CN112331923A - 一种锂离子电池层状正极材料储存后的性能恢复方法 - Google Patents
一种锂离子电池层状正极材料储存后的性能恢复方法 Download PDFInfo
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- 239000007774 positive electrode material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 39
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 25
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 19
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 title claims description 48
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 27
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 title claims description 4
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 230000004913 activation Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 239000002344 surface layer Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 229910016873 AlwO2 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 claims description 27
- 239000013543 active substance Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000011232 storage material Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910013100 LiNix Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000002238 attenuated effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- 229910013716 LiNi Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- 101000604097 Xenopus laevis Homeobox protein notochord Proteins 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000007772 electrode material Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel Substances [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 23
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 21
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 21
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 description 21
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 14
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 13
- SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Methylpyrrolidone Chemical compound CN1CCCC1=O SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 13
- 239000002033 PVDF binder Substances 0.000 description 13
- 239000006230 acetylene black Substances 0.000 description 13
- 229920002981 polyvinylidene fluoride Polymers 0.000 description 13
- 238000001291 vacuum drying Methods 0.000 description 13
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 12
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 12
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 description 12
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 12
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 11
- 239000010406 cathode material Substances 0.000 description 10
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 9
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 9
- 239000012300 argon atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 7
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000006258 conductive agent Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 7
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- 239000005341 toughened glass Substances 0.000 description 7
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
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- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 6
- 229910001228 Li[Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3]O2 (NCM 111) Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 238000011069 regeneration method Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000004080 punching Methods 0.000 description 4
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- 238000000634 powder X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008929 regeneration Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910020677 Co—Mn—Ni Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910032387 LiCoO2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910002993 LiMnO2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910002991 LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910011628 LiNi0.7Co0.15Mn0.15O2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910002995 LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910015866 LiNi0.8Co0.1Al0.1O2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910015872 LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910003005 LiNiO2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
锂离子电池层状正极材料LiNixMnyCozAlwO2(其中x≥0.3,y,z,w≥0,x+y+z+w=1)储存后性能衰减的修复方法。利用恒温恒湿箱模拟现实环境,通过4.4‑5.2V的活化截止电压对电极材料组装的电池进行1‑10圈的活化,以破裂储存后材料表层的惰性杂质层,从而修复材料在4.2‑4.4V下的循环性能。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于锂离子电池正极材料领域,特别涉及到层状正极材料储存后的电化学性能改进方法。
背景技术
从1999年Liu等人提出不同组分的镍钴锰富镍层状材料,到2001年Ohzuku和Makimura合成出镍钴锰等量的Li(Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3)O2层状材料,层状正极材料(NCM)以其高的比容量及优异的循坏性能,被认为是一种拥有良好发展前景的材料。2016年10月28日,工信部发布了《道路机动车生产企业及产品公告》(第290批)车辆新产品公示信息,其中9款入围的新能源乘用车中至少4款搭载富镍锂离子电池,75款入围的新能源专用车中有34款搭载富镍锂离子电池。由此可见,富镍正极材料的锂离子电池用于新能源乘用车和专用车中的搭载比例正不断上升,层状正极材料将逐渐成为主流正极材料。
层状正极材料兼具了LiCoO2的良好循环性能、LiNiO2的高比容量及LiMnO2的高安全性。每个元素在材料中分别体现不同的作用:Ni含量的提高,可以提高材料的可逆比容量;Co维持着材料的层状结构,而降低Co含量有利于降低材料成本;Mn一般以Mn4+存在,具有电化学惰性,维持材料结构的稳定性;Al元素的掺杂,有助于增强材料的结构稳定性及安全性能。层状正极材料已经成为目前最具有发展前景的新型锂离子电池正极材料之一。但层状正极材料具有较差的储存性能,严重阻碍了其实际应用。
在上述问题的驱动下,许多研究人员探索了层状正极材料存储能力差的根源,或者利用界面改性来提高NCA材料的存储性能。但迫在眉睫的是提出一种系统的和实用的预防建议,并设计一种低成本、简单、有效的制造技术,用于工业生产的富镍正极,来缓解储存后的性能下降,甚至恢复原始材料失去的性能。针对上述问题,本发明首先科学研究了环境湿度、储存温度和贮存时间对层状正极材料的影响,分析了正极材料储存后的表面相变化。我们提出了一种有效的直接电化学操作来恢复循环性能。结果表明,在储存一定时间后,样品的循环性能得到了改善,与原料的性能基本一致。
发明内容
本发明所要解决的技术问题是,提供一种简单有效的电化学操作,以改善储存后层状正极材料衰减的循环性能,为层状正极材料的储存提供参考。
本发明解决其技术问题所采用的技术方案是:通过较高的截止电压对储存后样品组装的扣式电池进行活化,可以一定程度上恢复储存样品的电池性能。
所述的锂离子电池层状正极材料储存后性能衰减的修复方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)以层状正极材料为实验样,将样品置于一定温度、一定湿度的恒温恒湿箱中保持一定时间;
(2)将储存后的层状正极材料在一定温度的真空烘箱中干燥一定时间,去除表层水分;
(3)以(2) 中干燥后的层状正极材料为活性物质,将其按照一定的流程装成扣式电池;
(4)电池组装完成经老化一定时间后,利用较高的截止电压进行活化,便实现在一定程度上修复材料贮存后衰减的循环性能。
进一步,步骤(1)中,所述的储存湿度为10-90%;
进一步,步骤(1)中,所述的储存温度为30-80℃;
进一步,步骤(1)中,所述的储存时间为1min-90天;
进一步,步骤(1)中,所述的正极材料化学通式为LiNixMnyCozAlwO2(其中x≥0.3, y,z, w ≥ 0,x+y+z+w=1)。
进一步,步骤(2)中,所述储存材料的干燥温度为50-120℃(优选80℃),干燥时间为30min-10h(优选4h);
进一步,步骤(3)中,所述的扣式电池制备流程为,以(2)中干燥后的层状正极材料为活性物质,将其与导电剂(乙炔黑)、粘结剂(PVDF)按质量比8:1:1的比例混合均匀,加入适量的NMP溶剂,置于小烧杯中搅拌混料,得到浆料。利用涂布机或涂布器将浆料涂覆在铝箔集流体上,将其平放于钢化玻璃上并转至85℃鼓风干燥箱中干燥,然后将切好的极片置于105℃真空干燥箱干燥,最后在充满氩气气氛的手套箱中(水值、氧值均小于0.1ppm)放置一定时间,以降低极片在转移过程中吸附的水分,后在该手套箱中组装成扣式电池;
进一步,步骤(4)中,所述的电池老化时间范围为3-36h(优选12h)
进一步,步骤(4)中,所述的电池活化截止电压范围为4.4-5.2 V;
进一步,步骤(4)中,所述的电池活化圈数为1-10圈;
进一步,步骤(4)中,所述的活化后循环截止电压范围为4.2-4.4V。
本发明的有益效果:通过一种简单有效的电化学操作,从而使储存后材料衰减的电化学性能得到一定程度的恢复。显著降低了成本,为层状正极材料的贮存提供了一定的参考。
附图说明
图1为本发明实施例1中储存材料的XRD图;
图2为本发明实施例2中储存材料的循环性能图;
图3为本发明实施例5中储存材料的SEM图。
具体实施方式
下面结合实施例对本发明作进一步说明。
实施例1
一种锂离子电池正极材料富镍金属氧化物,化学通式为LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2(NCA)的再生方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)以NCA材料为实验样,将样品置于恒温恒湿箱中,其中环境相对湿度为80%、储存温度为45℃、储存时间为1天。
(2)将储存后的NCA正极材料在85℃的真空烘箱中干燥3h,去除表层水分;
(3)以NCA正极材料粉末为活性物质,将其与导电剂乙炔黑(AB)、粘结剂聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)按质量比8:1:1的比例混合,以N-甲基吡咯烷酮(NMP)为溶剂,置于小烧杯中按800r/min的转速搅拌混料2h,得到浆料。使用自动涂布机将浆料涂覆在集流体铝箔上,平放于钢化玻璃上并转至85℃的真空干燥箱中干燥4h,冲片制备成直径为14mm的极片后于真空干燥箱中105℃干燥4h,在含水量和含氧量均低于0.1ppm、充满氩气气氛的手套箱中放置4h以降低极片在转移过程中吸附的水分,后在手套箱中组装成CR2032型扣式电池。该电池以直径为16mm、厚0.5mm的纯金属锂片充当负极,直径为18mm的型号为Celgard2300的多孔聚乙烯膜为隔膜。
(4)电池组装完成经老化12h后,进行不同电位的充放电测试。通过X射线粉末衍射(XRD)观察出储存1天后材料物相无明显变化(见图1)。样品分别在4.5V和4.3V不同电压下,以0.1C活化3圈,再以5C倍率在3.0−4.3V电压范围下循环100圈。在4.3V下活化后的样品的放电比容量为124.6 mA h g-1,在循环100 圈后的放电比容量为100.3 mA h g-1,容量保持率为80.5%。在高电压下活化后的样品的放电比容量为136.5 mA h g-1,在循环100 圈后的放电比容量为111.9 mA h g-1,容量保持率为82%。
实施例2
一种锂离子电池正极材料富镍金属氧化物,化学通式为LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2(NCM811)的再生方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)以NCM811材料为实验样,将样品置于恒温恒湿箱中,其中环境相对湿度为60%、储存温度为45℃、储存时间为3天;
(2)将储存后的NCM811正极材料在80℃的真空烘箱中干燥4h,去除表层水分;
(3)以NCM811正极材料粉末为活性物质,将其与导电剂乙炔黑(AB)、粘结剂聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)按质量比8:1:1的比例混合,以N-甲基吡咯烷酮(NMP)为溶剂,置于小烧杯中按800r/min的转速搅拌混料2h,得到浆料。使用自动涂布机将浆料涂覆在集流体铝箔上,平放于钢化玻璃上并转至85℃的真空干燥箱中干燥4h,冲片制备成直径为14mm的极片后于真空干燥箱中105℃干燥4h,在含水量和含氧量均低于0.1ppm、充满氩气气氛的手套箱中放置4h以降低极片在转移过程中吸附的水分,后在手套箱中组装成CR2032型扣式电池。该电池以直径为16mm、厚0.5mm的纯金属锂片充当负极,直径为18mm的型号为Celgard2300的多孔聚乙烯膜为隔膜。
(4)电池组装完成经老化10h后,进行不同电位的充放电测试,储存3天后的样品分别在4.5V和4.3V不同电压下,以0.1C活化3 圈,再以3C倍率在3.0−4.3V电压范围下循环100圈(见图2)。在4.3V下活化后的样品的放电比容量为128.5 mA h g-1,在循环100圈后的放电比容量为78 mA h g-1,容量保持率为60.7%。在高电压下活化后的样品的放电比容量为146.5 mA h g-1,在循环100圈后的放电比容量为117.1 mA h g-1,容量保持率为79.9%。
实施例3
一种锂离子电池正极材料富镍金属氧化物,化学通式为LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2(NCM523)的再生方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)以NCM523材料为实验样,将样品置于恒温恒湿箱中,其中环境相对湿度为85%、储存温度为25℃、储存时间为7天;
(2)将储存后的NCM523正极材料在80℃的真空烘箱中干燥4h,去除表层水分;
(3)以NCM523正极材料粉末为活性物质,将其与导电剂乙炔黑(AB)、粘结剂聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)按质量比8:1:1的比例混合,以N-甲基吡咯烷酮(NMP)为溶剂,置于小烧杯中按600r/min的转速搅拌混料2h,得到浆料。使用涂布器将浆料刮涂在集流体铝箔上,平放于钢化玻璃上并转至85℃的真空干燥箱中干燥1h,冲片制备成直径为14mm的极片后于真空干燥箱中105℃干燥1h,在含水量和含氧量均低于0.1ppm、充满氩气气氛的手套箱中放置4h以降低极片在转移过程中吸附的水分,后在手套箱中组装成CR2032型扣式电池。该电池以直径为16mm、厚0.5mm的纯金属锂片做负极,直径为18mm的型号为Celgard2300的多孔聚乙烯膜为隔膜。
(4)电池组装完成经老化12h后,进行不同电位的充放电测试,储存7天后的样品分别在4.45V和4.3V不同电压下,以0.1C活化3圈,再以5C倍率在3.0−4.3V电压范围下循环100圈。在4.3V下活化后的样品的放电比容量为113.9 mA h g-1,在循环100圈后的放电比容量为69.5 mA h g-1,容量保持率为61%。在4.45V高电压下活化后的样品的放电比容量为133.7mA h g-1,在循环100圈后的放电比容量为94.2 mA h g-1,容量保持率为70.5%。
实施例4
一种锂离子电池正极材料富镍金属氧化物,化学通式为LiNi0.7Co0.15Mn0.15O2(NCM701515)的再生方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)以NCM701515材料为实验样,将样品置于恒温恒湿箱中,其中环境相对湿度为65%、储存温度为45℃、储存时间为30天;
(2)将储存后的NCM701515正极材料在80℃的真空烘箱中干燥4h,去除表层水分;
(3)以NCM701515正极材料粉末为活性物质,将其与导电剂乙炔黑(AB)、粘结剂聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)按质量比8:1:1的比例混合,以N-甲基吡咯烷酮(NMP)为溶剂,置于小烧杯中按800r/min的转速搅拌混料2h,得到浆料。使用涂布器将浆料刮涂在集流体铝箔上,平放于钢化玻璃上并转至85℃的真空干燥箱中干燥4h,冲片制备成直径为14mm的极片后于真空干燥箱中105℃干燥2h,在含水量和含氧量均低于0.1ppm、充满氩气气氛的手套箱中放置4h以降低极片在转移过程中吸附的水分,后在手套箱中组装成CR2032型扣式电池。该电池以直径为16mm、厚0.5mm的纯金属锂片做负极,直径为18mm的型号为Celgard2300的多孔聚乙烯膜为隔膜。
(4)电池组装完成经老化12h后,进行不同电位的充放电测试,储存30天后的样品分别在4.5V和4.3V不同电压下,以0.1C活化5圈,再以5C倍率在3.0−4.3V电压范围下循环50圈。在4.3V下活化后的样品的放电比容量为90.5 mA h g-1,在循环50圈后的放电比容量为53.5 mA h g-1,容量保持率为59.1%。在4.5V高电压下活化后的样品的放电比容量为117.3mA h g-1,在循环50圈后的放电比容量为79.9 mA h g-1,容量保持率为68.1%。
实施例5
一种锂离子电池正极材料富镍金属氧化物,化学通式为LiNi0.8Co0.1Al0.1O2(NCA811)的再生方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)以NCA811材料为实验样,将样品置于恒温恒湿箱中,其中环境相对湿度为80%、储存温度为40℃、储存时间为5天。
(2)将储存后的NCA811正极材料在85℃的真空烘箱中干燥3h,去除表层水分;
(3)以NCA811正极材料粉末为活性物质,将其与导电剂乙炔黑(AB)、粘结剂聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)按质量比8:1:1的比例混合,以N-甲基吡咯烷酮(NMP)为溶剂,置于小烧杯中按800r/min的转速搅拌混料2h,得到浆料。使用自动涂布机将浆料涂覆在集流体铝箔上,平放于钢化玻璃上并转至85℃的真空干燥箱中干燥4h,冲片制备成直径为14mm的极片后于真空干燥箱中105℃干燥4h,在含水量和含氧量均低于0.1ppm、充满氩气气氛的手套箱中放置4h以降低极片在转移过程中吸附的水分,后在手套箱中组装成CR2032型扣式电池。该电池以直径为16mm、厚0.5mm的纯金属锂片充当负极,直径为18mm的型号为Celgard2300的多孔聚乙烯膜为隔膜。
(4)电池组装完成经老化10h后,进行不同电位的充放电测试。由扫描电子显微镜(SEM)图可知(见图3),储存5天后,颗粒表面有杂质生成。样品分别在4.5V和4.3V不同电压下,以0.1C活化5圈,再以3C倍率在3.0−4.3V电压范围下循环100圈。在4.3V下活化后的样品的放电比容量为110 mA h g-1,在循环100圈后的放电比容量为77.3 mA h g-1,容量保持率为70.3%。在高电压下活化后的样品的放电比容量为132.5 mA h g-1,在循环100圈后放电比容量为99.6 mA h g-1,容量保持率为75.2%。
实施例6
一种锂离子电池正极材料富镍金属氧化物,化学通式为LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2(NCM111)的再生方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)以NCM111材料为实验样,将样品置于恒温恒湿箱中,其中环境相对湿度为60%、储存温度为30℃、储存时间为14天。
(2)将储存后的NCM111正极材料在80℃的真空烘箱中干燥5h,去除表层水分;
(3)以NCM111正极材料粉末为活性物质,将其与导电剂乙炔黑(AB)、粘结剂聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)按质量比8:1:1的比例混合,以N-甲基吡咯烷酮(NMP)为溶剂,置于小烧杯中按800r/min的转速搅拌混料2h,得到浆料。使用自动涂布机将浆料涂覆在集流体铝箔上,平放于钢化玻璃上并转至85℃的真空干燥箱中干燥5h,冲片制备成直径为14mm的极片后于真空干燥箱中105℃干燥4h,在含水量和含氧量均低于0.1ppm、充满氩气气氛的手套箱中放置4h以降低极片在转移过程中吸附的水分,后在手套箱中组装成CR2032型扣式电池。该电池以直径为16mm、厚0.5mm的纯金属锂片充当负极,直径为18mm的型号为Celgard2300的多孔聚乙烯膜为隔膜。
(4)电池组装完成经老化12h后,进行不同电位的充放电测试,储存14天后的样品分别在4.4V和4.3V不同电压下,以0.1C活化5 圈,再以1C倍率在3.0−4.3V电压范围下循环100圈。在4.3V下活化后的样品的放电比容量为107.8mA h g-1,在循环100圈后的放电比容量为76.4 mA h g-1,容量保持率为70.9%。在4.4V高电压下活化后的样品的放电比容量为118.2mA h g-1,在循环100圈后的放电比容量为94.6 mA h g-1,容量保持率为80%。
以上所述内容仅为本发明构思下的基本说明,而依据本发明的技术方案所做的任何等效变换,均应属于本发明的保护范围。
Claims (10)
1.锂离子电池层状正极材料储存后的性能恢复方法,其特征在于:性能恢复方法是将电池在相对较高的活化截止电压下循环活化。
2.根据权利要求1所述的锂离子电池层状正极材料储存后的性能恢复方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)以层状正极材料为实验样,将样品置于一定温度、一定湿度的恒温恒湿箱中保持一定时间;
(2)将储存后的层状正极材料在一定温度的真空烘箱中干燥一定时间,去除表层水分;
(3)以(2) 中干燥后的层状正极材料为活性物质,将其按照一定的流程装成扣式电池;
(4)电池组装完成经老化一定时间后,利用较高的截止电压进行活化,便实现在一定程度上修复材料贮存后衰减的循环性能。
3.根据权利要求2所述的锂离子电池层状正极材料储存后的性能恢复方法,其特征在于,步骤(1)中,所述的储存湿度为10-90%。
4.根据权利要求2所述的锂离子电池层状正极材料储存后的性能恢复方法,其特征在于,步骤(1)中,所述的储存温度为30-80℃。
5.根据权利要求2所述的锂离子电池层状正极材料储存后的性能恢复方法,其特征在于,步骤(1)中,所述的储存时间为1min-90天。
6.根据权利要求2所述的锂离子电池层状正极材料储存后的性能恢复方法,其特征在于,步骤(1)中,所述的正极材料化学通式为LiNixMnyCozAlwO2(其中x≥0.3, y, z, w ≥ 0,x+y+z+w=1)。
7.根据权利要求2所述的锂离子电池层状正极材料储存后的性能恢复方法,其特征在于,步骤(2)中,所述储存材料的干燥温度为50-120℃(优选80℃),干燥时间为30min-10h(优选4h)。
8.根据权利要求2所述的锂离子电池层状正极材料储存后的性能恢复方法,步骤(4)中,所述的电池活化截止电压范围为4.4-5.2 V。
9.根据权利要求2所述的锂离子电池层状正极材料储存后的性能恢复方法,步骤(4)中,所述的电池活化圈数为1-10圈。
10.根据权利要求2所述的锂离子电池层状正极材料储存后的性能恢复方法,步骤(4)中,所述的活化后循环截止电压范围为4.2-4.4V。
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