓物。
燃料组合物可以含有每1,000桶燃料10至1,000磅减小摩擦添加剂，或者更好的是每1,000桶燃料25至250磅。
在燃料添加剂提浓物中，减小摩擦添加剂的量可以在燃料添加剂提浓物总量的1.0％-50.0％(重量)的范围内。较好的是10％-30％(重量)。
燃料和燃料添加剂提浓物可以含有燃料添加剂组合物中常见的其它材料，包括用于化油器、出入口燃料注入/喷射器(port fuel injecotors)、进气口、进气阀和燃烧室的控制沉积添加剂；载体流体；抗爆剂(如四烷基铅化合物、有机锰化合物、铅净化剂、辛烷增强添加剂等)；染料；标记剂；标签剂；十六烷值增进剂(如硝酸烷基酯、烷基过氧化物等)；抗氧剂(如受阻酚、芳化胺、硫化烯烃等)；防锈剂；反乳化剂；抑菌剂；阻胶剂；防冻剂；金属减活化剂；排气阀抗衰退剂(exhaust valveanti-recession agent)；火花增强添加剂；低温增溶剂；低温性能所必需的溶剂，或者它们的混合物。
合适的反乳化剂包括烷氧化的烷基酚醛(甲醛)树脂和聚氧化烯基二醇。
合适的载体流体包括矿物油和/或合成油、聚亚烷基类、酯、多元醇、聚醚，或者它们的混合物。
合适的防腐蚀剂包括丁二酸烷基乳酸基酯(alkyl lactic succinate esters)。
燃料和燃料添加剂提浓物通常包括有效量的至少一种洗涤剂。该洗涤剂通常选自聚亚烷基胺，以及烃基酚类、醛类和胺类的曼尼期碱型缩合产物。这些洗涤剂通常能减少和/或防止在化油器、燃料喷射系统中往往会形成的沉积，从而提高发动机性能。这些洗涤剂还能提高燃料的经济使用，并且减少内燃机的废气排放。
较好的聚亚烷基胺洗涤剂选自聚合的1-胺，包括聚异丁烯胺类(polyisobutylene-amines)。最好的是高乙烯含量的聚异丁烯胺。在美国专利Nos.5,004,478和5,112,364，以及DE 3942860中记述了合适的聚异丁烯胺。较好的聚异丁烯胺的平均分子量是500至3,000或更大。
这些聚亚烷基胺通常可以从市场上购得，或者可以由平均分子量为500至3000或更大的高乙烯含量的聚烯烃的胺化作用制得，所用的制备方法是本领域技术人员已知的。聚异丁烯胺的制备通常如下：对反应性聚异丁烯进行氯化或加氢甲酰化，接着用氨、烃基胺、烃基二胺、烃基多胺、烷氧基化的烃基胺，或者它们的混合物进行胺化作用。可以向聚烯烃胺(polyalkeneamines)中混入氨、1，2-乙二胺、二亚乙基三胺、三亚乙基四胺、四亚乙基五胺、哌嗪、己二胺、羟烷基乙二胺、羟烷基三亚乙基四胺等。这些胺可以如下制备：对适宜的聚合烯烃进行氯化或卤化，接着用种种已知的制备方法将它们转化成相应的聚烯烃衍生物。
燃料组合物中聚亚烷基胺的含量可以是每1,000桶燃料至少10至200磅，较好的是每1,000桶燃料至少40至150磅。
燃料添加剂提浓物中聚亚烷基胺的含量可以是至少为10％(重量)，较好的是至少20％(重量)，最好的是在25-60％(重量)的范围内。
此外，较好的洗涤剂是烃基酚类、醛类和胺类的曼尼期碱缩合产物。烃取代的酚类通常制备如下：用含10至150碳原子的烃基对苯酚或酚类进行烷基化作用。例如，长链烯烃或聚合烯烃(如丙烯和聚异丁烯)可用于酚的烷基化步骤。然后，将被取代的酚与羰基源和胺反应。羰基源包括醛类，如甲醛、乙醛、丙醛、丁醛和2-乙基己醛。此外，芳族醛类可用于提供羰基源。例如，可以使用苯甲醛、甲苯甲醛、香草醛、水杨醛和肉桂醛。多羰基化合物(如多聚甲醛和乙二醛)也可用于本发明的一些方面。
用于制备曼尼期碱缩合产物的胺包括伯胺或仲胺和酰胺。脂族胺、含羟基的胺或多胺(如二胺、三胺、四胺和五胺)可用于本发明的一些方面。例如，可以使用直链或环状的C2-C6亚烷基二胺、三胺、四胺和五胺、多胺，以及它们的被取代的多官能的衍生物。此处所用的“被取代的衍生物”是指用取代基取代，这些取代基例如卤、羟基、烷氧基、硝基、硫代、烷氧羰基和烷硫基。这些曼尼期碱缩合产物通常可从市场上购得。合适的曼尼期碱缩合产物记述于美国专利No.5,169,410中。
在燃料组合物中曼尼期碱缩合产物的含量可以是每1,000桶燃料至少10至200磅，较好的是每1,000桶燃料至少40至150磅。
在燃料添加剂提浓物中曼尼期碱缩合产物的含量可以是至少10％(重量)，较好的是至少20％(重量)，最好的是25-60％(重量)的范围内。
使用了本发明减小摩擦添加剂的提浓物中通常还包含15-80％的溶剂。较好的组成范围如下：
               组分            重量％范围
            亚氨乙酰胺            5-25
              洗涤剂              20-60
               溶剂
              异丙醇              0-30
              二甲苯              15-50
在现描述的本发明用作汽油添加剂的情况下，添加剂组合物可以在提炼汽油之后的任何时间地点加入，也就是说添加剂组合物可以在炼油厂或在配送体系中加入。
本发明还包括一种减小和/或防止内燃机运转中摩擦的方法。本发明可实现的其它可能的益处包括提高了发动机的洁净性、提高了润滑性、提高了耐腐蚀性能、降低了燃料消耗、提高了功率，以及降低了磨损。该方法包括向内燃机中加入一种燃料，该燃料包含汽油和减小摩擦添加剂，以及其它如上所述常见于添加剂组合物中的材料。
以下实施例是对本发明的说明。
实施例1
310克(1.5摩尔)的一种醚胺(etheramine)即C8-C10烷氧基丙胺(TomahPA1214，购自Tomah Products，Inc.)和245克(1.5摩尔)80％N，N-二甲基乙酰乙酰胺的水溶液在103克二甲苯溶剂中在惰性氮气气氛下于回流(145℃)下加热80分钟。用水分分离器通过与溶剂的共沸蒸馏恒定地将N，N-二甲基乙酰乙酰胺溶液中的水和反应过程中形成的水除去。得到576克澄清的褐色液体，在二甲苯中的活性(active)约为80％。
实施例2
313克(1.5摩尔)的一种醚胺即C8-C10烷氧基丙胺(Tomah PA1214，购自TomahProducts，Inc.)和145克(1.48摩尔)的纯乙酰乙酰胺在102克二甲苯溶剂中在惰性氮气气氛下于回流(145℃)下加热80分钟。用水分分离器通过与溶剂的共沸蒸馏恒定地除去反应过程中形成的水。得到530克澄清的褐色液体，在二甲苯中的活性(active)约为80％。
实施例3
311克(1.55摩尔)的一种经蒸馏的脂族椰子胺(fatty cocoamine)(Armed CD，购自Akzo Chemicals，Inc.)和250克(1.55摩尔)80％ N，N-二甲基乙酰乙酰胺的水溶液在101克二甲苯溶剂中在惰性氮气气氛中于回流(145℃)下加热80分钟。用水分分离器通过与溶剂的共沸蒸馏恒定地将N，N-二甲基乙酰乙酰胺溶液中的水和反应过程中形成的水除去。得到579克澄清的褐色略带红色的液体，在二甲苯中的活性(active)约为80％。
还用TGA(热解重量分析)来评定实施例产物在热分解过程中的洁净性，将其结果与市售摩擦改进剂单油酸甘油酯(GMO)进行比较，如下表3所示。用热解重量分析仪在100ml/min的气流下以20℃/min加热小样品进行热解重量分析。记录425℃时剩下的残留物的百分数；理想的结果是几乎没有或没有残留物。
                  表1
                洁净性
  实施例   热解重量分析在424℃时的残留物％
    1     4.4
    2     5.5
    3     5.1
    GMO     25.0
由表1中热解重量分析结果可见，本发明产物显示了比市售摩擦改进剂GMO格外高的洁净性。实施例1、2和3的亚氨乙酰胺在洁净性方面优越于GMO。
上表中TGA的结果表明，本发明产物在分解洁净性方面要优越于单油酸甘油酯。据信，酰胺上的附加基团(如羟基、氨基、亚氨基和烷氧基)与酰胺协同作用能得到更好的表面活性。
实施例4
使用实施例2的反应产物，制得如下燃料添加剂提浓物制剂。
      制剂                         A       B      C       D      E      F
组分(重量％范围)
实施例2的反应产物                15.0    14.88   22.7   19.46   29.7   10.0
      洗涤剂曼尼期碱缩合产物(Ethyl 4961M)                30.12   47.3           40.3   45.0聚异丁烯胺(Pluradyne AP-92M)         30.0                   40.54
      溶剂
     异丙醇                      18.33   18.33   10.0   13.33   10.0   8.0
     二甲苯                      36.67   36.67   20.0   26.67   20.0   37.0
实施例5
使用实施例3的反应产物，制得如下燃料添加剂提浓物制剂。
      制剂                       A         B      C       D      E      F
组分(重量％范围)
实施例3的反应产物                15.0    14.88   22.7   19.46   29.7   10.0
      洗涤剂曼尼期碱缩合产物(Ethyl 4961M)                30.12   47.3           40.3   45.0聚异丁烯胺(Pluradyne AP-92M)         30.0                   40.54
      溶剂
     异丙醇                      18.33   18.33  10.0    13.33   10.0   8.0
     二甲苯                      36.67   36.67  20.0    26.67   20.0   37.0
现已完整地说明了本发明，应该理解，在不偏离本发明的精神和主要特征的情况下，本发明可以有其它的具体形式和变化。因此，上述实施方案在所有方面都只能被认为是说明性而非限制性的，本发明的范围是所附权利要求书所指出的，而不是上述说明书所叙述的。在与本发明权利要求书等价的意义和范围内的所有变化都被认为是包括在本发明内。

Claims (16)

1.一种润滑剂组合物，它包含润滑油或由其制得的润滑脂，以及减小摩擦量的一种反应产物，该反应产物是由RXR1NH2与乙酰乙酰胺反应得到的，
在RXR1NH2式中，X＝CH2、O、S或NH；R＝烃基、烯基或烷基(C1至C60)；R1＝C1至C4烯基或取代的烯基；
乙酰乙酰胺的化学式是CH3COCH2CON(R2)2，其中R2＝H或C1至C4烷基。
2.如权利要求1所述的润滑剂组合物，它还包含分散剂。
3.如权利要求1所述的润滑剂组合物，其中所述润滑油选自矿物油、合成油，或者它们的混合物。
4.如权利要求1所述的润滑剂组合物，其中所述乙酰乙酰胺是N-取代的乙酰乙酰胺。
5.如权利要求1所述的润滑剂组合物，其中所述烷基胺是椰子胺。
6.如权利要求1所述的润滑剂组合物，其中所述烷基胺是醚胺。
7.如权利要求1所述的润滑剂组合物，其中所述反应产物的存在量在0.1-10.0％(重量)的范围内。
8.一种燃料组合物，它包含内燃机燃料和减小摩擦量的一种产物，该产物是由RXR1NH2与乙酰乙酰胺反应得到的，
在RXR1NH2式中，X＝CH2、O、S或NH；R＝烃基、烯基或烷基(C1至C60)；R1＝C1至C4烯基或取代的烯基；
乙酰乙酰胺的化学式是CH3COCH2CON(R2)2，其中R2＝H或C1至C4烷基。
9.如权利要求8所述的燃料组合物，它还包含选自聚烯烃胺和曼尼期碱缩合产物的洗涤剂。
10.如权利要求8所述的燃料组合物，它还包含反乳化剂。
11.如权利要求8所述的燃料组合物，其中内燃机燃料选自馏出燃料、汽油、烃、醇、氧化烃，以及它们的混合物。
12.一种燃料添加剂提浓物，它包含减小摩擦量的一种反应产物和至少一种洗涤剂，所述反应产物的化学式如下：
RXR1N＝C(CH3)CH2CON(R2)2式中，X＝CH2、O、S或NH；R＝烃基、烯基或烷基(C1至C60)；R1＝C1至C4烯基或取代的烯基；R2＝H或C1至C4烷基。
13.一种用于减小和/或防止内燃机运转中摩擦的方法，它包括向所述发动机中加注液态燃料组合物，该组合物包含每1000桶燃料25至250磅的一种产物，该产物是由RXR1NH2与乙酰乙酰胺反应得到的，
在RXR1NH2式中，X＝CH2、O、S或NH；R＝烃基、烯基或烷基(C1至C60)；R1＝C1至C4烯基或取代的烯基；
乙酰乙酰胺的化学式是CH3COCH2CON(R2)2，其中R2＝H或C1至C4烷基。
14.如权利要求1所述的润滑剂组合物，其中反应温度在100-200℃的范围内，反应时间为1-24个小时。
15.如权利要求8所述的燃料组合物，其中反应温度在100-200℃的范围内，反应时间为1-24个小时。
16.如权利要求13所述的方法，其中反应温度在100-200℃的范围内，反应时间为1-24个小时。
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