CN112369286A - Under-mulch drip irrigation cultivation method for rice and wheat drill seeding - Google Patents
Under-mulch drip irrigation cultivation method for rice and wheat drill seeding Download PDFInfo
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- CN112369286A CN112369286A CN202010184437.0A CN202010184437A CN112369286A CN 112369286 A CN112369286 A CN 112369286A CN 202010184437 A CN202010184437 A CN 202010184437A CN 112369286 A CN112369286 A CN 112369286A
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Classifications
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/20—Cereals
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G13/00—Protecting plants
- A01G13/02—Protective coverings for plants; Coverings for the ground; Devices for laying-out or removing coverings
- A01G13/0256—Ground coverings
- A01G13/0268—Mats or sheets, e.g. nets or fabrics
- A01G13/0275—Films
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/20—Cereals
- A01G22/22—Rice
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G25/00—Watering gardens, fields, sports grounds or the like
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G25/00—Watering gardens, fields, sports grounds or the like
- A01G25/02—Watering arrangements located above the soil which make use of perforated pipe-lines or pipe-lines with dispensing fittings, e.g. for drip irrigation
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
- Y02A40/10—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in agriculture
- Y02A40/22—Improving land use; Improving water use or availability; Controlling erosion
Abstract
The invention discloses a rice and wheat drill under-mulch drip irrigation cultivation method, which comprises seed preparation, land preparation, belt type drill, seedling management, irrigation management, fertilization management and disease control; the belt-type drill seeding adopts drill seeding, drip irrigation tape laying, foam film covering and soil covering, the drill seeding adopts wide rows and narrow rows which are alternately configured, and the drip irrigation tape is laid in the wide rows; the wide rows, the seeding width and the narrow rows are combined into drill belts, soil is covered above and on the side edges of the bubble membranes, and a plurality of drill belts are planted below each bubble membrane; the coleoptiles pierce the membrane bubble in the vertical needle stage of the seeds to realize self-membrane-breaking seedling emergence; the invention adopts a cultivation method combining drill seeding, film soaking covering and under-film drip irrigation, the film is free from cutting or punching, the coleoptile is used for film breaking in the vertical needle period, no seedling hole is formed, no weeding is needed in the hole, the temperature is increased, the soil moisture is preserved, the drought resistance is realized, the labor is saved, the cost is reduced, the under-film drip irrigation cultivation technology of rice and wheat is optimized and perfected through drill seeding, the agricultural planting efficiency is improved, and the yield and the quality of the rice and wheat are improved.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of agricultural planting and cultivation, in particular to a rice and wheat under-mulch drip irrigation drill cultivation method.
Background
On one hand, paddy rice is mainly planted in a flooded paddy field and is usually transplanted by a machine or a man; the agricultural water consumption of the agricultural large country which is one of 13 water-poor countries in the world is 70-80% of the total water consumption, particularly the agricultural water consumption of arid and semi-arid regions is more than 90%, wherein the total water consumption of the rice field is more than 65% of the agricultural water consumption. On the other hand, the technical method of using mulching film to plant rice in dry farmland (short for dry farming) to achieve temperature rise, water saving and yield increase has been popularized and applied in rice planting areas throughout the country, and the rice is usually planted in a mechanical or manual direct seeding (dibbling or drilling) mode; the disadvantages are: 1. water resource waste caused by water exposure, water leakage and evaporation, and low water and nutrient utilization rate; 2. soil hardening and salinization are easily caused in northern areas; 3. the manual operation amount for compartment division, ditching and the like is large; 4. sufficient base fertilizer can not be applied at one time, so that the utilization rate of the fertilizer is reduced.
Chinese patent CN108901705A discloses a new method for cultivating rice by direct dry-seeding mulching film mulching, which aims at the common characteristics of three modes of a mulching film punching hole-sowing method, a mechanical film-breaking seedling-emerging method and a mulching film incision attaching method, namely that holes or incisions are needed to be punched on a mulching film so as to facilitate the germination and seedling emergence of rice seeds or the optimized improvement of rice seedlings exposed on the film surface; the disadvantages are that: 1. the utilization efficiency of water and fertilizer needs to be improved; 2. the cooperation between the covering film and the soil compacting layer and the sheaths of rice seedlings and weed germs is difficult to control under the actual operation condition of the field: such as: the mulching film is covered with soil and pressed to prevent the mulching film from being tightly combined with soil and form certain pressure or tension on the mulching film, so that rice sprout tips can penetrate through the film to be discharged, and weeds can be prevented from penetrating through the film to grow.
In order to overcome the problems of the traditional rice planting, drip irrigation under the film of rice is widely popularized and applied in recent years. Such as: 1) chinese patent 200710169613.8 discloses a method for direct seeding under-mulch drip irrigation dry farming of rice; 2) the 'method for cultivating rice by drip irrigation under plastic film' disclosed in the Chinese patent 201310738334.4 is characterized in that the drip irrigation tape laying, the film laying and the sowing are completed by a special sowing machine at one time, the drip irrigation tape is positioned under the plastic film and is connected with a water delivery system, proper amount of drip irrigation is carried out at proper time according to the growth needs of crops, and the rice is planted by adopting the drip irrigation under plastic film and hole sowing mode actually; 3) chinese patent 201710480023.0 discloses a method for cultivating transplanted seedlings by drip irrigation under plastic film. The method comprises the steps of seed preparation, sowing, seedbed management, transplanting, field management and harvesting; integrates the advantages of traditional seedling transplanting and under-film drip irrigation cultivation, can prolong the growth period of rice, increase effective accumulated temperature, promote the safe maturity of rice, improve the yield and the rice quality and ensure stable yield. The insufficient hole sowing and transplanting of drip irrigation under the plastic film of the rice is as follows: 1. the punching hole bunch planting or punching hole transplanting takes time and cost; 2. a large number of holes are formed in the mulching film, so that soil moisture is easily lost, and the drought resistance is reduced; 3. weeds at the openings of the mulching films are clustered with rice or seedlings, and the weeds are difficult to remove; 4. after film covering, hole drilling and hole sowing or transplanting sowing are deeper, mound grows, and the individual growth and development are influenced.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at solving the technical problems, the invention provides a rice and wheat under-mulch drip irrigation drill planting method, aiming at the defects in the prior art, the method plays the advantage that under-mulch drip irrigation is beneficial to fully utilizing water and fertilizer, adopts a rice belt type drill planting, bubble film covering and under-mulch drip irrigation combined cultivation method, avoids cutting or punching on a film, and matches the tacit with soil buds of the film, thereby preventing weeds from clustering, increasing temperature, preserving soil moisture and resisting drought, saving labor and cost, having high mechanization degree and high yield, improving agricultural planting efficiency and improving rice quality.
In order to achieve the purpose, the technical scheme of the invention is as follows: a rice and wheat drill under-mulch drip irrigation cultivation method comprises seed preparation, land preparation, belt type drill, seedling emergence and seedling stage management, irrigation management, fertilization management and disease control; the rice and wheat includes rice, upland rice, winter wheat, spring wheat and barley; the method is characterized in that:
the belt-type drill seeding adopts the modes of planting the seeds in the drill seeding belt, laying the drip irrigation belt, covering with the bubble film and covering with soil, the drill seeding belt is arranged in a belt shape, 2-4 seeds are configured in the drill seeding belt, and the seeds are sown in a uniform scattering mode in the seed sowing belt; both sides of the drill strip are provided with side strips and oblique strips, an organic wheel strip is arranged between the drill strips, and a drip irrigation strip and a intertillage strip are also arranged in the drill strip; wide rows and narrow rows are arranged between the belts for facilitating ventilation and lighting; the wide rows and the narrow rows are alternately arranged, and drip irrigation belts are laid in the drill seeding belts in a parallel mode; the seeds of rice and wheat with determined sowing width are planted in the bulk sowing in the belt.
The bubble film is in the film width suitable for a mechanical or manual operation mode, the wide-row (including a machine wheel belt), the belt, the narrow-row, the side belt, the inclined belt, the drip irrigation belt and the bubble film are combined into a belt type drilling unit group, and the width of the bubble film is matched with the sizes of a plurality of drilling belts, the wide-row spacing and the narrow-row spacing; the bubble membrane top is provided with membrane top earthing, the side of bubble membrane is provided with membrane side earthing, every bubble membrane below is planted and is had many areas.
After the seeds germinate in the belt type drill seeding, the coleoptiles pierce the membrane bubble through the conical bud tips in the self needle-setting stage, and the self-membrane-breaking seedling emergence is realized.
The drip irrigation tape is positioned below the bubble film and is connected with the water delivery system, and proper drip irrigation is performed in time according to the growth needs of crops; the water delivery system comprises a drip irrigation network consisting of a drip irrigation header, a main pipe and branch pipes.
A plurality of film bubbles are uniformly and uniformly distributed on one surface of the bubble film at equal intervals, and the wall thickness of each film bubble is less than or equal to the film thickness of the bubble film body; the density of the film bubble is greater than or equal to 2/cm2。
The row spacing of the belt-type drill is configured by adopting wide and narrow rows, the range of the row spacing of the narrow rows is 10cm-30cm, and the range of the row spacing of the wide rows is 50cm-70 cm; the width of the seeding width is 1cm-10 cm; the sowing depth is 0.5cm-2cm, and the thickness of the covering soil on the bubble film is less than or equal to 5 cm.
In the belt type drilling, soil is covered after seeding, and slight pressing is carried out after a drip irrigation belt and a bubble film are laid; the earthing on the bubble membrane comprises membrane top earthing and membrane side earthing; the thickness of the covering soil on the bubble film is less than or equal to 5 cm.
The film bubble is any one of a semicircle, a semiellipse, a cone or a polygon; the opening direction of the film bubble is a one-way opening, and the opening direction of the film bubble is paved towards the ground direction.
Preferably, the drill string unit set includes: four-belt one-irrigation unit group, four-belt two-irrigation unit group and two-belt one-irrigation unit group.
The seed preparation comprises the steps of selecting rice, upland rice, winter wheat and spring wheat varieties which are strong in drought resistance, high in yield, high in quality and disease-resistant, and removing awns of the seeds before the rice is sowed.
Preparing the land, namely ploughing and leveling, and applying base fertilizer to the land in a full layer at one time; soil sealing treatment is carried out before sowing, mixed herbicide is sprayed to carry out sealing control on weeds, and chemical herbicide is not needed in the whole growth period of drip irrigation under a paddy film.
The strip-type drilling can be carried out timely when the ground temperature of 5cm below the film stably passes over 15 ℃, the seeding quantity per mu of ground of the drip irrigation rice mechanical seeding in the northern area is over 30 ten thousand grains, the emergence rate is 85 percent, the tillering number is 0.3, and the plant number and the earning rate of rice and wheat are ensured to reach the standard.
In the management of seedling emergence and seedling stage, in rainy days, the film top earthing is easy to crust to influence seedling emergence, mechanical soil loosening is needed after rain, and the sandy soil mulching film top earthing is not crust, so that soil loosening is not needed, but earthing humidity is needed to be kept, thereby avoiding the influence of soil caking on the film on the rice film breaking and seedling emergence; the membrane side soil covering needs to be drip-irrigated in time to ensure soil moistening and seedling emergence.
Preferably, the root-promoting agent is applied with water drops from the sowing time to the tillering time of the rice and wheat, and the dosage is 1.5 to 2.5 times of the dosage recommended by manufacturers.
Preferably, the seedling cultivation is cultivation in a three-leaf period, and the cultivation depth is 5cm-15 cm.
The irrigation management is that the irrigation quota is 700m in the whole growth period of rice and wheat3Per mu-800 m3Per mu; irrigation regulation difference is greatly different according to different climatic conditions and soil conditions; the area of Yantianshan in northern Xinjiang is that the irrigation is carried out 28 to 35 times in the whole growth period of rice and wheat, the optimal irrigation period is 3 to 15 days, and the irrigation period in the peak period of water requirement is 2 to 3 days; dripping water 10-16 times at this stage, with a total irrigation amount of 200m3Per mu-240 m3And per mu, the water can be cut off after the wax ripening of the rice and the wheat is finished.
The specific method for fertilization management is as follows:
base fertilizer: applying farmyard manure when the land is turned over in winter and autumn, uniformly applying 1.0-1.5 tons/mu of animal manure and 2.5-3.5 kg/mu of diammonium in one time, and then deeply turning over;
and (3) fertilizing in a seedling stage: in the rice and wheat field, the seedlings are fertilized, and if the soil is saline-alkaline, the fertility is uneven, the nutrition is insufficient, and the seedling is thin and weak, 1.4 kg/mu-2.0 kg/mu of pure nitrogen can be applied with water drops for 2-3 times, and P is2O51.5 kg/mu-2.0 kg/mu, K2O0.5kg/mu-1.0 kg/mu and 0.25 kg/mu-2.5 kg/mu of zinc fertilizer promote the growth of seedlings;
and (3) tillering fertilizer: in the period, pure nitrogen is applied for 3 times along with water at 7.5 kg/mu-8.0 kg/mu, P2O52.0 kg/mu-2.8 kg/mu, K2O0.6kg/mu to 1.0 kg/mu, 1.5 kg/mu to 2.0 kg/mu of water-soluble silicon fertilizer, 0.4 kg/mu to 0.45 kg/mu of boron fertilizer and 0.22 kg/mu to 0.26 kg/mu of zinc fertilizer are used for promoting the effective tiller number and nutrient storage quality of rice and wheat;
c, fertilizer extraction: in the period, the fertilizer is dripped for 2-3 times, the total fertilizing amount is 7.5 kg/mu-8.0 kg/mu of pure nitrogen, P2O52.2 kg/mu-2.8 kg/mu, K2O1.5kg/mu-2.0 kg/mu and water-soluble organic fertilizer 4.0 kg/mu-5.0 kg/mu;
2 spike fertilizer, 3-4 times of dropping fertilizer in the period, the total fertilizing amount is 3.2 kg/mu-4.0 kg/mu of pure nitrogen, P2O52.0 kg/mu-2.8 kg/mu, K2O1.5kg/mu-2.0 kg/mu, water-soluble organic fertilizer 4.0 kg/mu-5.0 kg/mu.
The disease control adopts drip irrigation under the film to drill in Xinjiang area, the rice and wheat diseases and insect pests are less, no serious insect pests are basically harmed in the experimental field in recent years, in addition, a small amount of physiological bacterial wilt exists on the ground, the drip irrigation tape on the ground needs to be checked in time in the second year, the treatment is carried out in time, and the normal water requirement of the rice and wheat is ensured.
After rice is planted by adopting the cultivation technology of belt-type drilling and film-soaking drip irrigation, the ear forming rule of rice and wheat is fundamentally changed, tillering and ear forming by water-logging irrigation are changed into main stem ear forming, the traditional planting density can not meet the production requirement, and the seeding density of rice and wheat cultivation by drip irrigation under the film is higher.
The cultivation principle of the invention is as follows: according to the biological characteristics of the rice and wheat in the vertical needle period, the rice and wheat seedling raising device is composed of coleoptiles and incomplete leaves with sharp and stiff leaf sheaths, the thick and stiff conical bud tips have extremely strong penetrating power, and even if the coleoptiles exposed out of soil are broken, the incomplete leaves continue to have very strong penetrating power because only the leaf sheaths have no leaves. This feature is distinct from the biological characteristics of weeds; generally, because the seeds are tiny, the coleoptiles of the weeds have certain penetrating power before emergence, and once the seeds are exposed out of the soil and contact with air or light, the coleoptiles can be broken, soft cotyledons stretch, incomplete leaves which are not firm and sharp are not formed, and the penetrating power is lost. Therefore, the film is pressed by covering soil moderately, effective space and air are provided by the film bubble, the light scattering effect of the film bubble is achieved, the rice bud tips penetrate the film and are led out along the film bubble, and weeds are prevented from penetrating the film and growing. When the weed coleoptiles grow and touch the mulching film, because the film bubble contains air and is transparent, the weed leaves extend and cannot penetrate the mulching film; the mulching soil covering and compacting are to prevent rice sprout tips from jacking the mulching film and not normally penetrating the mulching film to emerge; the invention uses the biological differences of bud morphological structure, growth change, penetrating power and the like when rice and wheat and weeds sprout and emerge, directly covers with a bubble film after rice and wheat drill sowing, and then moderately presses soil on the bubble film of the sowing belt, thus completing the sowing operation. The method does not need to punch or cut the mulching film, and the rice and wheat are effectively guided to penetrate through the mulching film to emerge through the unilateral film bubble on the mulching film, and simultaneously can prevent the weeds from penetrating through the mulching film to grow, thereby achieving the effects of highly preserving soil moisture, weeding, fully cultivating seedlings, strengthening seedlings, saving water, saving labor, improving the utilization rate of fertilizer, saving cost and increasing yield, and overcoming the defects and the shortcomings of the direct seeding mulching film mulching of the rice and wheat and the drip irrigation hole sowing and transplanting technology under the rice and wheat film.
The method has the advantages of drought resistance, water saving, weeding, fertilizer utilization rate improvement, yield increase, simplicity, convenience, feasibility, large or small area scale, capability of being operated by both mechanical and manual labor and the like, so that rice and wheat planting can be performed from paddy fields and irrigated land to dry lands with certain irrigated water conditions and mountain dry land, saline-alkali beaches and even deserts around reservoirs and small dams, the method is a rice and wheat cultivation revolution, and makes a positive contribution to solving the problem of eating by billions of people. Meanwhile, the invention has important significance for accelerating the development of the rice industry, optimizing the grain structure, improving the agricultural ecological environment, improving the quality and the efficiency, realizing the increase of the agricultural yield and the income of farmers and accelerating the vogue of villages.
Through the technical scheme, the technical scheme of the invention has the beneficial effects that: the invention provides a rice and wheat under-mulch drip irrigation drill seeding cultivation method, aiming at the defects in the prior art, the method plays the advantage that under-mulch drip irrigation is beneficial to full utilization of water and fertilizer, adopts a cultivation method combining rice and wheat belt type drill seeding, mulch covering and under-mulch drip irrigation, is free from cutting or punching on a film, and combines film bubble, covering soil and a bud sheath to realize tacit, effectively prevents weeds from clustering while effectively guiding out rice and wheat germs, has no seedling holes and no need of seedling hole weeding, increases temperature, preserves soil moisture and resists drought, saves labor and cost, has high mechanization degree and high yield, improves agricultural planting efficiency and improves rice and wheat quality.
The specific rice and wheat under-mulch drip irrigation drill cultivation method has seven advantages that:
(1) compared with the traditional rice flooding irrigation cultivation, the method has the advantages that flooding is not needed, the water resource consumption is reduced, and the water resource utilization efficiency can be effectively improved; for the seasonal arid region of wheat, the technique of belt drilling and film-soaking drip irrigation is adopted, and a small amount of water resource is used to obtain high harvest.
(2) The bubble film is free from punching or cutting, rice and wheat can penetrate through the bubble film to emerge, weeds can be prevented from penetrating through the mulching film to grow, no holes exist in the film, no weeds grow, and the using amount of pesticides, particularly the using amount of herbicides, is greatly reduced.
(3) The bubble film has air layer inside the bubble, covered soil on the upper part of the bubble film, and this is favorable to rice and wheat cultivation and has high quality and high yield.
(4) The belt drilling and the drip irrigation under the film are combined, so that the high temperature rise and moisture preservation, the seedling completeness and the seedling robustness are realized; increases the suitable region range for planting rice and wheat.
(5) The combination of belt drilling and bubble film drip irrigation, the oxidation state soil environment effectively reduces the reduction reaction of heavy metal substances, firstly, the discharge of methane in the paddy field and the anaerobic environment is reduced, and the atmospheric pollution is reduced; secondly, the raw metal content in the rice grains is reduced below the measuring range of an instrument, and a high-quality product is produced; and thirdly, the fertilizer consumption is reduced, and the non-point source pollution of the fertilizer is reduced.
(6) The soil is covered by a bubble film and is sowed in a strip mode, the soil moisture is preserved highly, and the drought resistance is strong; the method has the advantages that no weed accompanying exists in seedling holes, belt type drilling seeding is shallow, plants grow uniformly and separately, individual growth and development are good, the yield increasing effect is obvious, and the defects of a direct rice seeding and mulching film mulching technology, a rice under-film drip irrigation hole seeding technology and a rice under-film drip irrigation transplanting technology are overcome.
(7) Compared with the drip irrigation cultivation method under the plastic film of the rice, the invention can effectively prolong the growth period of the rice and the wheat, increase the effective accumulated temperature and increase the yield; meanwhile, the low-temperature harm of the seedling stage and the grouting maturation stage is reduced, the germination of rice and wheat seeds, the growth of seedlings and the later-stage grain grouting are promoted, the low-temperature harm is reduced, and the high and stable yield of rice and wheat is ensured.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention, the drawings needed to be used in the description of the embodiments or the prior art will be briefly described below, and it is obvious that the drawings in the following description are only some embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious for those skilled in the art that other drawings can be obtained according to these drawings without creative efforts.
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a structure of a four-belt one-irrigation unit group for rice and wheat drill under-mulch drip irrigation cultivation method according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic view of a four-belt two-irrigation unit structure of a rice and wheat drill under-mulch drip irrigation cultivation method disclosed in an embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 3 is a schematic structural diagram of a two-belt one-irrigation unit group in a rice and wheat drill under-mulch drip irrigation cultivation method disclosed by the embodiment of the invention.
The corresponding part names indicated by the numbers and letters in the drawings:
1. drill seeding belt 2, machine wheel belt 3, intertillage belt 4, belt
5. Wide row 6, narrow row 7, bubble film 8 drip irrigation belt
9. Side band 10, oblique band 11, membrane top earthing 12, membrane side earthing
Detailed Description
The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all of the embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
According to the figures 1, 2 and 3, the invention provides a rice and wheat drill under-mulch drip irrigation cultivation method, which comprises seed preparation, land preparation, belt type drill, seedling emergence and seedling stage management, irrigation management, fertilization management and disease control;
the belt-type drill seeding adopts the modes of planting the seeds in the drill seeding belt, laying the drip irrigation belt, covering with the bubble film and covering with soil, the drill seeding belt is arranged in a belt shape, 2-4 seeds are configured in the drill seeding belt, and the seeds are sown in a uniform scattering mode in the seed sowing belt; both sides of the drill strip are provided with side strips and oblique strips, an organic wheel strip is arranged between the drill strips, and a drip irrigation strip and a intertillage strip are also arranged in the drill strip; wide rows and narrow rows are arranged between the belts for facilitating ventilation and lighting; the wide rows and the narrow rows are alternately arranged, and drip irrigation belts are laid in the drill seeding belts in a parallel mode; the seeds of rice and wheat with determined sowing width are planted in the bulk sowing in the belt.
The bubble film selects the film width suitable for a mechanical or manual operation mode, the wide row (including a machine wheel belt), the belt, the narrow row, the side belt, the inclined belt, the drip irrigation belt and the bubble film are combined into a unit group of belt-type drilling, and the width of the bubble film is matched with the sizes of a plurality of drilling belts, the wide row spacing and the narrow row spacing; the bubble membrane top is provided with membrane top earthing, the side of bubble membrane is provided with membrane side earthing, every bubble membrane below is planted and is had many areas.
After the seeds germinate in the belt type drill seeding, the coleoptiles pierce the membrane bubble through the conical bud tips in the self needle-setting stage, and the self-membrane-breaking seedling emergence is realized.
The drip irrigation tape is positioned below the bubble film and is connected with the water delivery system, and proper drip irrigation is performed in time according to the growth needs of crops; the water delivery system comprises a drip irrigation network consisting of a drip irrigation header, a main pipe and branch pipes.
A plurality of film bubbles are uniformly and uniformly distributed on one surface of the bubble film at equal intervals, and the wall thickness of each film bubble is less than or equal to the film thickness of the bubble film body; the density of the film bubble is 4/cm2。
The row spacing of the belt-type drill is configured by adopting wide and narrow rows, the range of the row spacing of the narrow rows is 10cm-30cm, and the range of the row spacing of the wide rows is 50cm-70 cm; the width of the seeding width is 1cm-10 cm; the sowing depth is 0.5cm-2cm, and the thickness of the covering soil on the bubble film is less than or equal to 5 cm.
In the belt type drilling, soil is covered after seeding, and slight pressing is carried out after a drip irrigation belt and a bubble film are laid; the earthing on the bubble membrane comprises membrane top earthing and membrane side earthing; the thickness of the covering soil on the bubble film is 3 cm.
The film bubble is semicircular, the opening direction of the film bubble is a one-way opening, and the opening direction of the film bubble is paved towards the ground direction.
A rice under-mulch drip irrigation drill cultivation method is characterized by comprising the following specific steps:
example 1: as shown in fig. 1, it is a four-band-one-tape drill unit set.
1. Seed preparation: before sowing, rice seeds must be subjected to awn removal treatment by adopting a special small awn removal machine, and each batch of seeds can be treated for 5 minutes to achieve a relatively ideal effect.
2. Land preparation: soil sealing treatment is generally carried out 5 days before sowing, 80g of mixed herbicide is sprayed per mu, the first peak of weeds appears 15 days after sowing in dry farming paddy by drip irrigation under a film, and 60g of mixed herbicide is sprayed per mu at the moment. Specifically, the variety of the adopted medicament can be targetedly selected according to the category of weeds in the local field, and is subjected to chemical removal twice after being mixed. The soil is suitable for farmland with soil organic matter content of more than 1.5%, alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen of more than 50mg/kg, quick-acting phosphorus of more than 18mg/kg, medium or more soil fertility and small salt and alkali content, and is beneficial to high yield.
3. Band drilling:
sowing can be carried out when the ground temperature of 5cm underground stably passes over 15 ℃, wherein the common year is the middle of 4 months in south Xinjiang and the middle of 4 months in north Xinjiang; mechanically sowing 30 ten thousand seeds per mu according to drip irrigation of rice under a film to determine the sowing amount; the drip irrigation belt laying, the bubble film laying, the belt type drilling and the soil covering of the rice seeder are completed at one time through drip irrigation under the film, the uniform seed discharging is required, the re-sowing and the sowing leakage are avoided, the sowing depth is consistent, the soil covering is good, the rolling is reliable, and the sowing end is straight and the head reaches the edge; the four-band one-irrigation-band type drilling unit group is configured as follows:
the method comprises the following steps of (1) oblique belt + side belt + narrow row (including drip irrigation belt) + belt + wide row;
the wide rows comprise side bands, oblique bands and machine wheel bands, and the width of the bubble film is 120 cm;
10cm+5cm+10cm+10cm+25cm+10cm+10cm+65cm；
the total width of the band drill unit group is 170 cm.
4. And (3) seedling emergence and seedling stage management: the rice field can be treated by using a root growth promoter or a root strengthening agent in the seedling stage of drip irrigation of rice under a film, the root growth promoter or the root strengthening agent is generally applied with water drops for 3 times from the sowing of the rice to the tillering stage, the dosage is 200ml each time, the variety of the specific root growth promoter can be selected according to local market investigation conditions, and the dosage is 2.0 times of the dosage recommended by a manufacturer.
5. Cultivating in seedling stage: in the drip irrigation field under the film, the seedlings need to be checked and released in time under the condition that the seedlings can not automatically arch soil to emerge so as to avoid rotten seedlings. No intertillage or no-tillage once in the whole growth period of the rice: in the three-leaf period, the intertillage can achieve the purposes of loosening the soil, keeping the soil moisture and eliminating weeds. The shovel tip is required to cut the soil, break the soil and lift the soil along the shovel surface to the soil separating plate, and the tilling depth is 10 cm. The seedlings are not pressed and folded. In wide film planting, the purpose of intertillage is primarily weeding.
6. Irrigation management: the irrigation system has great difference under different areas and different soil texture conditions. Generally, the rice is irrigated by drip irrigation for 32 times in the whole growth period, the irrigation period is 3-7 days, the irrigation period is adjusted to 2-3 days in the peak period of water demand, and the irrigation quota is 800m3Per mu.
Wherein, emergence-trefoil stage: when the soil moisture content is poor after the rice is sowed, dripping seedling water for 2 times after sowing, and irrigating for a total irrigation quantity of 80m3Per mu; trefoil-jointing stage: irrigating for 7 times, the total irrigation amount is 180m3Per mu; jointing-heading stage: dripping water for 7 times, the total amount of irrigation is 200m3Per mu; heading-flowering stage: dripping water for 4 times, the total irrigation amount is 100m3Per mu; flowering-mature period: dripping 12 times, the total amount of irrigation is 240m3And the water can be cut off after the wax ripening of the rice is finished.
7. Fertilization management: the target yield and the fertilizing amount are determined according to the soil fertility condition and the fertilizer effect reaction of a rice planting land, the rice is fertilized by adopting the principle of combining organic and inorganic substances, meanwhile, the fertilization technology is combined with the high-yield and high-quality cultivation technology, and particularly, the water and fertilizer combined regulation and control is important. The total fertilization amount in the whole growth period is as follows: 1.5 tons/mu of animal manure (the thoroughly decomposed chicken manure and the cattle manure are mixed according to the mass ratio of 3: 2), 8 kg/mu of water-soluble organic fertilizer, 22 kg/mu of pure nitrogen and P2O511 kg/mu, K2O6 kg/mu, water-soluble silicon fertilizer 16 kg/mu, boron fertilizer and zinc fertilizer 0.5 kg/mu respectively.
Wherein, the base fertilizer: applying farmyard manure when turning over the land in winter and autumn, uniformly applying 1.5 tons of manure (the thoroughly decomposed chicken manure and cow manure are mixed in a ratio of 3: 2) and 2.5kg of diammonium per mu at one time, then deeply turning over, ploughing to a depth of 27-30cm, and leveling after ploughing; and (3) fertilizing in a seedling stage: the fertilization can be carried out for rice field for 2-3 times if the soil is saline and alkaline, the fertility is not uniform, the nutrition is insufficient, and the seedling is thin and weakApplying pure nitrogen 1.5 kg/mu with water drop2O51.7 kg/mu, K2O1 kg/mu and zinc fertilizer 0.25 kg/mu promote the growth of seedlings; and (3) tillering fertilizer: the tillering stage is the key stage of rice vegetative growth, and determines the number of effective tillering and nutrient storage condition, and in said stage 8 kg/mu of pure nitrogen can be applied with water for 3 times, and P2O52.2 kg/mu, K2O1 kg/mu, water-soluble silicon fertilizer 1.8 kg/mu, boron fertilizer 0.5 kg/mu and zinc fertilizer 0.25 kg/mu to promote the effective tiller number and nutrient storage quality of rice; c, fertilizer extraction: the vegetative growth and reproductive growth of the rice are very vigorous in the jointing stage; applying water and fertilizer to weak seedlings in advance, delaying strong seedlings and vigorous seedlings properly, and applying fertilizer for 2-3 times, wherein the total fertilizer application amount is 8kg pure nitrogen per mu, and P is2O52.5 kg/mu, K2O2 kg/mu and 4 kg/mu of water-soluble organic fertilizer; ear fertilization: in the heading and flowering period, young spikes grow rapidly, which is a key period for spike grain number formation. The fertilizer can be applied for 3-4 times in the period, the total fertilizer application amount is 4 kg/mu of pure nitrogen, P2O52.5 kg/mu, K2O2 kg/mu and water-soluble organic fertilizer 4 kg/mu.
8. And (3) pest control: under the climatic conditions and the drip irrigation cultivation mode of Xinjiang, the diseases and insect pests of rice are light, no serious damage insect pests exist in the experimental field in recent years, in addition, a small amount of physiological bacterial wilt exists on the ground, the drip irrigation belt on the ground needs to be checked in time in the next year, the treatment is carried out in time, and the normal water requirement of the rice is guaranteed.
Example 2: as shown in fig. 2, it is a four-band two-band drill unit set.
1. Seed preparation: before sowing, rice seeds must be subjected to awn removal treatment by adopting a special small awn removal machine, and each batch of seeds can be treated for 5 minutes to achieve a relatively ideal effect.
2. Land preparation: soil sealing treatment is generally carried out 5 days before sowing, 80g of mixed herbicide is sprayed per mu, the first peak of weeds appears 15 days after sowing in dry farming paddy by drip irrigation under a film, and 60g of mixed herbicide is sprayed per mu at the moment. Specifically, the variety of the adopted medicament can be targetedly selected according to the category of weeds in the local field, and is subjected to chemical removal twice after being mixed. The soil is suitable for farmland with soil organic matter content of more than 1.5%, alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen of more than 50mg/kg, quick-acting phosphorus of more than 18mg/kg, medium or more soil fertility and small salt and alkali content, and is beneficial to high yield.
3. Band drilling:
sowing can be carried out when the ground temperature of 5cm underground stably passes over 15 ℃, wherein the common year is the middle of 4 months in south Xinjiang and the middle of 4 months in north Xinjiang; mechanically sowing 30 ten thousand seeds per mu according to drip irrigation of rice under a film to determine the sowing amount; the drip irrigation belt laying, the bubble film laying, the belt type drilling and the soil covering are completed at one time through the drip irrigation rice seeder under the film; the seeds are required to be evenly sowed, no re-sowing and no seeding leakage are caused, the sowing depth is consistent, the soil covering is good, the pressing is exact, and the sowing end is straight and reaches the edge; the four-belt two-irrigation-belt type drill seeding unit group is configured as follows:
the method comprises the following steps of (1) oblique belt, side belt, drip irrigation belt, narrow row (including intertillage belt), belt, drip irrigation belt, belt and wide row;
the wide row comprises a side belt, an inclined belt and a machine wheel belt, and the bubble film width is 110 cm;
10cm+5cm+10cm+5cm+10cm+30cm+10cm+5cm+10cm+65cm；
the total width of the belt type drill unit group is 175 cm.
4. And (3) seedling emergence and seedling stage management: the rice field can be treated by using a root growth promoter or a root strengthening agent in the seedling stage of drip irrigation of rice under a film, the root growth promoter or the root strengthening agent is generally applied for 2 times along with water drops after the rice is sowed and before the tillering stage, the dosage of each time is 250ml, the variety of the specific root growth promoter can be selected according to local market investigation conditions, and the dosage is 1.5 times of the dosage recommended by a manufacturer.
5. Cultivating in seedling stage: in the drip irrigation field under the film, the seedlings need to be checked and released in time under the condition that the seedlings can not automatically arch soil to emerge so as to avoid rotten seedlings. No intertillage or no-tillage once in the whole growth period of the rice: in the three-leaf period, the intertillage can achieve the purposes of loosening the soil, keeping the soil moisture and eliminating weeds. The shovel tip is required to cut the soil, break the soil and lift the soil along the shovel surface to the soil separating plate, and the tilling depth is 5 cm. The seedlings are not pressed and folded. In wide film planting, the purpose of intertillage is primarily weeding.
6. Irrigation management: the irrigation system has great difference under different areas and different soil texture conditions. In general, the whole growth period of riceDrip irrigation for 35 times, the irrigation period is 3-4 days, the irrigation period is adjusted to 2-3 days in the peak period of water demand, and the irrigation quota is 700m3Per mu.
Wherein, emergence-trefoil stage: when the soil moisture content is poor after the rice is sowed, dripping seedling water for 2 times after sowing, and watering for 60m3Per mu; trefoil-jointing stage: irrigating for 8 times, the total irrigation amount is 160m3Per mu; jointing-heading stage: dripping 8 times, the total amount of irrigation is 186m3Per mu; heading-flowering stage: dripping water for 4 times, and irrigating water with a total amount of 86m3Per mu; flowering-mature period: dripping 13 times, the total amount of irrigation is 225m3And the water can be cut off after the wax ripening of the rice is finished.
7. Fertilization management: the target yield and the fertilizing amount are determined according to the soil fertility condition and the fertilizer effect reaction of a rice planting land, the rice is fertilized by adopting the principle of combining organic and inorganic substances, meanwhile, the fertilization technology is combined with the high-yield and high-quality cultivation technology, and particularly, the water and fertilizer combined regulation and control is important. The total fertilization amount in the whole growth period is as follows: 1.5 tons/mu of animal manure (the thoroughly decomposed chicken manure and the cattle manure are mixed according to the mass ratio of 3: 2), 9.6 kg/mu of water-soluble organic fertilizer, 21 kg/mu of pure nitrogen and P2O511 kg/mu, K2O7.5kg/mu, 2 kg/mu of water-soluble silicon fertilizer and 0.6 kg/mu of boron fertilizer and zinc fertilizer respectively.
Wherein, the base fertilizer: applying farmyard manure when turning over the land in winter and autumn, uniformly applying 1.5 tons of manure (the thoroughly decomposed chicken manure and cow manure are mixed in a ratio of 3: 2) and 3kg of diammonium at one time, then deeply turning over, ploughing to a depth of 27-30cm, and leveling after ploughing; and (3) fertilizing in a seedling stage: the paddy field is fertilized by seedlings, and if the land is saline and alkaline, the fertility is uneven, the nutrition is insufficient, and the seedling is thin and weak, 2 kg/mu of pure nitrogen can be applied with water drops for 2-3 times, P2O51.7 kg/mu, K2O0.8kg/mu and 0.3 kg/mu of zinc fertilizer promote the growth of seedlings; and (3) tillering fertilizer: the tillering stage is the key stage of rice vegetative growth, and determines the number of effective tillering and nutrient storage condition, and in said stage, 3 times of pure nitrogen 7.5 kg/mu can be applied with water, and P2O52.4 kg/mu, K2O0.7kg/mu, water-soluble silicon fertilizer 1.8 kg/mu, boron fertilizer 0.5 kg/mu and zinc fertilizer 0.26 kg/mu to promote the effective tiller number and nutrient storage quality of rice; c, fertilizer extraction: jointing stage rice nutritionGrowth and reproductive growth are very vigorous; applying water and fertilizer to weak seedlings in advance, delaying strong seedlings and vigorous seedlings properly, and applying fertilizer for 2-3 times, wherein the total fertilizer application amount is 7.7 kg/mu of pure nitrogen and P2O52.3 kg/mu, K2O1.8kg/mu and 4.7 kg/mu of water-soluble organic fertilizer; ear fertilization: in the heading and flowering period, young spikes grow rapidly, which is a key period for spike grain number formation. The fertilizer can be applied for 3-4 times in the period, the total fertilizer application amount is 4 kg/mu of pure nitrogen, P2O52.4 kg/mu, K2O1.8kg/mu and 4.6 kg/mu of water-soluble organic fertilizer.
8. And (3) pest control: under the climatic conditions and the drip irrigation cultivation mode of Xinjiang, the diseases and insect pests of rice are light, no serious damage insect pests exist in the experimental field in recent years, in addition, a small amount of physiological bacterial wilt exists on the ground, the drip irrigation belt on the ground needs to be checked in time in the next year, the treatment is carried out in time, and the normal water requirement of the rice is guaranteed.
Example 3: as shown in fig. 3, it is a two-tape one-tape drill unit set.
1. Seed preparation: before sowing, rice seeds must be subjected to awn removal treatment by adopting a special small awn removal machine, and each batch of seeds can be treated for 5 minutes to achieve a relatively ideal effect.
2. Land preparation: soil sealing treatment is generally carried out 5 days before sowing, 80g of mixed herbicide is sprayed per mu, the first peak of weeds appears 15 days after sowing in dry farming paddy by drip irrigation under a film, and 60g of mixed herbicide is sprayed per mu at the moment. Specifically, the variety of the adopted medicament can be targetedly selected according to the category of weeds in the local field, and is subjected to chemical removal twice after being mixed. The soil is suitable for farmland with soil organic matter content of more than 1.5%, alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen of more than 50mg/kg, quick-acting phosphorus of more than 18mg/kg, medium or more soil fertility and small salt and alkali content, and is beneficial to high yield.
3. Band drilling:
sowing can be carried out when the ground temperature of 5cm underground stably passes over 15 ℃, wherein the common year is the middle of 4 months in south Xinjiang and the middle of 4 months in north Xinjiang; mechanically sowing 30 ten thousand seeds per mu according to drip irrigation of rice under a film to determine the sowing amount; the drip irrigation belt laying, the bubble film laying, the belt type drilling and the soil covering of the rice seeder are completed at one time through drip irrigation under the film, the uniform seed discharging is required, the re-sowing and the sowing leakage are avoided, the sowing depth is consistent, the soil covering is good, the rolling is reliable, and the sowing end is straight and the head reaches the edge; the two-strip-one irrigation-belt type drilling unit group is configured as follows:
oblique band + side band + narrow row (containing drip irrigation band) + band + wide row;
the wide row comprises a side belt, an inclined belt and a machine wheel belt, and the bubble film width is 80 cm;
10cm+5cm+10cm+30cm+10cm+65cm；
the total width of the band drill unit group is 145 cm.
4. And (3) seedling emergence and seedling stage management: the rice field can be treated by using a root growth promoter or a root strengthening agent in the seedling stage of drip irrigation of rice under a film, the root growth promoter or the root strengthening agent is generally applied for 2 times along with water drops after the rice is sowed and before the tillering stage, the dosage of each time is 180ml, the variety of the specific root growth promoter can be selected according to local market investigation conditions, and the dosage is 2.5 times of the dosage recommended by a manufacturer.
5. Cultivating in seedling stage: in the drip irrigation field under the film, the seedlings need to be checked and released in time under the condition that the seedlings can not automatically arch soil to emerge so as to avoid rotten seedlings. No intertillage or no-tillage once in the whole growth period of the rice: in the three-leaf period, the intertillage can achieve the purposes of loosening the soil, keeping the soil moisture and eliminating weeds. The shovel tip is required to cut the soil, break the soil and lift the soil along the shovel surface to the soil separating plate, and the tilling depth is 15 cm. The seedlings are not pressed and folded. In wide film planting, the purpose of intertillage is primarily weeding.
6. Irrigation management: the irrigation system has great difference under different areas and different soil texture conditions. In general, the irrigation cycle of the rice is drip-irrigated 28 times in the whole growth period and is adjusted to be 3-4 days, the irrigation cycle of the rice in the peak period of water demand is adjusted to be 2-3 days, and the irrigation quota is 476m3Per mu.
Wherein, emergence-trefoil stage: when the soil moisture content is poor after the rice is sowed, dripping seedling water for 2 times after sowing, and irrigating with total water irrigation amount of 72m3Per mu; trefoil-jointing stage: irrigating for 6 times, the total irrigation amount is 173m3Per mu; jointing-heading stage: dripping water for 6 times, total amount of water is 193m3Per mu; heading-flowering stage: dripping water for 3 times, and irrigating water for 87m3Per mu; flowering-mature period: dripping 11 times, the total amount of irrigation is 220m3And the water can be cut off after the wax ripening of the rice is finished.
7. Fertilization management: the target yield and the fertilizing amount are determined according to the soil fertility condition and the fertilizer effect reaction of a rice planting land, the rice is fertilized by adopting the principle of combining organic and inorganic substances, meanwhile, the fertilization technology is combined with the high-yield and high-quality cultivation technology, and particularly, the water and fertilizer combined regulation and control is important. The total fertilization amount in the whole growth period is as follows: 1.5 tons/mu of animal manure (the thoroughly decomposed chicken manure and the cattle manure are mixed according to the mass ratio of 3: 2), 9.6 kg/mu of water-soluble organic fertilizer, 20 kg/mu of pure nitrogen and P2O510.5 kg/mu, K2O5.6 kg/mu, 2 kg/mu of water-soluble silicon fertilizer and 0.5 kg/mu of boron fertilizer and zinc fertilizer respectively.
Wherein, the base fertilizer: applying farmyard manure when turning over the land in winter and autumn, uniformly applying 1.5 tons of manure (the thoroughly decomposed chicken manure and cow manure are mixed in a ratio of 3: 2) and 2.8kg of diammonium per mu at one time, then deeply turning over, ploughing to a depth of 27-30cm, and leveling after ploughing; and (3) fertilizing in a seedling stage: the paddy field is fertilized by seedlings, and if the land is saline and alkaline, the fertility is uneven, the nutrition is insufficient, and the seedling is thin and weak, the pure nitrogen can be applied for 2-3 times along with water drops for 1.5 kg/mu, P2O51.7 kg/mu, K2O0.8kg/mu and 0.3 kg/mu of zinc fertilizer promote the growth of seedlings; and (3) tillering fertilizer: the tillering stage is the key stage of rice vegetative growth, and determines the number of effective tillering and nutrient storage condition, and in said stage, 3 times of pure nitrogen 7.6 kg/mu can be applied with water, and P2O52.3 kg/mu, K2O0.9kg/mu, 1.8 kg/mu of water-soluble silicon fertilizer, 0.8 kg/mu of boron fertilizer and 0.26 kg/mu of zinc fertilizer are used for promoting the effective tiller number and nutrient storage quality of rice; c, fertilizer extraction: the vegetative growth and reproductive growth of the rice are very vigorous in the jointing stage; applying water and fertilizer to weak seedlings in advance, delaying strong seedlings and vigorous seedlings properly, and applying fertilizer for 2-3 times, wherein the total fertilizer application amount is 7.4 kg/mu of pure nitrogen and P2O52.2 kg/mu, K2O1.8kg/mu and 5 kg/mu of water-soluble organic fertilizer; ear fertilization: in the heading and flowering period, young spikes grow rapidly, which is a key period for spike grain number formation. The fertilizer can be applied for 3-4 times in the period, the total fertilizer application amount is 3.5 kg/mu of pure nitrogen, P2O52.3 kg/mu, K2O1.8kg/mu and 4.6 kg/mu of water-soluble organic fertilizer.
8. And (3) pest control: under the climatic conditions and the drip irrigation cultivation mode of Xinjiang, the diseases and insect pests of rice are light, no serious damage insect pests exist in the experimental field in recent years, in addition, a small amount of physiological bacterial wilt exists on the ground, the drip irrigation belt on the ground needs to be checked in time in the next year, the treatment is carried out in time, and the normal water requirement of the rice is guaranteed.
Through the specific embodiment, the beneficial effects of the invention are as follows: the invention provides a rice and wheat under-mulch drip irrigation drill seeding cultivation method, which adopts a cultivation method combining rice belt type drill seeding, bubble film covering and under-mulch drip irrigation, avoids cutting or punching on a film, and effectively prevents weeds from clustering while effectively guiding out rice and wheat germs by matching film bubbles, covering soil and a bud sheath; the film soaking is free from punching or cutting, rice and wheat can penetrate through the film bubble to emerge, and weeds can be prevented from penetrating through the mulching film to grow, so that the effects of high temperature increase, soil moisture conservation, weeding, complete seedlings, strong seedlings, water and labor saving, fertilizer utilization rate improvement, cost saving and yield increase are realized.
Claims (7)
1. A rice and wheat drill under-mulch drip irrigation cultivation method is characterized by comprising seed preparation, land preparation, belt type drill, seedling emergence and seedling stage management, irrigation management, fertilization management and disease control; the rice and wheat includes rice, upland rice, winter wheat, spring wheat and barley;
the belt-type drill seeding adopts the modes of planting the seeds in the drill seeding belt, laying the drip irrigation belt, covering with the bubble film and covering with soil, the drill seeding belt is arranged in a belt shape, 2-4 seeds are configured in the drill seeding belt, and the seeds are sown in a uniform scattering mode in the seed sowing belt; both sides of the drill strip are provided with side strips and oblique strips, an organic wheel strip is arranged between the drill strips, and a drip irrigation strip and a intertillage strip are also arranged in the drill strip; wide rows and narrow rows are arranged between the belts for facilitating ventilation and lighting; the wide rows and the narrow rows are alternately arranged, and drip irrigation belts are laid in the drill seeding belts in a parallel mode; rice and wheat seeds with determined sowing width are planted in the bulk sowing in the belt;
the bubble film is in the film width suitable for a mechanical or manual operation mode, the wide-row (including a machine wheel belt), the belt, the narrow-row, the side belt, the inclined belt, the drip irrigation belt and the bubble film are combined into a belt type drilling unit group, and the width of the bubble film is matched with the sizes of a plurality of drilling belts, the wide-row spacing and the narrow-row spacing; membrane top earthing is arranged above the bubble membranes, membrane side earthing is arranged on the side edges of the bubble membranes, and a plurality of strips are planted below each bubble membrane;
after the seeds germinate in the belt type drill seeding, the coleoptiles pierce membrane bubbles through the conical bud tips in the self needle-setting stage to realize self-membrane-breaking seedling emergence;
a plurality of film bubbles are uniformly and fully distributed on one surface of the bubble film at equal intervals, the opening direction of the film bubbles is a one-way opening, and the opening direction of the film bubbles is laid towards the ground direction;
in the belt type drilling, soil is covered after seeding, and slight pressing is carried out after a drip irrigation belt and a bubble film are laid; the earthing on the bubble membrane comprises membrane top earthing and membrane side earthing; the thickness of the covering soil on the bubble film is less than or equal to 5 cm.
2. The under-mulch drip irrigation drill cultivation method for rice and wheat according to claim 1, wherein the wall thickness of the film bubble is less than or equal to the film thickness of the bubble film body; the density of the film bubble is greater than or equal to 2/cm2。
3. The under-mulch drip irrigation drill cultivation method for rice and wheat according to claim 1, wherein the shape of the film bubble comprises any one of a semi-circle shape, a semi-ellipse shape, a cone shape or a polygonal shape.
4. The under-mulch drip irrigation drill cultivation method for rice and wheat according to claim 1, wherein the belt type drill unit set comprises a four-belt one-irrigation unit set, a four-belt two-irrigation unit set and a two-belt one-irrigation unit set.
5. The under-mulch drip irrigation drill cultivation method for rice and wheat as claimed in claim 1, wherein the drip irrigation tape is located under the plastic bubble film and connected with a water delivery system for applying proper amount of drip irrigation at the right time according to the growth needs of crops; the water delivery system comprises a drip irrigation network consisting of a drip irrigation header, a main pipe and branch pipes.
6. The under-mulch drip irrigation drill cultivation method for rice and wheat according to claim 1, wherein the row spacing of the belt-type drill is configured by wide and narrow rows, the row spacing of the narrow rows is in the range of 10cm to 30cm, and the row spacing of the wide rows is in the range of 50cm to 70 cm; an organic wheel belt is arranged in the wide row, and the width of the organic wheel belt is 40cm-60 cm; the width of the sowing width of the belt is 1cm-10 cm; the sowing depth is 0.5cm-2 cm.
7. The under-mulch drip irrigation and drill sowing cultivation method for rice and wheat according to claim 1, wherein the seed preparation is to select rice, upland rice and winter and spring wheat varieties with strong drought resistance, high yield, high quality and disease resistance, and to perform awn removal treatment on the seeds before sowing the rice;
preparing the land, namely ploughing and leveling, and applying base fertilizer to the land in a full layer at one time; soil sealing treatment is carried out before sowing, mixed herbicide is sprayed for sealing control of weeds, and chemical herbicide is not needed in the whole growth period of drip irrigation under a paddy film;
the strip-type drilling can be carried out timely when the ground temperature of 5cm below the film stably passes over 15 ℃, the seeding amount of the mechanical rice drip irrigation seeding under the film in the north is over 30 ten thousand grains/mu, the emergence rate is 85 percent, the tillering number is 0.3, and the plant number and the earning rate of rice and wheat are ensured to reach the standard;
the seedling emergence and seedling stage management is carried out in rainy days, the upper part of the seed band is covered with soil, so that the seed emergence is influenced, and mechanical soil loosening is needed after rain; the soil covering for sandy soil can not crust, soil loosening is not needed, but the soil covering humidity needs to be kept, so that the influence of soil caking on the film on the rice film breaking and seedling emergence is avoided; the membrane side soil covering needs to be carried out in time for drip irrigation to ensure soil moistening and seedling emergence;
applying a root growth promoting agent along with water drops from the sowing time of rice and wheat to the tillering time, wherein the dosage is 1.5-2.5 times of the dosage recommended by manufacturers;
the seedling cultivation is carried out in a three-leaf period, and the cultivation depth is 5cm-15 cm;
the irrigation management is that the irrigation quota is 700m in the whole growth period of rice and wheat3Per mu-800m3Per mu; irrigation regulation difference is greatly different according to different climatic conditions and soil conditions; the area of Yantianshan in northern Xinjiang is that the irrigation is carried out 28 to 35 times in the whole growth period of rice and wheat, the optimal irrigation period is 3 to 15 days, and the irrigation period in the peak period of water requirement is 2 to 3 days; dripping water 10-16 times at this stage, with a total irrigation amount of 200m3Per mu-240 m3Per mu, the water can be cut off after the wax ripening of the rice and the wheat is finished;
the fertilizer application management comprises base fertilizer, seedling-stage fertilizer, tillering fertilizer, node-pulling fertilizer and spike fertilizer.
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