CN111071068A - 用于电动车辆驱动系统电容器的集成式预充电和放电 - Google Patents

用于电动车辆驱动系统电容器的集成式预充电和放电 Download PDF

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CN111071068A
CN111071068A CN201910989288.2A CN201910989288A CN111071068A CN 111071068 A CN111071068 A CN 111071068A CN 201910989288 A CN201910989288 A CN 201910989288A CN 111071068 A CN111071068 A CN 111071068A
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discharge
charge
switch
capacitor
drive system
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鲍里斯·库鲁维加
徐帆
陈礼华
葛宝明
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Ford Global Technologies LLC
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/36—Means for starting or stopping converters
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L3/00—Electric devices on electrically-propelled vehicles for safety purposes; Monitoring operating variables, e.g. speed, deceleration or energy consumption
    • B60L3/0023—Detecting, eliminating, remedying or compensating for drive train abnormalities, e.g. failures within the drive train
    • B60L3/003—Detecting, eliminating, remedying or compensating for drive train abnormalities, e.g. failures within the drive train relating to inverters
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L50/00—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle
    • B60L50/40—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by capacitors
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L53/00—Methods of charging batteries, specially adapted for electric vehicles; Charging stations or on-board charging equipment therefor; Exchange of energy storage elements in electric vehicles
    • B60L53/10—Methods of charging batteries, specially adapted for electric vehicles; Charging stations or on-board charging equipment therefor; Exchange of energy storage elements in electric vehicles characterised by the energy transfer between the charging station and the vehicle
    • B60L53/14—Conductive energy transfer
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02H—EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
    • H02H7/00—Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions
    • H02H7/10—Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions for converters; for rectifiers
    • H02H7/12—Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions for converters; for rectifiers for static converters or rectifiers
    • H02H7/122—Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions for converters; for rectifiers for static converters or rectifiers for inverters, i.e. dc/ac converters
    • H02H7/1222—Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions for converters; for rectifiers for static converters or rectifiers for inverters, i.e. dc/ac converters responsive to abnormalities in the input circuit, e.g. transients in the DC input
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/32—Means for protecting converters other than automatic disconnection
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/02—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac
    • H02M3/04—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
    • H02M3/10—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M3/145—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M3/155—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H02M3/156—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators
    • H02M3/158—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators including plural semiconductor devices as final control devices for a single load
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M7/00—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output
    • H02M7/42—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal
    • H02M7/44—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters
    • H02M7/48—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M7/53—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M7/537—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only, e.g. single switched pulse inverters
    • H02M7/5387—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only, e.g. single switched pulse inverters in a bridge configuration
    • H02M7/53871—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only, e.g. single switched pulse inverters in a bridge configuration with automatic control of output voltage or current
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/0067—Converter structures employing plural converter units, other than for parallel operation of the units on a single load
    • H02M1/007—Plural converter units in cascade
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/32—Means for protecting converters other than automatic disconnection
    • H02M1/322—Means for rapidly discharging a capacitor of the converter for protecting electrical components or for preventing electrical shock
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M7/00—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output
    • H02M7/42—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal
    • H02M7/44—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters
    • H02M7/48—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M7/53—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M7/537—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only, e.g. single switched pulse inverters
    • H02M7/5387—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only, e.g. single switched pulse inverters in a bridge configuration
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
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    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
    • Y02T10/7072—Electromobility specific charging systems or methods for batteries, ultracapacitors, supercapacitors or double-layer capacitors
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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Abstract

本公开提供“用于电动车辆驱动系统电容器的集成式预充电和放电”。一种共享电阻器执行电动车辆驱动系统中的电容器的预充电和放电功能。在预充电状态下，共享电阻器经由预充电继电器连接在电容器和DC电源之间。在放电状态下，电阻器经由放电晶体管跨接在电容器上。否则，电阻器断开。旁路开关连接在电阻器和输入电容器之间。在预充电状态期间和在放电状态期间，旁路开关导电。放电晶体管仅在放电状态期间被激活。因此，本发明通过消除用于预充电和放电的单独的电阻元件并且通过消除专用于单独的电阻的放电开关而使用更少的部件。电路集成和在逆变器模块外部的部件的放置改善了整体系统成本和封装大小。

Description

用于电动车辆驱动系统电容器的集成式预充电和放电
技术领域
本发明总体上涉及用于电动车辆的驱动系统，并且更具体地，涉及用于将电驱动器通电时对电容器进行预充电的功能与电驱动器停用时使电容器进行放电的功能组合的电路。
背景技术
电动车辆(诸如混合动力电动车辆(HEV)、插电式混合动力电动车辆(PHEV)和电池电动车辆(BEV))利用逆变器驱动的电机来提供牵引扭矩。典型的电驱动系统可以包括DC电源(诸如，电池组或燃料电池)，其通过接触器开关(即，继电器)耦接到输入电容器以用于缓冲电池电压。DC-DC转换器(也称为可变电压转换器或VVC)将输入电容器耦接到支持高压DC总线的主DC链路电容器。VVC可以双向地引导电流在输入电容器和链路电容器之间流动，以调节跨过电容器中的一个的电压。三相马达逆变器连接在主总线之间，其中逆变器的输出端连接到牵引马达，以便将DC总线功率转换为耦接到牵引马达的绕组的AC电压，以便推进车辆。在车辆的减速期间，马达可以由车轮驱动并且用来传递电力以在车辆的再生制动期间对电池充电，其中DC-DC转换器在相反方向上工作以将所生成的功率转换为适合于对电池组进行充电的DC电压。在一些车辆中，由内燃(汽油)发动机驱动的发电机被提供用来生成电力以对电池充电。第二三相逆变器通常将发电机输出端连接到高压DC总线。
由于在使用电驱动器时存在高压，因此在驱动器的激活和停用过程中有必要采取特殊的预防措施。例如，在激活期间，当电容器放电到大约零伏时，接触器会断开。在电容器处于放电或低充电状态时闭合接触器会给电池组带来低阻抗，从而导致非常高的涌流，这可能会损坏接触器和其他部件。一种解决方案是在接触器和电容器之间提供恒定的电阻。然而，在初始预充电之后，不期望使用与接触器串联的限流电阻器，因为在随后的正常操作期间会引起相关联的电压下降和功率消耗。因此，经常使用单独的电路分支或预充电电路。已知的预充电电路利用在DC供电和电容器之间串联的开关和电阻器。接通开关可以使电容器通过电阻器充电，并且电阻器的存在限制了涌流，以防止损坏开关。一旦电容器被预充电，则i)主接触器可以闭合而不接收任何涌流，并且ii)预充电开关可以被断开，使得预充电电阻器被断开。
在停用期间，有必要使电容器放电。例如，由于车辆钥匙关断、高压DC互锁故障或车辆碰撞，可能导致电驱动系统停机。在停机期间，通过断开机械接触器，将电池组与电气系统的其余部分快速隔离。这也隔离了DC电容器上存在的电荷。由于安全需要，HV电容器的电荷应在特定时间内快速放电。例如，在某些情况下，美国联邦机动车安全标准(FMVSS)可能要求DC链路电容器上的电压必须在5秒内小于60V。
使链路电容器放电的最简单的常规方法使用跨电容器放置的电阻来耗散电荷。电阻器放置可以是无源或有源的。无源放电电阻器(PDR)与链路电容器并联硬接线。无源电阻器必须具有相对较大的电阻，以避免正常操作期间的过多功率损耗。因此，将HV电荷耗散到安全水平可能需要一到两分钟。为了更快地放电，有源放电电路使用与晶体管开关串联的电阻器，使得可以通过较小的电阻值选择性地耗散电荷。
有源放电电路的电路部件和预充电电路的至少一些部件通常包括在逆变器系统控制器(ISC)模块中的印刷电路板上。因此，ISC模块的大小、部件数量和成本都增加了。期望以更少的部件来执行预充电和放电功能，使得可以减小ISC模块的大小和成本。
发明内容
在本发明的一个方面，一种用于具有DC电源的车辆的电驱动系统包括在正极总线和负极总线之间的链路电容器。预充电接触器具有适于连接到所述DC电源的输入端，并具有输出端。电阻元件将所述预充电接触器输出端连接到所述正极总线。放电开关可选择性地将所述负极总线连接到在所述预充电接触器和所述电阻元件之间的接合点。当所述预充电接触器导电而所述放电开关不导电时，则所述电容器预充电。当所述放电开关导电时，则所述电容器放电。相同的电阻元件承载所述电容器的所述预充电电流和所述放电电流两者。
在优选的实施例中，所述驱动系统具有链路电容器和输入电容器。所述输入电容器的正极端子和负极端子分别通过正极接触器和负极接触器可选择性地耦接到所述DC电源。可变电压转换器将所述正极端子耦接到所述正极总线。旁路开关可选择性地将所述正极端子耦接到所述正极总线。在预充电状态下，所述预充电接触器和所述旁路开关导电，而所述放电开关和所述正极接触器不导电。在放电状态下，所述放电开关和所述旁路开关导电，而所述预充电接触器、正级接触器和负级接触器不导电。
附图说明
图1是示出用于典型混合动力电动车辆的电驱动器的示意性框图。
图2是示出现有技术预充电电路的总体布置的示意性框图。
图3是示出现有技术放电电路的总体布置的示意性框图。
图4是现有技术电驱动器的一部分的示意图，其更详细地示出预充电电路和放电电路。
图5是示出集成式预充电/放电电路的优选实施例的示意图。
图6是示出在图5的电路的预充电状态期间预充电电流流动的示意图。
图7是示出在图5的电路的常规操作期间正常操作电流流动的示意图。
图8是示出在图5的电路的放电状态期间放电电流流动的示意图。
具体实施方式
图1示出了已知类型的电驱动系统10，所述电驱动系统10例如可以用于功率分流混合动力驱动器。电池组11通过接触器继电器开关12和13耦接到具有输入电容器15的可变电压转换器(VVC)14。DC链路电容器16连接到VVC 14的输出端，从而建立正极总线17和负极总线18。马达逆变器20将牵引马达21耦接到总线17和18之间的DC电压。同样，发电机逆变器22将发电机23耦接到DC链路。逆变器20和22均由呈包括三相桥的桥式配置的多个开关装置(诸如绝缘栅双极型晶体管(IGBT))构成。逆变器20和22中的IGBT以及VVC 14中的IGBT以常规方式根据来自控制器24的控制信号(例如，PWM开关信号)来驱动。电池组11可以提供大约200V至300V的输出电压，而DC链路正常以例如大约600V至800V的较高电压操作。即使它们通常不在相同的电压下，为两个电容器提供预充电和放电也很重要。
图2示出了应用于驱动系统10的用于预充电的通用布置。预充电电路25具有跨电池组11耦接的输入端和连接到链路电容器16和输入电容器15的正极端子的输出端，以便在电驱动器10起动期间向电容器提供电荷，使得当接触器12和13闭合时，它们不会被涌流损坏。在电容器15和16被预充电到电池组11的电压之后，预充电电路25被停用，使得在驱动系统10的正常操作期间没有功率损失。
图3示出了用于使链路电容器16主动放电的常规布置。类似的电路也可以用于使输入电容器15(未示出)放电。有源放电电路26具有与放电开关(例如，晶体管)28串联的放电电阻器27。开关28具有控制端子，以用于响应于来自控制器(未示出)的禁用命令信号经由禁用电路29可选择性地接通和断开放电开关。控制器可以由本领域已知的常规马达发电机控制单元(MGCU)构成。禁用电路29的功能是执行禁用命令信号的逻辑反转。因此，当禁用命令信号具有高逻辑电平时，连接到控制端子的禁用电路29的输出端具有低电压电平，使得开关28被断开(并且电容器16不被放电)。例如，可以通过将控制端子分流到负极总线18来获得低电压电平。当禁用命令信号停止(即，下降到低逻辑电平)时，禁用电路29的输出自动上拉至足以接通放电开关28的电压，并且电容器16迅速放电。如果控制单元发生故障，任何命令信号都可能丢失。禁用电路29在逻辑上反转命令信号，使得如果由于控制单元的故障而导致命令信号丢失，则电容器16放电。因此，即使在控制单元发生故障时，也防止电容器16的高电压。
图4示出了使用已知技术提供电容器的预充电和放电两者的电驱动系统30。电驱动器30包括连接到逆变器系统控制器(ISC)模块32的电池组31，以用于驱动牵引马达33。将电池组31与模块32互连的外部部件包括手动维护断接器(MSD)开关34和将DC电力从电池组31馈送到主接触器(即，电子控制继电器开关)36和37和预充电接触器38的保险丝35。预充电电阻器40示出为在模块32的外部，但可替代地，也可以将其安装在模块32的内部。
模块32包括输入电容器41，其布置成在主接触器36和37闭合时接收电池电压。电池电压被提供给VVC 42的输入端，VVC 42的输出端跨接在DC链路电容器43上，从而在正极总线44和负极总线45之间产生高压轨。高压DC通过逆变器46转换成AC，以用于驱动三相马达33。
如本领域中已知的，旁路开关47连接在电容器41和正极总线44之间，以便绕过VVC42(例如，当正极总线44旨在以等于电池电压的电压操作时)。如下所述，在电驱动器30的预充电状态期间也使用旁路开关47。在进入预充电状态之前，主接触器36和37以及预充电接触器38断开(不导电)，并且电容器41和43基本上被放电。为了开始预充电，预充电接触器38和主接触器37闭合(导电)，使得电流流过预充电电阻器40，以便将充电电流直接提供给链路电容器43。同时，旁路开关47被激活，使得它将充电电流传导到输入电容器41。在充分充电之后，跨过电容器41和43的电压与电池电压基本相同。然后，预充电接触器38断开，并且主接触器36闭合(接触器37在预充电期间已经闭合，并且它保持闭合)。然后，驱动电路30准备好用于驱动马达33的正常操作(以及在再生制动期间用于将电力从马达33传递回电池组31)。
为了在停机期间使电容器41和43放电，提供了有源放电电路，其包括串联跨接在电容器43上的放电电阻器50和放电开关51以及串联跨接在输入电容器41上的放电电阻器52和放电开关53。放电开关51和53例如可以由IGBT或MOSFET构成。当控制器(未示出)确定需要停机时，它通过断开主接触器36和37来启动放电状态。然后，控制器使放电开关51和53导电，以便分别在电阻器52和50中耗散来自电容器41和43的电荷。尽管为放电电阻器50和52中的每一个示出了一个电阻器符号，但是每个电阻器符号可以包括连接在一起以提供足够的功率耗散能力的多个电阻器装置。
图4中的电路表明，用于电容器的预充电和放电的已知方法利用了相对大量的部件，其中大多数部件已安装在逆变器模块内。这产生了更高的部件成本，并且增加了相关联模块的整体大小和复杂性。
图5示出了电驱动系统60，其并入了用于减少部件数量和简化的逆变器模块的集成式预充电和放电电路。使用相同的附图标记表示
图5中的驱动系统60的与图4的部件相同的元件。输入电容器41和DC链路电容器43经由主接触器继电器36和38以及经由VVC 42接收源自电池组31的DC电力。逆变器系统控制器模块61构造成不具有任何内部有源放电系统电路部件。组合的预充电/放电电阻元件62将预充电接触器38连接到正极总线44。电阻元件62优选地包括一个或多个固定电阻器，以提供实现期望的充电和放电速率的电阻值和功率耗散能力。可以利用其他类型的电阻元件，诸如在其过渡区中驱动的FET。
驱动系统60的集成式预充电/放电电路还包括放电开关63，其选择性地将预充电接触器38和电阻器62之间的接合点与负极总线45连接。控制器65被配置成向接触器36、37和38提供控制信号，并且向晶体管驱动器电路66和68提供命令信号，以分别控制旁路开关47和放电开关63。在所示的实施例中，旁路开关47被示出为具有旁路二极管67的IGBT。如下所述，二极管67减轻了在输入电容器41的放电期间激活IGBT的需要。在不存在旁路二极管的情况下，则有必要在电容器41放电期间提供驱动命令信号以激活旁路开关47。
当控制器65确定驱动系统从非活动状态被激活时，则其触发预充电状态。在预充电状态之前，接触器36、37和38全部不导电，并且电容器41和43基本上被放电。为开始预充电状态，控制器65使预充电接触器38、主接触器37和旁路开关47导电，这导致电流流动，如图6所示。电流流过电阻元件62到正极总线44，从而直接对链路电容器43充电。电流也从电阻元件62经由旁路开关47流到输入电容器41。控制器65通常使用传感器(未示出)监测DC链路上的电压。一旦DC链路电压达到基本等于电池电压的电平，则预充电接触器38断开，从而使电阻元件62与DC电力断开。旁路开关47不导电并且主接触器36闭合，使得驱动器60准备好提供正常操作电流流动，如图7所示。
当命令逆变器操作关闭时，控制器65断开主接触器36和37以隔离电池组31，并且然后启动放电状态。为了使电容器41和43放电，控制器65经由提供给驱动器电路68的命令信号使放电开关63导电。驱动器电路68将命令信号转换为适当的电流和电压以驱动放电开关63的晶体管(例如，利用如图2所示的禁用逻辑)。如图8所示，一旦放电开关63导电，则放电电流从链路电容器43流过电阻元件62和放电开关63。另一放电电流从输入电容器41流过旁路二极管67、电阻元件62和放电开关63。DC链路电容器43通常具有较高的电压，这使其首先通过电阻元件62放电。一旦链路电容器43已经充分放电以允许二极管67正向偏置，则输入电容器41也开始放电。在电容器41和43上的电荷耗尽到安全电平之后，放电开关63可以由控制器65断开。
前述发明能够使用通用电阻来执行充电和放电功能。在预充电状态下，通用电阻元件经由预充电继电器连接在电容器中的每一个和DC电源之间。在放电状态下，电阻元件经由放电晶体管跨接每个电容器。否则，电阻元件断开。旁路开关连接在电阻元件和输入电容器之间。在预充电状态期间和在放电状态期间，旁路开关导电。放电晶体管仅在放电状态期间被激活。因此，本发明通过消除用于预充电和放电的单独的电阻元件并且通过消除专用于单独的电阻的放电开关而使用更少的部件。电路集成和在逆变器模块外部的部件的放置改善了整体系统成本和封装大小。

Claims (11)

1.一种用于具有DC电源的车辆的电驱动系统，其包括：
链路电容器，所述链路电容器在正极总线和负极总线之间；
预充电接触器，所述预充电接触器具有适于连接到所述DC电源的输入端，并具有输出端；
电阻元件，所述电阻元件将所述预充电接触器输出端连接到所述正极总线；和
放电开关，所述放电开关能选择性地将所述负极总线连接到所述预充电接触器和所述电阻元件之间的接合点。
2.如权利要求1所述的驱动系统，其中所述电阻元件由固定电阻器构成。
3.如权利要求1所述的驱动系统，其还包括：
输入电容器，所述输入电容器具有正极端子和负极端子，所述正极端子和所述负极端子分别通过正极接触器和负极接触器能选择性地耦接到所述DC电源。
可变电压转换器，所述可变电压转换器将所述正极端子耦接到所述正极总线；和
旁路开关，所述旁路开关能选择性地将所述正极端子耦接到所述正极总线；
其中在预充电状态下，所述预充电接触器和所述旁路开关导电，而所述放电开关和所述正极接触器不导电；并且
其中在放电状态下，所述放电开关和所述旁路开关导电，而所述预充电接触器、所述正极接触器和所述负极接触器不导电。
4.如权利要求3所述的驱动系统，其还包括：
逆变器桥，所述逆变器桥耦接到所述可变电压转换器；
其中所述链路电容器、所述输入电容器、所述可变电压转换器、所述旁路开关和所述逆变器桥位于集成式逆变器模块内；并且
其中所述电阻元件和所述放电开关在所述逆变器模块的外部。
5.如权利要求3所述的驱动系统，其中所述旁路开关由具有旁路二极管的绝缘栅双极型晶体管(IGBT)构成，并且其中在所述放电状态下，所述旁路开关经由所述旁路二极管导电。
6.如权利要求3所述的驱动系统，其还包括控制电路，所述控制电路检测用于引起所述预充电状态和所述放电状态的条件，其中所述控制电路相应地激活所述预充电接触器、所述放电开关和所述旁路开关。
7.如权利要求6所述的驱动系统，其中所述放电开关和所述旁路开关均由绝缘栅双极型晶体管(IGBT)构成，并且其中所述驱动系统还包括：
在所述控制电路和所述放电开关之间以及在所述控制电路和所述旁路开关之间的驱动电路，所述驱动电路适于将来自所述控制电路的相应命令信号转换为适于获得所述放电开关和所述旁路开关的相应导电和不导电状态的驱动信号。
8.如权利要求1所述的驱动系统，其中所述放电开关由绝缘栅双极型晶体管(IGBT)构成。
9.一种对电动车辆驱动器中的链路电容器和输入电容器进行预充电和放电的方法，其包括：
在预充电状态下，经由预充电继电器将电阻元件连接在所述电容器中的每一个和DC电源之间；
在放电状态下，经由放电晶体管将所述电阻元件跨接在各个电容器上；并且
否则断开所述电阻元件。
10.如权利要求9所述的方法，其中旁路开关连接在所述电阻元件和所述输入电容器之间，所述方法还包括：
在所述预充电状态期间和在所述放电状态期间使所述旁路开关导电。
11.如权利要求9所述的方法，其中所述放电晶体管仅在所述放电状态期间激活。
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