CN112424016A - 带有燃料电池装置的供应装置和用于在燃料电池装置中降低电压的方法 - Google Patents

带有燃料电池装置的供应装置和用于在燃料电池装置中降低电压的方法 Download PDF

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CN112424016A
CN112424016A CN201980049782.9A CN201980049782A CN112424016A CN 112424016 A CN112424016 A CN 112424016A CN 201980049782 A CN201980049782 A CN 201980049782A CN 112424016 A CN112424016 A CN 112424016A
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fuel cell
switching element
discharge circuit
supply device
switching
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M·布罗伊
M·席德迈尔
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Audi AG
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种用于给至少一个消耗器(2,3)供电的供应装置(1)，该供应装置：带有初级电网(4)，在初级电网中存在具有电接触部(5,6)的燃料电池装置(7)，燃料电池装置包括与电接触部(5,6)连接的、并联的放电电路(8)，所述放电电路具有可借助于控制器(9)经由开关线路操纵的开关元件(11)以及电阻元件(12)；并带有存在于所述初级电网(4)中的直流电压变换器(13)，初级电网(4)经由所述直流电压变换器与次级电网(17)连接，其特征在于，放电电路(8)具有这样的安全装置或安全功能：只要给出经由开关线路(10)的操控可行性，所述安全装置或安全功能将开关元件(11)保持在断开的状态中且由此使放电电路(8)不起作用，且一旦经由开关线路(10)的操控可行性失效，所述安全装置或安全功能便将开关元件(11)置于闭合的状态中且由此将放电电路(8)激活，以便降低燃料电池装置(7)的电压。此外，本发明涉及一种用于降低供应装置(1)的燃料电池装置(7)的电压的方法。

Description

带有燃料电池装置的供应装置和用于在燃料电池装置中降低 电压的方法
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于给至少一个消耗器供电的供应装置(Versorgungseinrichtung,有时称为供电装置)，该供应装置带有初级电网，在该初级电网中存在具有电接触部的燃料电池装置(或燃料池节装置，即Brennstoffzelleneinrichtung)，该燃料电池装置包括与电接触部连接的、并联的放电电路，该放电电路具有可借助于控制器经由开关线路操纵的开关元件以及电阻元件。此外，在初级电网中存在直流电压变换器，初级电网经由该直流电压变换器与次级电网连接。此外，本发明涉及一种用于降低在这种供应装置中的燃料电池装置的电压的方法。
背景技术
开头提及的类型的供应装置例如可使用在燃料电池车辆中，在所述燃料电池车辆中燃料电池装置提供大于60伏(V)的电压，更准确地说在许多情况中即使当到燃料电池装置处的反应物输送已经停止时也还提供该电压。所述高的电压在此通过仍存在于燃料电池装置中的、即仍未被完全利用的反应物产生。
在这种大于60伏的电压的情况中，原则上应注意安全方面，因为它们可为针对在接触时危险的人体电流(有时也称为触电电流，即Körperströme)的原因。此外，在接触防护方面的特别的防护规定在这种电压的情况中也适用。因此，使用耗费的防护接触的插塞连接，所述插塞连接导致在开发和生产方面显著的更多耗费(或附加耗费，即Mehraufwendung)。特别是在燃料电池装置与直流电压变换器之间的高电压接口的情况中，针对防护接触的高电压高电流插塞连接产生巨大的更多耗费。总体上，提高的耗费存在于燃料电池装置的生产方面、维修方面和售后服务措施方面，因为必须采取所述用于接触防护的特别的安全措施。
在DE 10 2009 055 053 A1中描述一种用于给蓄能器放电、尤其在机动车的高电压网中的中间回路电容器放电的方法和装置，以便降低大于60伏的电压(高电压)。
在DE 10 2012 204 866 A1中同样显示一种用于给蓄能器、尤其用于给中间回路电容放电的放电电路，其中在该文献中描述了一种用于检查和诊断该放电电路的装置和方法。
在US 5,105,142 A中同样描述了一种用于限制燃料电池的输出电压的放电开关回路。该放电电路在燃料电池的运行中断的情况中被激活。
在DE 10 2012 218 584 A1中，燃料电池并联有负载电阻，该负载电阻可借助于开关元件至少在燃料电池组件的加热阶段期间作为唯一的或至少基本上唯一的消耗器接通。由此，在燃料电池装置的启动过程中，首先仅操作负载电阻，以便使用于燃料电池装置的特别短的加热阶段成为可能。但该文献也教导：负载电阻可构成在燃料电池装置的放电电路中的放电电阻。
发明内容
因此，本发明的任务是，提供一种供应装置和一种用于降低供应装置的燃料电池装置的电压的方法，所述供应装置和方法导致故障安全的且紧凑的结构方式。
涉及供应装置的任务通过根据权利要求1的供应装置解决。带有供应装置的适宜的改进方案的有利的设计方案在从属权利要求中给定。
在此，放电电路尤其具有这样的安全装置或安全功能：只要给出(或称为存在，即gegeben)经由开关线路的操控可行性，所述安全装置或安全功能将开关元件保持在断开的状态中且由此使放电电路不起作用，且一旦经由开关线路的操控可行性失效，所述安全装置或安全功能便将开关元件置于闭合的状态中且由此将放电电路激活，以便降低燃料电池装置的电压。
由此确保：即使不再给出放电电路的开关元件的操控可行性，在事故的情况中也对燃料电池装置进行放电。当然也可在售后服务或维护情况中借助于控制器操控(或称为触发、激活、接通，即ansteuern)放电电路，以便使将燃料电池装置运行安全地放电到低于60伏的水平成为可能。
当前，例如将带有驱动单元的驱动装置考虑作为供应装置的消耗器。当驱动装置电联接到次级电网处时，该驱动装置可用于驱动机动车，就此而言因此用于提供旨在驱动机动车的驱动转矩。为此，驱动装置具备至少一个驱动单元，所述至少一个驱动单元设计为电机且可经由初级电网和/或次级电网被供以电能。当然，驱动装置可设计为混合动力驱动装置且就此而言除了所述驱动单元以外还具有至少一个另外的驱动单元，所述至少一个另外的驱动单元是与所述驱动单元不同的类型的驱动单元。该另外的驱动单元例如存在为内燃机等。初级电网和次级电网优选地构成机动车的车载电网或为这种车载电网的至少一个区域。在初级电网中设置有呈燃料电池装置形式的第一电源。燃料电池装置可以以唯一的燃料电池的形式存在或备选地作为带有多个燃料电池的燃料电池堆叠(燃料电池堆)存在。燃料电池装置用于给车载电网可靠地供以电能。
为了在其构造方面以低耗费设计供应装置，已证明为有利的是，用于操控开关元件的控制器通过直流电压变换器本身构成。
此外，为了使开关元件在断开的状态与闭合的状态之间的运行安全的调节成为可能，已证明为有意义的是，开关元件是机电的开关元件、接触器或半导体开关。例如将IGBT(带有绝缘栅的双极晶体管)考虑作为半导体开关。备选地，也可使用MOS-FET(金属-氧化物-半导体-场效应晶体管)作为开关元件，其尤其是“在未操控的状态中导通的”（“常导通的(normal leitend)”）的类型，以便可满足安全功能。
已证明为有利的是，电阻元件是高功率电阻，因为该高功率电阻适合于可将燃料电池装置的最大的剩余能量在法定的时间要求内可靠地放电到低于60伏的电压。
备选地或补充地，电阻元件也可构成为呈PTC电阻形式的PTC加热器(PTC=正温度系数)，该PTC加热器在吸收来自燃料电池装置的能量的情况中产生热且将热输出到周围环境处，由此同样使燃料电池装置的电压的减小成为可能。
备选地或补充地，在燃料电池装置中的电压也可通过构成为Z二极管的电阻元件来降低。Z二极管的特征在于，Z二极管承受高的电流流动，该高的电流流动可需要用于使燃料电池电压下降到低于优选地预设的或可预设的电压极限值、即尤其低于60伏。
此外，已证明为有利的是，电阻元件构成为可以线性运行的方式运行的功率半导体开关。由此从燃料电池装置中的大的电流消耗(或称为电流提取，即Stromabnahme)也是可行的，该大的电流消耗导致将燃料电池电压降低到需要的数值(或水平、标准，即Maß)。应指出的是，由高功率电阻、PTC加热器、Z二极管和功率半导体开关组成的各个组合也是可行的，以便实现呈复杂的结构形式的电阻元件。
尤其在维护或维修情况中已证明为有利的是，在燃料电池装置与直流电压变换器之间构造有接口，且控制器设计成，一旦接口分离或断开便将开关元件置于闭合的状态中。因此，一旦该接口分离或断开，则放电电路被激活且导致燃料电池装置放电到低于无危险的水平。
供应装置的特别紧凑的和尤其防护接触的设计的特征在于，放电电路在结构上集成到燃料电池装置的燃料电池壳体中。由此确保：车间工作人员或救援队中没人够到在燃料电池装置的电接触部与放电电路之间的接口区域。由此，燃料电池壳体在最广的意义中因此同样用作接触防护。
在次级电网中，优选地设置有呈电池形式的第二电源。该电池同样用于给车载电网可靠地供以电能且设置成用于临时蓄存能量、尤其借助于燃料电池装置提供的能量。
消耗器（因此电机）在此电联接到次级电网处且优选地在机动车的行驶运行期间持久地与电池电连接。呈驱动单元形式的消耗器到次级电网处的连结例如可经由变流器、尤其脉冲逆变器实现。
涉及该方法的任务利用带有权利要求7的特征的方法解决。带有该方法的适宜的改进方案的有利的设计方案在从属权利要求中给定。
该方法由包括燃料电池装置的供应装置实施，该供应装置包括次级电网和初级电网，其中在初级电网中存在具有电接触部的燃料电池装置，该燃料电池装置具有与其电接触部连接的、并联的放电电路，其中放电电路包括可借助于控制器经由开关线路操纵的开关元件以及电阻元件，且其中在初级电网中存在直流电压变换器，初级电网经由直流电压变换器与次级电网连接。该方法尤其包括如下步骤:
a. 停止到燃料电池装置处的反应物输送，
b. 借助于构成为控制器的直流电压变换器经由开关线路如此操控放电电路的开关元件，使得促使开关元件转变到闭合的状态中，且
c. 一旦开关元件处于闭合的状态中，则通过电阻元件至少部分地消耗由燃料电池装置产生的电能。
通过该方法可实现特别紧凑的供应装置，因为在此直流电压变换器用作用于放电电路的控制器且由此用于操纵开关元件。
已证明为有利的是，探测燃料电池装置的输出电压，且通过电阻元件一直消耗电能，直至燃料电池装置的输出电压下降到低于预设的或可预设的电压值。通过该方法步骤确保：在燃料电池装置处不再存在威胁生命的电压，对此电压极限值例如为60伏。
为了可提供附加的故障安全性，已证明为有意义的是，一旦借助于控制器经由开关线路对开关元件的操控可行性失效，则开关元件也转变到闭合的状态中。
此外，有利的是，在燃料电池装置与直流电压变换器之间存在接口，且在接口分离或断开的情况中借助于控制器如此对开关元件进行操控，使得促使开关元件转变到闭合的状态中。接口的分离在此因此用作用于使燃料电池装置放电的触发信号，这附加地提高了燃料电池装置的运行安全性。
附图说明
本发明的其他优点、特征和细节由权利要求、下面的优选的实施方式的描述且以及借助于附图得到。在此：
图1显示了用于给至少一个消耗器供电的供应装置的示意图，所述至少一个消耗器以带有用于驱动机动车的驱动单元的驱动装置的形式。
具体实施方式
在图1中显示了用于给第一消耗器2和第二消耗器3供电的供应装置1的示意图。当前的供应装置1优选地也可给另外的未详细示出的消耗器供以电能。
供应装置1包括初级电网4，在该初级电网中存在有燃料电池装置7，该燃料电池装置具有第一电接触部5和第二电接触部6。此外，供应装置1具有次级电网17，在该次级电网中存在有电池20。电池20设计成用于给消耗器2,3通电。
消耗器2包括驱动单元22，该驱动单元以电机的形式存在。该电机通常可借助于三相交流电运行且优选地构成为用于机动车的行驶马达。由于初级电网4且还有次级电网17提供高电压和直流电，因此消耗器2附加地关联有逆变器21，该逆变器将直流电转变成三相交流电。在消耗器2的一种改进方案中，驱动单元22也可作为发电机使用，从而例如在制动过程中通过驱动单元22产生的能量可经由逆变器21再次输送给电池20。
消耗器3同样可联接到由初级电网4和次级电网17构成的车载电网处。作为消耗器3例如考虑燃料电池装置7的辅助单元、充电器、12V-直流-直流变换器、高电压加热器、电的空调压缩机等。
如从图1中可得出的那样，初级电网4经由直流电压变换器13联接到次级电网17处。燃料电池装置7具有第一初级电网接头15和第二初级电网接头16，所述第一初级电网接头和第二初级电网接头当前布置在燃料电池壳体23处且经由线路与直流电压变换器13(DC/DC变换器)连接。由此，在直流电压变换器13与燃料电池装置7之间因此建立了接口14，该接口可例如为了售后服务或维修目的尤其可逆地分离或者断开。
与此相对，在次级电网17中的电池20具有第一次级电网接头18和第二次级电网接头19。直流电压变换器13将第一初级电网接头15与第一次级电网接头18连接。此外，直流电压变换器13将第二初级电网接头16与第二次级电网接头19连接。
当前的供应装置1的特征在于与电接触部5,6连接的、并联的放电电路8，该放电电路具有可借助于控制器9经由开关线路10操纵的开关元件11以及电阻元件12。在此，放电电路8具备这样的安全装置或安全功能：只要给出经由开关线路10的操控可行性，所述安全装置或安全功能将开关元件11保持在断开的状态中且由此使放电电路8不起作用，且一旦经由开关线路10的操控可行性失效，则所述安全装置或安全功能将开关元件11置于闭合的状态中且由此将放电电路8激活，以便降低燃料电池装置7的电压。
当前，放电电路8布置在燃料电池壳体23内且由此在结构上集成在该燃料电池壳体中。由此确保：在接口14分离的情况中，进行燃料电池装置7的运行安全的放电，因此进行燃料电池堆叠的运行安全的放电，从而使针对供应装置1的简化的构造成为可能。
开关元件11的操控当前借助于直流电压变换器13进行，从而直流电压变换器13构成用于操控放电电路8的控制器9。同样可行的是，使用与直流电压变换器13分开(或称为脱离，即abgesetzt)的控制器9。
如果要对供应装置1、燃料电池系统或燃料电池车辆进行维护，则首先停止到燃料电池装置7处的反应物输送。接着借助于构成为控制器9的直流电压变换器13经由开关线路10如此操控放电电路8的开关元件11，使得促使开关元件11转变到闭合的状态中，其中，一旦开关元件11处于闭合的状态中，则由燃料电池装置7产生的电能至少部分地通过电阻元件12消耗。该电能消耗在此优选地一直进行，直至燃料电池装置7的输出电压下降到低于预设的或可预设的电压值。为此，燃料电池装置7具备未详细示出的电压测量器，该电压测量器探测燃料电池堆叠整体上的电压，或该电压测量器设计为单个电池电压测量器，以便测量燃料电池装置7的各个燃料电池的电压。当前，当借助于控制器9经由开关线路10对开关元件11的操控可行性失效时（这例如可在事故的情况中发生），开关元件11则也转变到闭合的状态中。
然而，如果将来忘记通过控制器9执行开关元件11的操控以引起燃料电池装置7的放电，则当前也可行的是：在接口14分离或断开时，自动地进行借助于控制器9的开关元件11的操控，由此运行安全地进行燃料电池的放电。
当前描述的方法和当前描述的供应装置1提供了在同时紧凑的结构方式的情况下的高的运行安全性。相应情况因此适用于利用这种供应装置1被供以电能的驱动装置。由于直流电压变换器13设计为用于操控开关元件11的控制器9，供应装置1可非常简单地实施，从而在使用在机动车中时产生安装空间和成本优点。
附图标记列表
1 供应装置
2 消耗器
3 (第二)消耗器
4 初级电网
5 第一电接触部
6 第二电接触部
7 燃料电池装置
8 放电电路
9 控制器
10 开关线路
11 开关元件
12 电阻元件
13 直流电压变换器
14 接口
15 第一初级电网接头
16 第二初级电网接头
17 次级电网
18 第一次级电网接头
19 第二次级电网接头
20 电池
21 逆变器
22 驱动单元
23 燃料电池壳体。

Claims (10)

1.一种用于给至少一个消耗器(2,3)供电的供应装置(1)，所述供应装置：
带有初级电网(4)，在所述初级电网中存在具有电接触部(5,6)的燃料电池装置(7)，所述燃料电池装置包括与所述电接触部(5,6)连接的、并联的放电电路(8)，所述放电电路具有可借助于控制器(9)经由开关线路操纵的开关元件(11)以及电阻元件(12)；
并带有存在于所述初级电网(4)中的直流电压变换器(13)，所述初级电网(4)经由所述直流电压变换器与次级电网(17)连接，
其特征在于，
所述放电电路(8)具有这样的安全装置或安全功能：
只要给出经由所述开关线路(10)的操控可行性，所述安全装置或安全功能将所述开关元件(11)保持在断开的状态中且由此使所述放电电路(8)不起作用；
且一旦经由所述开关线路(10)的操控可行性失效，所述安全装置或安全功能便将所述开关元件(11)置于闭合的状态中且由此将所述放电电路(8)激活，以便降低所述燃料电池装置(7)的电压。
2.根据权利要求1所述的供应装置(1)，其特征在于，用于操控所述开关元件(11)的控制器(9)通过所述直流电压变换器(13)构成。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的供应装置(1)，其特征在于，所述开关元件(11)为机电的开关元件、接触器或半导体开关。
4.根据权利要求3所述的供应装置(1)，其特征在于，所述半导体开关为IGBT或MOS-FET。
5.根据权利要求1至4中任一项所述的供应装置(1)，其特征在于，所述电阻元件(12)为高功率电阻、PTC加热器、Z二极管、以线性运行的方式的功率半导体开关或消耗器。
6.根据权利要求1至5中任一项所述的供应装置(1)，其特征在于，在所述燃料电池装置(7)与所述直流电压变换器(13)之间构造有接口(14)，且所述控制器(9)设计成，一旦所述接口(14)分离或断开便将所述开关元件(11)置于闭合的状态中。
7.一种用于降低供应装置(1)的燃料电池装置(7)的电压的方法，所述供应装置包括次级电网(17)和初级电网(4)，其中，在所述初级电网(4)中存在具有所述电接触部(5,6)的燃料电池装置(7)，所述燃料电池装置具有与其电接触部(5,6)连接的、并联的放电电路(8)，其中，所述放电电路(8)包括可借助于控制器(9)经由开关线路(10)操纵的开关元件(11)以及电阻元件(12)，且其中，在所述初级电网(4)中存在直流电压变换器(13)，所述初级电网(4)经由所述直流电压变换器与所述次级电网(17)连接，所述方法包括如下步骤:
a. 停止到所述燃料电池装置(7)处的反应物输送，
b. 借助于构成为控制器(9)的直流电压变换器(13)经由所述开关线路(10)如此操控所述放电电路(8)的开关元件(11)，使得促使所述开关元件(11)转变到闭合的状态中，且
c. 一旦所述开关元件(11)处于所述闭合的状态中，则通过所述电阻元件(12)至少部分地消耗由所述燃料电池装置(7)产生的电能。
8.根据权利要求7所述的方法，其特征在于，探测所述燃料电池装置(7)的输出电压，且通过所述电阻元件(12)一直消耗电能，直至所述燃料电池装置(7)的输出电压下降到低于预设的或可预设的电压值。
9.根据权利要求7或8所述的方法，其特征在于，一旦借助于所述控制器(9)经由所述开关线路(10)对所述开关元件(11)的操控可行性失效，则所述开关元件(11)也转变到所述闭合的状态中。
10.根据权利要求7至9中任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，在所述燃料电池装置(7)与所述直流电压变换器(13)之间存在接口(14)，且在所述接口(14)分离或断开的情况中根据步骤b借助于所述控制器(9)进行所述开关元件(11)的操控。
CN201980049782.9A 2018-07-27 2019-06-05 带有燃料电池装置的供应装置和用于在燃料电池装置中降低电压的方法 Pending CN112424016A (zh)

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