CN112538656A - 一种钒酸铁锂正极单晶材料的制备方法及其应用 - Google Patents
一种钒酸铁锂正极单晶材料的制备方法及其应用 Download PDFInfo
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- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 59
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 49
- QSNQXZYQEIKDPU-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Li].[Fe] Chemical compound [Li].[Fe] QSNQXZYQEIKDPU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 47
- LSGOVYNHVSXFFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadate(3-) Chemical compound [O-][V]([O-])([O-])=O LSGOVYNHVSXFFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 47
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 14
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 238000007667 floating Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 238000003746 solid phase reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium atom Chemical compound [V] LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 239000010450 olivine Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 229910052609 olivine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- FUJCRWPEOMXPAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Li2O Inorganic materials [Li+].[Li+].[O-2] FUJCRWPEOMXPAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M Lithium hydroxide Chemical compound [Li+].[OH-] WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 6
- XUCJHNOBJLKZNU-UHFFFAOYSA-M dilithium;hydroxide Chemical group [Li+].[Li+].[OH-] XUCJHNOBJLKZNU-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- IIPYXGDZVMZOAP-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium nitrate Chemical compound [Li+].[O-][N+]([O-])=O IIPYXGDZVMZOAP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910010756 LiFeVO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- XGZVUEUWXADBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-L lithium carbonate Chemical group [Li+].[Li+].[O-]C([O-])=O XGZVUEUWXADBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052808 lithium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000001354 calcination Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910000015 iron(II) carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910011140 Li2C2 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000007774 positive electrode material Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000035484 reaction time Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000004907 flux Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- -1 vanadate lithium compound Chemical class 0.000 abstract 1
- GNTDGMZSJNCJKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N divanadium pentaoxide Chemical compound O=[V](=O)O[V](=O)=O GNTDGMZSJNCJKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 24
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 9
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 8
- 239000010406 cathode material Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000000634 powder X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 238000011049 filling Methods 0.000 description 3
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- 230000002194 synthesizing effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000010405 anode material Substances 0.000 description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-ZSJDYOACSA-N heavy water Substances [2H]O[2H] XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-ZSJDYOACSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000004075 alteration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010779 crude oil Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 238000004146 energy storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 1
- GELKBWJHTRAYNV-UHFFFAOYSA-K lithium iron phosphate Chemical compound [Li+].[Fe+2].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O GELKBWJHTRAYNV-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种钒酸铁锂正极单晶材料的制备方法及其应用,将锂源、二价态铁源、和高价态钒源按摩尔比Li:Fe:V=1:1:1进行配料,于玛瑙坩埚中充分研磨,在充有惰性气体的密闭马弗炉中煅烧12小时;取出重新研磨,在马弗炉中和保护气氛下进行高温固相反应,得到纯相的钒酸铁锂化合物;得到的纯相钒酸铁锂破碎,加入助熔剂,在玛瑙坩埚中充分研磨混合均匀,制作晶体生长料棒;料棒引入光学浮区炉,采用助熔剂浮区技术生长该化合物的单晶体,晶体尺寸达到厘米级。本发明中的钒酸铁锂正极单晶材料为纯相的橄榄石结构,无杂质相,电化学性能优异。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种钒酸铁锂正极单晶材料的制备方法及其应用,属于电池材料技术领域。
背景技术
相对而言,我国的能源储备量较低,目前仍有超过50%的原油需要进口,因此,大力发展锂离子电池技术已经变得十分迫切,其中,锂离子电池正极材料是核心,它决定了锂离子电池的能量密度和循环寿命。
目前已经商业化的锂离子电池正极材料主要包括磷酸铁锂和三元正极材料,然而,它们的安全性、寿命和能量密度仍然达不到未来电动汽车和储能系统应用的要求,均需要继续改进提高,因此,寻找一种比容量高、成本 低廉、环境友好的锂离子电池正极材料,仍然是当前锂离子电池领域的一个主要研究方向。
传统锂离子电池正极材料一般是粒径为1微米左右的球形二次颗粒,在充放电过程中,球形二次颗粒内部的晶界容易开裂甚至整个颗粒发生破碎,近两年来,人们开始采用单晶颗粒取代传统的球形二次颗粒,以降低颗粒内部的晶界和缺陷,提高材料的稳定性。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于提供一种钒酸铁锂正极单晶材料的制备方法及其应用,以解决上述背景技术中提出的问题。
为实现上述目的本发明采用以下技术方案:
一种钒酸铁锂正极单晶材料的制备方法,所述钒酸铁锂的化学式为:LiFeVO4,其晶型为单一纯相的橄榄石结构,所述的单晶尺寸为微米极至厘米级,制备方法包括以下步骤:
(1)将锂源、二价态铁源、和高价态钒源按摩尔比Li:Fe:V = 1:1:1进行配料,于玛瑙坩埚中充分研磨,在充有惰性气体的密闭马弗炉中煅烧12小时;取出重新研磨,在马弗炉中和保护气氛下进行高温固相反应,得到纯相的钒酸铁锂(LiFeVO4)化合物;
(2)将步骤(1)中得到的纯相钒酸铁锂破碎,加入助熔剂,在玛瑙坩埚中充分研磨混合均匀,制作晶体生长料棒;
(3)将步骤(2)所述的料棒引入光学浮区炉,采用助熔剂浮区技术生长该化合物的单晶体,晶体尺寸达到厘米级。
优选的,所述锂源为Li2CO3、LiNO3、Li2C2O4.H2O或LiOH,所述二价态铁源为Fe(OH)2或FeCO3,所述高价态钒源为V2O5;惰性气体为N2或Ar气,煅烧温度为320oC,高温固相反应温度为850-900oC,反应时间为24-48小时;
优选的,所述助熔剂为Li2O, LiF或Li2O-V2O5;制备的料棒直径为0.5-0.8 cm,料棒长度为5-15cm;
优选的,晶体生长温度为1050-1080 oC,料棒旋转速率为30-50rpm,晶体生长速率为0.15-5mm/h。
上述的制备方法制备得到的橄榄石型钒酸铁锂单晶正极材料,其特征在于,将所述橄榄石型钒酸铁锂材料在制备锂离子电池正极中的应用。
本发明中相关化学反应方程式为:
(1) 2LiOH + 2FeCO3 + V2O5 → 2LiFeVO4 + 2CO2↑ + H2O↑ ;
(2) Li2CO3 + 2Fe(OH)2 + V2O5 → 2LiFeVO4 + CO2↑ + 2H2O↑;
(3) Li2O + 2FeCO3 + V2O5 → 2LiFeVO4 + 2CO2↑ ;
(4) 2LiNO3 + 2FeO + V2O5 → 2LiFeVO4 + 2NO2+ O2↑。
与现有技术相比,本发明的有益效果是:本发明所述制备方法与现有锂离子电池正极材料制备技术相比较,可获得从微米级到厘米级单晶颗粒,生长速度快,成本低等优点。
附图说明
图1为本发明钒酸铁锂的粉末X射线衍射谱。
图2为本发明钒酸铁锂的单晶结构图。
图3为本发明钒酸铁锂的晶体照片。
具体实施方式
下面将结合本发明实施例中的附图,对本发明实施例中的技术方案进行清楚、完整的阐述。
实施例1
合成钒酸铁锂(LiFeVO4)化合物:
采用固相合成法在850oC烧结24小时,其化学方程式为:2LiOH + 2FeCO3 + V2O5→ 2LiFeVO4 + 2CO2↑ + H2O↑ ;
将LiOH、FeCO3、V2O5按照化学计量比1:1:1置于玛瑙坩埚内,用无水酒精充分研磨30分钟,然后置于密闭马弗炉中,抽真空后充入氮气至2bar,缓慢升温至320oC,恒温12小时,以充分放出气体,然后自然降温至室温,取出坩埚再次研磨30分钟,再置于马弗炉中于850oC恒温24小时,降至室温后,取出研磨即获得钒酸铁锂(LiFeVO4)化合物,对该化合物进行粉末XRD测试,如图1所示;
钒酸铁锂(LiFeVO4)料棒的制备:
将上述步骤的纯相钒酸铁锂破碎,加入助熔剂LiF,其中钒酸铁锂与助熔剂的摩尔比为1: 0.5,在玛瑙坩埚中充分研磨混合均匀,制作晶体生长料棒,料棒的直径为0.8 cm,料棒的长度为 8cm;
钒酸铁锂(LiFeVO4)单晶的生长:
将上述步骤的料棒引入光学浮区炉,采用助熔剂浮区技术生长该化合物的单晶体,晶体生长温度为1050oC,料棒旋转速率为30 rpm,晶体生长速率为0.15/h,获得直径为0.6cm, 长度为5cm的钒酸铁锂(LiFeVO4)单晶。图2为该晶体的单晶X射线结构解析图,图3为该晶体的照片。
实施例2
反应式Li2CO3 + 2Fe(OH)2 + V2O5 → 2LiFeVO4 + CO2↑ + 2H2O↑合成LiFeVO4化合物,具体操作步骤依据实施例1进行;
将Li2CO3、2Fe(OH)2、V2O5按照化学计量比1:1:1置于玛瑙坩埚内,用无水酒精充分研磨45分钟,然后置于密闭马弗炉中,抽真空后充入氮气至5bar,缓慢升温至340oC,恒温18小时,以充分放出气体,然后自然降温至室温,取出坩埚再次研磨45分钟,再置于马弗炉中于880oC恒温48小时,降至室温后,取出研磨即获得钒酸铁锂(LiFeVO4)化合物,对该化合物进行粉末XRD测试;
钒酸铁锂(LiFeVO4)料棒的制备:
将上述步骤的纯相钒酸铁锂破碎,加入助熔剂Li2O,其中钒酸铁锂与助熔剂的摩尔比为1: 1,在玛瑙坩埚中充分研磨混合均匀,制作晶体生长料棒,料棒的直径为0.5 cm,料棒的长度为 12 cm;
钒酸铁锂(LiFeVO4)单晶的生长:
将上述步骤的料棒引入光学浮区炉,采用助熔剂浮区技术生长该化合物的单晶体,晶体生长温度为1080oC,料棒旋转速率为40 rpm,晶体生长速率为0.2/h,获得直径为0.4cm, 长度为9cm的钒酸铁锂(LiFeVO4)单晶。
实施例3
反应式Li2O + 2FeCO3 + V2O5 → 2LiFeVO4 + 2CO2↑ 合成LiFeVO4化合物,具体操作步骤依据实施例1进行;
将Li2O、FeCO3、V2O5按照化学计量比1:1:1置于玛瑙坩埚内,用无水酒精充分研磨15分钟,然后置于密闭马弗炉中,抽真空后充入氮气至8 bar,缓慢升温至360oC,恒温20小时,以充分放出气体,然后自然降温至室温,取出坩埚再次研磨20分钟,再置于马弗炉中于830oC恒温24小时,降至室温后,取出研磨即获得钒酸铁锂(LiFeVO4)化合物,对该化合物进行粉末XRD测试;
钒酸铁锂(LiFeVO4)料棒的制备:
将上述步骤的纯相钒酸铁锂破碎,加入助熔剂Li2O-V2O5,其中钒酸铁锂与助熔剂的摩尔比为1: 1.5,在玛瑙坩埚中充分研磨混合均匀,制作晶体生长料棒,料棒的直径为1.0 cm, 料棒的长度为 6 cm;
钒酸铁锂(LiFeVO4)单晶的生长:
将上述步骤的料棒引入光学浮区炉,采用助熔剂浮区技术生长该化合物的单晶体,晶体生长温度为1090oC,料棒旋转速率为50 rpm,晶体生长速率为0.1/h,获得直径为0.8cm, 长度为4.5 cm的钒酸铁锂(LiFeVO4)单晶。
实施例4
反应式2LiNO3 + 2FeO + V2O5 → 2LiFeVO4 + 2NO2+ O2↑ 合成LiFeVO4化合物,具体操作步骤依据实施例1进行;
将LiNO3、FeO、V2O5按照化学计量比1:1:1置于玛瑙坩埚内,用无水酒精充分研磨20分钟,然后置于密闭马弗炉中,抽真空后充入氮气至10 bar,缓慢升温至380oC,恒温28小时,以充分放出气体,然后自然降温至室温,取出坩埚再次研磨30分钟,再置于马弗炉中于850oC恒温48小时,降至室温后,取出研磨即获得钒酸铁锂(LiFeVO4)化合物,对该化合物进行粉末XRD测试;
钒酸铁锂(LiFeVO4)料棒的制备:
将上述步骤的纯相钒酸铁锂破碎,加入助熔剂LiF,其中钒酸铁锂与助熔剂的摩尔比为1: 2,在玛瑙坩埚中充分研磨混合均匀,制作晶体生长料棒,料棒的直径为1.2 cm, 料棒的长度为 9 cm;
钒酸铁锂(LiFeVO4)单晶的生长:
将上述步骤的料棒引入光学浮区炉,采用助熔剂浮区技术生长该化合物的单晶体,晶体生长温度为1090oC,料棒旋转速率为20 rpm,晶体生长速率为0.5/h,获得直径为1.1cm, 长度为6 cm的钒酸铁锂(LiFeVO4)单晶。
以上所述为本发明较佳实施例,对于本领域的普通技术人员而言,根据本发明的教导,在不脱离本发明的原理与精神的情况下,对实施方式所进行的改变、修改、替换和变型仍落入本发明的保护范围之内。
Claims (5)
1.一种钒酸铁锂正极单晶材料的制备方法,其特征在于,所述钒酸铁锂的化学式为:LiFeVO4,其晶型为单一纯相的橄榄石结构,所述的单晶尺寸为微米极至厘米级,制备方法包括以下步骤:
(1)将锂源、二价态铁源、和高价态钒源按摩尔比Li:Fe:V = 1:1:1进行配料,于玛瑙坩埚中充分研磨,在充有惰性气体的密闭马弗炉中煅烧12小时;取出重新研磨,在马弗炉中和保护气氛下进行高温固相反应,得到纯相的钒酸铁锂(LiFeVO4)化合物;
(2)将步骤(1)中得到的纯相钒酸铁锂破碎,加入助熔剂,在玛瑙坩埚中充分研磨混合均匀,制作晶体生长料棒;
(3)将步骤(2)所述的料棒引入光学浮区炉,采用助熔剂浮区技术生长该化合物的单晶体,晶体尺寸达到厘米级。
2.根据权利要求1所述的制备方法,其特征在于,所述锂源为Li2CO3、LiNO3、Li2C2O4.H2O或LiOH,所述二价态铁源为Fe(OH)2或FeCO3,所述高价态钒源为V2O5;惰性气体为N2或Ar气,煅烧温度为320oC,高温固相反应温度为850-900oC,反应时间为24-48小时。
3.根据权利要求2所述的制备方法,其特征在于,所述助熔剂为Li2O, LiF或Li2O-V2O5;制备的料棒直径为0.5-0.8 cm,料棒长度为5-15cm。
4.根据权利要求3所述的制备方法,其特征在于,晶体生长温度为1050-1080 oC,料棒旋转速率为30-50rpm,晶体生长速率为0.15-5mm/h。
5.一种如权利要求1-4中任一所述的制备方法制备得到的橄榄石型钒酸铁锂单晶正极材料,其特征在于,将所述橄榄石型钒酸铁锂材料在制备锂离子电池正极中的应用。
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