CN112352875A - Special feed for high-density carp breeding and breeding method thereof - Google Patents

Special feed for high-density carp breeding and breeding method thereof Download PDF

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Publication number
CN112352875A
CN112352875A CN202011444035.6A CN202011444035A CN112352875A CN 112352875 A CN112352875 A CN 112352875A CN 202011444035 A CN202011444035 A CN 202011444035A CN 112352875 A CN112352875 A CN 112352875A
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carp
density
breeding
carps
feed
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冯硕恒
王武刚
张璐
米海峰
滕涛
尹恒
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NANTONG BADA FEED CO Ltd
Tongwei Co Ltd
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NANTONG BADA FEED CO Ltd
Tongwei Co Ltd
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K50/00—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals
    • A23K50/80—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for aquatic animals, e.g. fish, crustaceans or molluscs
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
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    • A01K61/10—Culture of aquatic animals of fish
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    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
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    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
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    • A23K10/30—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of plant origin, e.g. roots, seeds or hay; from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
    • A23K10/30—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of plant origin, e.g. roots, seeds or hay; from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms
    • A23K10/37—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of plant origin, e.g. roots, seeds or hay; from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms from waste material
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
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    • A23K20/142—Amino acids; Derivatives thereof
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
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    • A23K20/10—Organic substances
    • A23K20/158—Fatty acids; Fats; Products containing oils or fats
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
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    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P60/00—Technologies relating to agriculture, livestock or agroalimentary industries
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Abstract

The invention discloses a special feed for high-density carp breeding and a breeding method thereof, and belongs to the technical field of freshwater fish. The special feed comprises fish meal, pork powder, chicken powder, soybean meal, rapeseed meal, cottonseed meal, vinasse protein feed, rice bran, corn protein powder, flour, soybean oil, vitamin premix, trace element premix, monocalcium phosphate, choline chloride, vitamin C phosphate, a mildew preventive, an antioxidant, vitamin E, L-carnitine hydrochloride, threonine, lysine and methionine. The culture method comprises the following steps: controlling the environment of the culture pond, putting seedlings and controlling feeding. According to the invention, the components in the formula are reasonably proportioned according to the nutritional requirements of the carp body; the utilization rate of the carp feed is improved, the pollution of metabolites such as nitrogen and phosphorus to the culture water body is reduced, and the sustainable development of carp culture is promoted. Meanwhile, the matched breeding mode has high stocking density, high utilization rate of pond water resources and greatly improved output benefit per unit area.

Description

Special feed for high-density carp breeding and breeding method thereof
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of freshwater fish breeding, and particularly relates to a special feed for high-density carp breeding and a breeding method thereof.
Background
Carp is one of the fishes with the longest culture history and the highest yield. Carp is a typical bottom-layer omnivorous fish, generally prefers to move in the underwater layer, mainly eats zooplankton in the fry stage, eats snails, chironomid larvae, small fishes and shrimps and the like in the adult stage, and also eats various waterweeds, grass roots, plant fruits, plant detritus and the like. The carp has strong adaptability and can survive in a severe environment. If the plant grows well in the water temperature range of 15-30 ℃, the plant is cold-resistant, oxygen-poor-resistant, more saline-alkali-resistant, and good in growth in saline water of less than 7g/L, and the most suitable salt content is 1-4 g/L.
The carp meat is tender, delicious and proper in price, and is popular with consumers in yellow river basin and northern areas. In recent years, special culture is developed rapidly, but the carp is still cultured more in northern areas, Shandong areas, Henan areas, Tianjin areas, northeast areas and the like due to the temperature of the northern areas.
The carp breeding mode is generally divided into current year breeding and summer flower next year breeding, the current year breeding mode generally starts to throw seedlings in 3-5 months, and the carp is sold by about 1.5 jin/tail in mid-autumn; the cultivation mode of summer flower in the next year is generally to put seedlings before and after 6 months, and the specification of 5-6 months in the next year reaches 2-2.5 jin/tail for sale. At present, the carp breeding stocking density is generally in 1000-; however, in recent years, the market of carps is lowered integrally, and the single-mu cultivation benefit is low. Particularly in northern areas, the breeding efficiency per mu is inevitably improved by improving the stocking density, but after the stocking density is improved, a suitable special feed for the carps is lacked, the growth requirements of the carps cannot be met, and greater economy can be brought.
Therefore, the development of a special carp feed and a matched breeding mode thereof is urgently needed, and the special carp feed has important theoretical and practical significance for improving the breeding of Chinese carps and promoting the sustainable development of the carps.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the problems in the prior art, the invention provides a special feed for high-density carp breeding and a corresponding breeding method.
In order to realize the first purpose of the invention, the invention is realized by the following technical scheme:
the special feed for high-density carp breeding comprises the following components in parts by mass:
Figure BDA0002823617990000021
Figure BDA0002823617990000031
preferably, the composition comprises the following components in parts by mass:
Figure BDA0002823617990000032
Figure BDA0002823617990000041
preferably, the mildew preventive is propionic acid and/or propionate; the antioxidant is ethoxy quinine.
Preferably, the content of protein in the fish meal is more than or equal to 65 percent of the total mass, and the content of volatile basic nitrogen is less than or equal to 130mgNaOH/100 g.
Preferably, the protein content in the soybean meal is more than or equal to 46 percent of the total mass.
In order to achieve the second purpose of the invention, the method is realized by the following technical scheme:
a corresponding breeding method of a special feed for breeding carps at high density comprises the following steps:
(1) controlling the environment of the culture pond: requiring the pH value of the culture water body to be 7-8 and the water temperature to be 17-30 ℃; the dissolved oxygen is more than or equal to 5mg/L within 24 hours every day for at least 16 hours, and is more than or equal to 3mg/L at any time; the ammonia nitrogen concentration is less than or equal to 0.2mg/L, and the nitrite content is less than or equal to 0.1 mg/L;
(2) seedling releasing: in 3-4 months, the seedling density is 4000-; the specification of the carp fry is 50-300 fish/jin;
(3) feeding: feeding carp with a feed amount of 3-8% of the weight of carp per day when the weight of carp is less than 50 g/tail; feeding carp with a feed amount of 2-3% of the weight of carp per day when the weight of carp is 50-500 g/tail; when the weight of the carp is more than 500 g/tail, the carp is fed with feed amount of 1.5-2% of the weight of the carp every day.
Preferably, in the step (2), spotted silver carp and silver carp are released at the same time; the stocking density of the spotted silver carps is 50-80 pieces/mu; the stocking density of the silver carps is 100 per mu; the spotted silver carp is 3-5 per jin.
Preferably, in the step (2), the variety of the carp is jian carp and/or fu ri carp.
Preferably, in the step (1), viable bacteria are put into the culture pond every 7 to 10 days after stocking.
Further preferably, the living bacteria comprise at least one of bacillus, photosynthetic bacteria and lactic acid bacteria, and the adding amount of the living bacteria is 60-200 hundred million CFU/g per mu.
According to the invention, according to the nutritional requirements of the carp body, a high-quality easily-obtained protein source, a fat source, vitamins and trace elements are selected, and the functional nutritional characteristics of the raw materials are effectively combined and reasonably proportioned; the utilization rate of the special feed for the carps is improved, the pollution of metabolites such as nitrogen, phosphorus and the like to the culture water body is reduced, and the sustainable development of carp culture is promoted.
The breeding mode matched with the special feed has high stocking density, high utilization rate of pond water resources and greatly improved output benefit per unit area; the special feed is matched for use, so that the breeding period is greatly shortened, and the breeding efficiency is higher.
Detailed Description
The following specific examples are provided to further illustrate the present invention so that those skilled in the art may better understand the invention and practice it, but the examples are not intended to limit the invention. Other various modifications, substitutions and alterations of the above-described structures of the present invention will occur to those skilled in the art without departing from the basic technical spirit of the invention as described herein.
In the present invention, DDGS refers to Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles.
The vitamin premix is provided by Sichuan Tongwei feed limited company for F11V carnivorous fish.
The microelement premix is F11M premix for omnivorous fish provided by Sichuan Tongwei feed limited company.
The L-carnitine hydrochloride is "Kelikang" produced by Beijing Sangpu biochemistry technology Co.
The fish meal requires protein content more than or equal to 65 percent (weight ratio) and VBN (volatile basic nitrogen) less than or equal to 130mgNaOH/100 g.
The protein content of the bean pulp is required to be more than or equal to 46 percent (weight ratio).
The content of crude protein in the cottonseed meal is more than or equal to 50 percent (weight ratio).
The mildew preventive is propionic acid and/or propionate.
The antioxidant is ethoxy quinelin.
The special feed for the carps is prepared according to the proportion in the following table 1.
TABLE 1 ingredient list of feed special for carp
Unit: kg Example one Example two EXAMPLE III
Fish meal 80 60 50
Pork powder 60 60 70
Chicken powder 60 80 80
Bean pulp 250 200 200
Rapeseed meal 110 150 63
Cotton seed dregs 20 40 40
DDGS 100 150 150
Rice bran 140 150 150
Corn protein powder 30 50 50
Flour 60 60 60
Soybean oil 40 30 30
Vitamin premix 2 2 2
Trace element premix 20 20 20
Calcium dihydrogen phosphate 20 25 25
Choline chloride 1 1 1
Vitamin C phosphate 0.5 0.5 0.5
Mildew preventive 0.5 0.5 0.5
Antioxidant agent 0.3 0.3 0.5
Vitamin E 0.5 0.5 0.5
L-carnitine hydrochloride 0.2 0.2 0.5
Threonine 1 1 1
Lysine 3 3 5
Methionine 1 0.5 0.5
The preparation method of the feed comprises the following steps: the raw materials are cleaned and deironing is carried out; primary ingredients (fish meal, pork powder, chicken powder, bean pulp, rapeseed meal, cottonseed meal, DDGS, rice bran, corn protein powder, flour and soybean oil); crushing; mixing; secondary burdening (residual raw materials); mixing for the second time; preparing and granulating; oil injection; cooling; and (6) packaging.
Style mode scheme
(1) Selecting a pond: the pond area is 5-20 mu, the water depth is 1.5-2 m, and one well is arranged in each two ponds or one pond, so that water can be added at any time, and the normal water level of the pond in summer is ensured. Requiring the pH value of the culture water body to be 7-8 and the water temperature to be 17-30 ℃; the dissolved oxygen is more than or equal to 5mg/L within 24 hours every day for at least 16 hours, and is more than or equal to 3mg/L at any time; the ammonia nitrogen concentration is less than or equal to 0.2mg/L, and the nitrite content is less than or equal to 0.1 mg/L.
(2) Mechanical configuration: the pond is provided with an impeller aerator (3kw), a surge machine (1.5kw), a waterwheel (1.5kw) and other aeration machines, the configuration of the aeration machine is not lower than 1kw per mu, and during normal cultivation, at least one 3kw impeller aerator is guaranteed to be opened 24h all day.
(3) Preparing seeds: selecting Jian carp or Furui carp varieties in 3-5 months per year, wherein the initial specification is water bloom or 50-300 fish/jin, and the stocking density per mu is 4000-; the spotted silver carps and the silver carps are 3-5 spotted silver carps/jin according to the current seed specifications of the local area; the spotted silver carp is bred, the density of the spotted silver carp is 50-80 pieces/mu, the density of the spotted silver carp is 100 pieces/mu, and the spotted silver carp mainly plays a role in regulating water quality. All the seedlings are soaked in 3-5% salt solution for about 5 min before being put into the pond, so as to achieve the effects of sterilization, disinfection and disinsection.
(4) Feeding the feed: when the specification of the carp is within 50 g/tail, the bait feeding rate is properly improved by 3-8%; the specification is gradually increased along with the growth of the carps, and the bait feeding rate is gradually reduced by 3-2% in the period of 50-500 g/tail; after 500g, the erbium feeding rate needs to be controlled to be 1.5-2%. The bait feeding rate also needs to be actively adjusted according to the food intake condition and the weather condition of the fish; if the fish does not eat food in cloudy days, hot days and other weather conditions, the feeding amount is actively reduced by half, and if the fish does not eat food, the fish tries to feed half a day later.
After stocking, live bacteria are put in every 7-10 days, wherein the live bacteria comprise bacillus, photosynthetic bacteria and lactic acid bacteria, and the putting amount of the live bacteria is 60-200 hundred million CFU/g per mu.
(5) Water quality management: in order to ensure the healthy growth of the cultured objects, the regulation and control of the pond water quality and the maintenance of the bottom materials need to be organically combined, and scientific culture and fine management are realized. Regulating water with live bacteria (Bacillus, photosynthetic bacteria, lactobacillus, etc.) rich water for 7-10 days to balance algae in pond ecosystem, increase beneficial algae such as Chlorella and diatom, and reduce harmful algae such as Gymnodinium sp; after the feed is fed, the wasted feed and the undigested feed can affect the pond bottom, in order to reduce the negative effect of the bottom on the pond, the bottom modifier is used once every 10 to 15 days, the chemical bottom modifier (the main nutrient components are potassium hydrogen persulfate composite salt, toxin decomposition complex enzyme, anion exchanger, oxygen increasing agent and the like) can be used in rainy days and sunny days, the biochemical bottom modifier (the main components are composite microorganism and bioactive substances) is used in sunny days, special weather is prevented, for example, convection is generated due to different water temperatures of the upper layer and the lower layer of the pond in rainy days, and harmful substances (such as hydrogen sulfide and the like) at the bottom overflow to cause pond turnover.
Cultivation experiment
Experiments on carp breeding are carried out by feeding the special feed prepared in the third embodiment for 2 years.
(1) The test feed was designated as A. The comparative test material is a special feed for carp of a certain mainstream brand, and is marked as B.
(2) Develop the cultivation test 1
Selecting 6 ponds of 5 mu with water depth of 1.5-2 m, wherein the aeration machines of the ponds are all configured according to the invention and are 1.5 kw/mu; one well is arranged in each two ponds, and the water used in the ponds is underground water. The experiment is provided with 2 treatment groups, each treatment group is provided with 3 repetitions, the breeding density of each repetition is 5000 tails/mu, the initial specification is 100 tails/jin, 2 different special feeds are respectively fed for 3-5 times every day, the bait feeding rate is designed according to the guidance of the invention, the experimental breeding time reaches the specification on the market (more than 750 g), and after the breeding is finished, the pond is cleared, the feed coefficient, the breeding period and the like are calculated. The test results are shown in table 2 below.
Flower and silver carp are added in the breeding test for intercropping, and the flower and silver carp do not eat granular feed, so that the yield of the flower and silver carp does not need to be considered when calculating the bait coefficient
TABLE 2 influence of two different special feeds on carp growth in the same breeding mode
Figure BDA0002823617990000101
Note: in the table, different letters are marked on the same column data to indicate that the difference is significant, and P < 0.05 indicates that the difference is significant.
As can be seen from Table 2, the end body weight of the group of the present invention (group A) was significantly higher than that of group B, and the cultivation period and feed factor were significantly lower than those of group B (P < 0.05). It can be seen that the feed of the present invention has a remarkable effect in the mode of the present invention.
(3) Develop the cultivation test 2
6 ponds with the depth of 1.5-2 m are selected, all the ponds are fed with the feed disclosed by the invention, and the feed is prepared as shown in (1). The pond conditions (oxygenation machine, water depth and the like) are all consistent, but certain differences are made on the stocking mode. 2 treatment groups are set in the test, each treatment group is provided with 3 repetitions, and A is treated, wherein the stocking density of each repetition is 5000 tails/mu, and the initial specification is 100 tails/jin; and B, treating the breeding density of 2500 tails/mu in each repeated breeding, feeding the same special feed for 3-5 times every day with the initial specification of 100 tails/jin, designing the bait feeding rate according to the guidance of the invention, testing the breeding time until the breeding time reaches the specification on the market (more than 750 g), and clearing the pond to calculate the feed coefficient, the breeding period and the like after the breeding is finished. The test results are shown in table 3 below.
Flower and silver carp are added in the breeding test for intercropping, and the flower and silver carp do not eat granular feed, so that the yield of the flower and silver carp does not need to be considered when calculating the bait coefficient
TABLE 3 influence of the same feed on the growth of carp in two different breeding modes
Figure BDA0002823617990000102
Figure BDA0002823617990000111
Note: in the table, different letters are marked on the same column data to indicate that the difference is significant, and P < 0.05 indicates that the difference is significant.
As can be seen from Table 3, the terminal body weight of treatment A and the fish treatment B during the breeding period were not significantly different, but the feed factor in group A was significantly lower than in group B (P < 0.05). Therefore, the same feed product needs to be matched with the corresponding mode to exert the best effect.
In conclusion, the feed product is matched with the mode, so that the feed coefficient can be effectively reduced, and the final breeding benefit is improved.

Claims (10)

1. The special feed for high-density carp breeding is characterized by comprising the following components in parts by mass:
Figure FDA0002823617980000011
Figure FDA0002823617980000021
2. the special feed for high-density carp breeding is characterized by comprising the following components in parts by mass:
Figure FDA0002823617980000022
Figure FDA0002823617980000031
3. the special feed for high-density carp breeding according to claim 1 or 2, wherein: the mildew preventive is propionic acid and/or propionate; the antioxidant is ethoxy quinine.
4. The special feed for high-density carp breeding according to claim 1 or 2, wherein: the content of protein in the fish meal is more than or equal to 65 percent of the total mass, and the content of volatile basic nitrogen is less than or equal to 130mgNaOH/100 g.
5. The special feed for high-density carp breeding according to claim 1 or 2, wherein: the protein content in the soybean meal is more than or equal to 46 percent of the total mass.
6. The method for cultivating carps according to the special feed of the high-density cultivation of carps in the claim 1-5, is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) controlling the environment of the culture pond: requiring the pH value of the culture water body to be 7-8 and the water temperature to be 17-30 ℃; the dissolved oxygen is more than or equal to 5mg/L within 24 hours every day for at least 16 hours, and is more than or equal to 3mg/L at any time; the ammonia nitrogen concentration is less than or equal to 0.2mg/L, and the nitrite content is less than or equal to 0.1 mg/L;
(2) seedling releasing: in 3-4 months, the seedling density is 4000-; the specification of the carp fry is 50-300 fish/jin;
(3) feeding: feeding carp with a feed amount of 3-8% of the weight of carp per day when the weight of carp is less than 50 g/tail; feeding carp with a feed amount of 2-3% of the weight of carp per day when the weight of carp is 50-500 g/tail; when the weight of the carp is more than 500 g/tail, the carp is fed with feed amount of 1.5-2% of the weight of the carp every day.
7. The method for cultivating carps with high density according to claim 5, wherein the method comprises: simultaneously breeding spotted silver carps and silver carps in the step (2); the stocking density of the spotted silver carps is 50-80 pieces/mu; the stocking density of the silver carps is 100 per mu; the spotted silver carp is 3-5 per jin.
8. The method for cultivating carps with high density according to claim 5, wherein the method comprises: in the step (2), the variety of the carp is jian carp and/or fu rui carp.
9. The method for cultivating carps with high density according to claim 5, wherein the method comprises: in the step (1), after stocking, live bacteria are put into the culture pond every 7 to 10 days.
10. The method for cultivating carps with high density according to claim 9, wherein the method comprises: the viable bacteria comprise at least one of bacillus, photosynthetic bacteria and lactic acid bacteria, and the dosage of the viable bacteria is 60-200 hundred million CFU/g per mu.
CN202011444035.6A 2020-12-08 2020-12-08 Special feed for high-density carp breeding and breeding method thereof Pending CN112352875A (en)

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