CN112559948A - Water irrigation quota calculation method for water-saving irrigation design of fruit trees - Google Patents
Water irrigation quota calculation method for water-saving irrigation design of fruit trees Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method for calculating the water irrigation quota in the water-saving irrigation design of fruit trees, which comprises the following steps: step 1, taking a single fruit tree as an irrigation design object; step 2, calculating the volume SxH of a soil wetting body of a planned wetting area of a root area of a fruit tree; s is the horizontal projection area of the soil wetting body in the planned wetting area of the fruit tree root zone, and H is the planned wetting layer depth of the fruit tree root zone; step 3, calculating the volume water holdup increment of the designed soil; and 4, calculating the designed water irrigation quota of the fruit tree. For the plants or crops which are planted in a scattered way, such as fruit trees, the irrigation wetting range is determined according to the size and the growth of a single fruit tree, the limitation of the planting density and the number of the fruit trees is avoided, the irrigation amount is closer to the actual requirement, and the influence of unreasonable determination of the wetting ratio on the irrigation quota is eliminated; meanwhile, the method has simple and clear concept and simple and convenient calculation, the irrigation quota is directly expressed by the volume of the irrigation quantity, the result is visual and clear, and the method is convenient for the experience judgment of the rationality of the irrigation quantity and the design of a later irrigation system for a user.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of water-saving irrigation, and relates to determination of an irrigation quota (primary irrigation quantity per unit area) when economic forest fruits (including plants) such as fruit trees need water-saving irrigation due to drought and water shortage, in particular to a method for calculating the irrigation quota in the water-saving irrigation design of the fruit trees.
Background
For arid and semiarid regions, irrigation is an important guarantee measure for supporting the sustainable and stable development of agricultural production. With the increasing shortage of water resources for farmland irrigation, water-saving irrigation becomes a necessary situation for the development of irrigation agriculture.
Throughout the development of the water-saving irrigation technology, the water-saving efficiency of the water-saving irrigation technology is in positive correlation with the investment of a technical system in unit area, and the system construction cost of the high-efficiency water-saving irrigation technology is relatively high, so that the high-efficiency water-saving irrigation technology is generally applied to economic crops with high added values or field crops in severe water shortage areas. In recent decades, with the development of socioeconomic and policy of returning agricultural land to forest and returning grass in China, crops or plants such as economic forest fruits, flowers and the like with better economic benefits are rapidly developed and planted in large areas. Meanwhile, the high-efficiency water-saving irrigation technology mainly based on drip irrigation also obtains great development opportunities.
An important task content for implementing the water-saving irrigation technology is to determine a reasonable irrigation system: namely, the irrigation quota, the irrigation time and the irrigation frequency, and the irrigation quota is a main factor influencing the irrigation efficiency. In the aspect of water-saving irrigation quota determination, the traditional method is based on the condition of full irrigation (ground irrigation) of the field crop field surface and the unit irrigation area (1 mu or 1 hm)2) The calculation unit is used for calculating the lowest soil water content (the minimum soil water content allowed by the water required for the normal growth of the crops) of the soil water retention rate from the water required for the normal growth of the crops by taking the depth of a main root system water absorption layer of the crops to be irrigated as the planned wetting layer depth of the irrigated soil and taking the water content (called the field water retention rate of the soil) of the soil reaching the relatively stable water retention capacity in the range of the planned wetting layer as the upper limitThe water content when water supply stress begins is generally 60% of the field water holding rate for field crops) and the water amount required to be supplemented when the field water holding rate of the soil is increased to the field water holding rate of the soil is used for determining the designed irrigation quota, namely the increment of the soil water content in the planned soil wetting body range in unit area. Therefore, the design irrigation quota is usually calculated by multiplying the planned depth of the wet layer by the increase in the water content of the soil in the planned wet layer, and usually is calculated by using the depth of irrigation per unit area (mm) or the volume of irrigation per unit area (m)3Per mu or m3/hm2) Expressed, the general irrigation water quota calculation formula is as follows:
mis provided with＝0.1γH(βmax-βmin)A (1)
mIs provided with＝0.1H(θmax-θmin)A (2)
In the formula, mIs provided withDesigning an irrigation quota, wherein if the irrigation quantity depth mm is adopted for representation, A (irrigation quota unit conversion coefficient) is 1; if the volume of irrigation water per hectare (m) is adopted3/hm2) When expressed, A is 10, and the irrigation volume per mu (m) is adopted3Per mu) represents that A is 0.667; gamma-soil volume weight (t/m)3) (ii) a H-soil plan irrigation wet layer depth (cm); beta is amax、βmin-the maximum moisture content of the field soil after irrigation and the actual moisture content of the field soil before irrigation or the minimum moisture content of the soil allowed by the crops are respectively the moisture content by weight, calculated as the weight percent of the dry soil; thetamax、θminThe maximum water content of the soil after irrigation and the actual water content of the field soil before irrigation or the minimum water content of the soil allowed by the crops are taken as volume water contents, and the volume water contents are calculated according to the volume percent of the soil.
With the development of water-saving irrigation technology, particularly the wide application of modern water-saving technologies such as drip irrigation and the like, irrigation water is conveyed to the position near field crop plants through a pressure pipeline, and the water-saving efficiency is greatly improved by adopting a small-flow multi-point-source dispersive local moist soil mode for irrigation. In most places, the irrigation mode of drip irrigation of local moist soil is commonly adopted by thin-planting plants such as fruit trees and flowers and protected agriculture.In recent years, in northwest and northeast regions with water shortage, crops with relatively high planting density such as common field corn and cotton also widely adopt an irrigation mode of drip irrigation of local moist soil in order to save irrigation water, under the irrigation condition, the irrigation rate determined by a traditional irrigation mode of a comprehensive moist field is larger than that of the drip irrigation mode of the local moist soil, the irrigation quantity is more, water resource waste is generated, and therefore the requirement is properly reduced. For this reason, for the drip irrigation mode of locally wetting the soil, the current reduction method of the irrigation quota is to multiply the irrigation quota determined in the conventional flood irrigation mode by a wetting coefficient ρ (or wetting ratio) less than 1, i.e., m'Is provided with＝ρmIs provided withThe value of the wetness coefficient rho is generally determined according to the planting density or the coverage of crops (plants), but an accurate calculation formula or method does not exist. According to the related data, the value of rho is mainly determined according to the crop species, and for close-planted crops, the value of rho is larger; for sparsely planted crops, the value of ρ is small, usually 0.3-0.8. The value of rho has components of empirical coefficients, so that the value of rho lacks accurate and reliable basis and has certain randomness in the actual application process. On the other hand, the irrigation quota determined by the method reflects the total irrigation water per unit irrigation area (usually 1 hectare or 1 mu), not the irrigation water per irrigation object. For orchard irrigation, the irrigation quota determined by the method is the irrigation quantity of all fruit trees in a unit area, but not the irrigation quantity of each fruit tree. Because of different fruit tree varieties, the planting number of each mu of land in the current orchard is between 30 and 160, and meanwhile, the sizes of fruit trees are different, the water consumption intensity is different, and the corresponding irrigation quota is also different, the rationality of the irrigation quota size is not convenient to judge by the result calculated by the traditional irrigation quota calculation method. In addition, based on the drip irrigation water-saving irrigation technology of local moist soil, the current standard orchard irrigation system (including a water and fertilizer integrated irrigation system) design aims at moistening the root soil of fruit trees, if the designed irrigation quota of each fruit tree is not known, the appropriate configuration quantity of drip irrigation emitters (water droppers) cannot be determined, and the continuous duration of each irrigation process cannot be determinedMeanwhile, the design of an irrigation system is not convenient, and therefore, for an irrigation mode of drip irrigation of the locally moist soil, a conventional irrigation quota determining method has a need to be improved.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the problem that the traditional water-saving irrigation rate calculation method and representation mode are inconvenient for the operation and application of the orchard efficient water-saving irrigation technology in practice, the invention aims to provide the water-saving irrigation rate calculation method for the fruit trees, which is suitable for the orchard which is characterized by thin planting and takes local moist soil such as drip irrigation and the like as an irrigation mode, and aims to simply and quickly determine the primary irrigation quantity of a single fruit tree to serve as the water-saving rate, so that the water-saving irrigation method is favorable for combining the growth condition of the fruit trees, intuitively judging the rationality of the irrigation quantity, realizing efficient water saving, and simultaneously being convenient for calculating the irrigation duration of a corresponding irrigation small area in the later period to formulate a corresponding irrigation system.
In order to realize the task, the technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows:
a method for calculating the water irrigation quota in the water-saving irrigation design of fruit trees comprises the following steps:
step 1, determining a designed irrigation quota by taking a single fruit tree as an irrigation design object;
step 2, calculating the volume S multiplied by H of a soil wetting body of a planned wetting area of a fruit tree root zone; wherein S is the horizontal projection area of the soil wetting body in the planned wetting area of the fruit tree root zone, and H is the planned wetting layer depth of the fruit tree root zone;
step 3, calculating the volume water holdup increment of the designed soil;
designing the increment of water holding rate of soil weight as betamax-βminEither the first or the second substrate is, alternatively,
designing the increment of the water holding rate of the soil volume as thetamax-θmin；
(βmax-βmin) -the percentage increase in the moisture content by weight of the soil in the soil-moist body; beta is amax、βmin-the maximum water content by weight of the soil after irrigation and the actual water content by weight of the soil before irrigation are calculated as the weight percent of the dry soil;(θmax-θmin) -percentage increase of volumetric water content in the soil wetting volume; thetamax、θminThe maximum volumetric water content of the soil after irrigation and the actual volumetric water content of the soil before irrigation are calculated by volume percent of the soil;
step 4, calculating the designed water irrigation quota of the fruit tree;
mis provided with＝10γSH(βmax-βmin) Either the first or the second substrate is, alternatively,
mis provided with＝10SH(θmax-θmin)；
In the formula: m isIs provided with-design of water-filling quota, L/plant; s-area of planned wetting zone, m2(ii) a H-soil plan irrigation wet layer depth (m); gamma-soil volume weight (t/m)3)。
Further, in the step 2:
for vigorous fruit trees, S ═ π R2Or π D2R, D, wherein the radius and the diameter of a circle obtained by vertically projecting the crown of the fruit tree on the ground are respectively shown;
and for the dwarf and dense planting fruit trees, S is W multiplied by L, wherein W is the planting distance of the fruit trees, and L is the projection width of the crown of the fruit trees between rows.
Further, in the step 2, H is 0.4m-0.8m according to the size of the fruit tree.
Further, in the step 4,
mis provided with＝10γSH(βmax-βmin) Either the first or the second substrate is, alternatively,
mis provided with＝10SH(θmax-θmin)
In the formula: m isIs provided with-design of water-filling quota, L/plant.
Further, βmax、θmaxRespectively taking 90 percent and beta of the field water capacitymin、θminRespectively taking 55% of the field water capacity.
Compared with the prior art, the method of the invention has the following advantages:
1. the target is clear, and the calculation result is credible: the method for calculating the designed water-filling quota for fruit tree irrigation is based on the dispersive planting characteristics of fruit trees and the matched water-saving irrigation technology for locally wetting soil, takes the independent water-filling area of an individual fruit tree as a calculation unit, and calculates the increment of the water holding capacity of the soil when the water content of the soil in a soil wetting body is increased from a water shortage state to the designed water content level as the designed water-filling quota. The size of the irrigation wetting range is determined according to the size and the growth of the fruit tree, the irrigation amount is closer to the actual requirement, and the influence of unreasonable determination of the wetting ratio on the irrigation quota is eliminated.
2. The concept is simple and clear, and the rationality judgment is convenient: the traditional method for expressing the irrigation quota by using the irrigation depth or the irrigation quantity per unit area is more suitable for close planting crops, and for fruit trees planted thinly, the irrigation quantity of each tree cannot be directly reflected due to different fruit trees, different densities, different growth years and different water requirements of individual fruit trees, so that the rationality of the irrigation quota result is difficult to judge. The irrigation quota of the invention expresses the irrigation quantity of each fruit tree (each irrigation point), and the unit of the irrigation quota is m3Per plant or L per plant. For the sparsely planted plants such as fruit trees, flowers and the like, the physical significance of the calculation result is clear, and the reasonability of the irrigation quantity is convenient to judge.
3. The practicability is strong: after the design irrigation quota (irrigation quantity) of each tree (or irrigation point) is determined, on one hand, the water distribution quantity required by an irrigation system can be accurately determined according to the quantity of fruit trees irrigated simultaneously; on the other hand, the soil characteristics and the selected emitter parameters and quantity are combined, so that the irrigation duration is easy to determine.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a soil region needing to be wetted in a root region of an independent fruit tree; wherein fig. 1(a) is a front view; FIG. 1(b) is a top view;
FIG. 2 is a schematic view of a soil region needing to be wetted in a root zone of a close-planted fruit tree; wherein fig. 2(a) is a front view; FIG. 2(b) is a top view;
the reference numbers in the figures represent: d, designing the diameter of the wet area, H, designing the depth of the wet soil, L, designing the length of the wet area, and W, designing the width of the wet area.
The invention will be further explained in detail with reference to the drawings and the working principle and the embodiments:
Detailed Description
According to the design scheme, the method for calculating the water irrigation quota in the fruit tree water-saving irrigation design mainly comprises the following steps of:
step 1: and calculating the volume of the soil wetting body of the planned wetting area of the fruit tree root area. Specifically, the volume (S multiplied by H) of a soil wetting body in a planned wetting area of the fruit tree irrigation is calculated on the basis of determining the area (S) of the planned wetting area of the designed irrigation unit and the designed planned wetting layer depth (H) according to conditions such as the growth age (tree age) of the fruit tree, the size (growth vigor) of the crown and the like.
Because of different fruit tree planting modes, the volume calculation method of the planned wetting body of the soil in the wetting area of the fruit tree irrigation design is slightly different. For fruit trees with different planting modes, the concrete calculation is as follows:
1) for arbor fruit trees, because the crowns are large and the roots are deep, the planting is dispersed, generally, the minimum plant spacing is more than 3m, the row spacing is about 5m, the plant-row spacing is large, the crowns are rarely interwoven with one another, and each fruit tree is relatively independent.
Under the condition that the soil texture and the water content are relatively uniform, the root system of the fruit tree grows all around like the canopy layer of the fruit tree, and generally, the boundary of the vertical projection of the canopy on the ground is close to the outward extending range of the root system. For arborization fruit trees which are scattered in planting, large in plant row spacing and relatively independent, the crowns of the arborization fruit trees are usually trimmed according to cones, so that the distribution of the root systems of the arborization fruit trees is also close to that of inverted cones, and the vertical projections of the root systems of the arborization fruit trees are close to that of circles. Therefore, the invention determines the radius R or the diameter D of the designed irrigation planned wetting area (main root system area) according to the size of the crown of the fruit tree, and calculates the area S (pi R) of the planned wetting area (unit) on the basis of the radius R or the diameter D2Or π D2And/4), analyzing and determining the maximum burial depth of the main root system layer according to the growth age, variety and other factors of the fruit tree, determining the planned wetting layer depth H on the basis, wherein the parameter determination method is consistent with the determination method of the planned wetting layer depth in the traditional calculation method, and is mainly determined according to the size and variety of the fruit treeThe root system of the arbor fruit tree is relatively deep, and the volume of a soil wetting body in a planned wetting area is equal to the volume of a cylinder S multiplied by H;
2) for dwarf and densely planted fruit trees, the planting density is higher because the crown is smaller and the root system is shallower. In order to facilitate orchard management and fruit tree lighting, a planting method with large row spacing and small plant spacing is usually adopted, the row spacing is generally 4m, but the plant spacing is smaller, generally only 1m-2m, crown and root systems of adjacent fruit trees are interwoven to different degrees along with the growth of the fruit trees to form a strip-shaped cover, a corresponding irrigation plan wetting area also needs to be a strip-shaped area, in order to avoid repeated calculation of the wetting area, the area of the planned irrigation wetting area of a single fruit tree can be the average value of the projection areas of the crown, so that the shape of the irrigation plan wetting area of the single fruit tree can be simplified into a rectangle, the plant spacing of the fruit tree is taken as the width W of the rectangle, the projection width of the crown of the fruit tree between planting rows is taken as the length L of the rectangle, the area S of the wetting area is W multiplied by L, and the maximum buried depth of a main root system layer is analyzed according to factors such as the growth age limit and variety of the fruit tree, the planned wetting layer depth H is determined and the volume of the wetting body is designed to be equal to the volume sxh of the cuboid.
Step 2: calculating and designing the volume water holdup increment of the soil, and specifically comprising the following steps:
and determining the upper limit and the lower limit of the average water content of the soil to be wetted by the designed irrigation unit according to the physical properties of the soil and the growth water consumption requirement of the fruit trees, thereby determining the increment of the soil water content in the wetted body of the soil of the designed irrigation unit.
The lower limit value of the moisture content of the quasi-humid soil related to the design irrigation quota is the actual moisture content of the soil before planned irrigation, different crops and plants have different evaporation strengths in different growth periods, the requirement on the lower limit moisture content of the soil before irrigation is different, and for fruit trees, as the main root system is relatively deep, the average moisture content of the soil before irrigation can be allowed to be reduced to 55% of the field water retention rate of the soil at the lowest. For efficient water-saving irrigation technologies such as drip irrigation and the like, as the irrigation process is small-flow water supply, the area where the water content of the soil reaches the field water-holding rate is small, and the duration time of high water content is short, the designed maximum value of the average water content of the soil in the planned wetting layer after irrigation is more reasonable to be 90% of the field water-holding rate of the soil.
And step 3: considering that in the actual production, the amount of irrigation water per fruit tree is not very large and rarely exceeds 1m3Therefore, the unit of the design irrigation quota is expressed by liter (L)/plant reasonably, and finally, by coordinating the calculation dimension, the design irrigation quota can be calculated according to the following formula:
mis provided with＝10γSH(βmax-βmin) (3)
mIs provided with＝10SH(θmax-θmin) (4)
In the formula, mIs provided with-design of water-filling quota, L/plant; s-area of planned wetting zone, m2(ii) a H-soil plan irrigation wet layer depth (m); gamma-soil volume weight (t/m)3)；(βmax-βmin) The percentage increase of the weight water content of the soil in the soil humid body after irrigation; beta is amax、βminThe maximum water content by weight of the soil after irrigation and the actual water content by weight of the soil before irrigation or the minimum water content of the soil allowed by the fruit trees are calculated by the weight percent of the dry soil. (theta)max-θmin) -percentage increase of volumetric water content in the soil wetting volume; thetamax、θminThe maximum volume water content of the soil after irrigation and the actual volume water content of the soil before irrigation or the minimum water content of the soil allowed by the fruit trees are calculated by taking the volume percent of the soil.
Claims (5)
1. A method for calculating the water irrigation quota in the water-saving irrigation design of fruit trees is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
step 1, determining a designed irrigation quota by taking a single fruit tree as an irrigation design object;
step 2, calculating the volume S multiplied by H of a soil wetting body of a planned wetting area of a fruit tree root zone; wherein S is the horizontal projection area of the soil wetting body in the planned wetting area of the fruit tree root zone, and H is the planned wetting layer depth of the fruit tree root zone;
step 3, calculating the volume water holdup increment of the designed soil;
designing the increment of water holding rate of soil weight as betamax-βminEither the first or the second substrate is, alternatively,
designing the increment of the water holding rate of the soil volume as thetamax-θmin；
(βmax-βmin) -the percentage increase in the moisture content by weight of the soil in the soil-moist body; beta is amax、βmin-the maximum water content by weight of the soil after irrigation and the actual water content by weight of the soil before irrigation are calculated as the weight percent of the dry soil; (theta)max-θmin) -percentage increase of volumetric water content in the soil wetting volume; thetamax、θminThe maximum volumetric water content of the soil after irrigation and the actual volumetric water content of the soil before irrigation are calculated by volume percent of the soil;
step 4, calculating the designed water irrigation quota of the fruit tree;
mis provided with＝10γSH(βmax-βmin) Either the first or the second substrate is, alternatively,
mis provided with＝10SH(θmax-θmin)；
In the formula: m isIs provided with-design of water-filling quota, L/plant; s-area of planned wetting zone, m2(ii) a H-soil plan irrigation wet layer depth (m); gamma-soil volume weight (t/m)3)。
2. The method for calculating the water-saving irrigation design irrigation quota of the fruit tree in claim 1, wherein in the step 2:
for vigorous fruit trees, S ═ π R2Or π D2R, D, wherein the radius and the diameter of a circle obtained by vertically projecting the crown of the fruit tree on the ground are respectively shown;
and for the dwarf and dense planting fruit trees, S is W multiplied by L, wherein W is the planting distance of the fruit trees, and L is the projection width of the crown of the fruit trees between rows.
3. The method for calculating the water-saving irrigation design irrigation quota of the fruit tree as claimed in claim 1, wherein in the step 2, H is 0.4m-0.8m according to the size of the fruit tree.
4. The method for calculating the water-saving irrigation design irrigation quota of fruit trees as claimed in claim 1, wherein in the step 4,
mis provided with＝10γSH(βmax-βmin) Either the first or the second substrate is, alternatively,
mis provided with＝10SH(θmax-θmin)
In the formula: m isIs provided with-design of water-filling quota, L/plant.
5. The method for calculating the water-saving irrigation design irrigation quota of fruit trees as claimed in claim 1 or 4, wherein β ismax、θmaxRespectively taking 90 percent and beta of the field water capacitymin、θminRespectively taking 55% of the field water capacity.
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| CN115968760B (en) * | 2022-12-20 | 2024-05-28 | 内蒙古农业大学 | On-site irrigation method based on potato root space-time distribution |
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