CN112316980B - 一种二氧化锆/聚甲基丙烯酸酯微球负载杂多酸催化剂催化制备醋酸丙酸纤维素的方法 - Google Patents
一种二氧化锆/聚甲基丙烯酸酯微球负载杂多酸催化剂催化制备醋酸丙酸纤维素的方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种二氧化锆/聚甲基丙烯酸酯微球负载杂多酸催化剂催化制备醋酸丙酸纤维素的方法。本发明采用溶胶‑凝胶共缩合法并结合水热技术合成二氧化锆/聚甲基丙烯酸酯微球负载杂多酸催化剂,然后催化天然纤维素酯化得到醋酸丙酸纤维素。本发明制备的催化剂作为一种超强固体酸,具有绿色、无腐蚀性、制备简单、可重复利用和催化过程可控等优点。该催化剂实现了杂多酸和二氧化锆的双功能化,多个活性位点的引入实现了反应的可控性,使得反应时间以及硫酸用量都大幅度减小;此外该催化剂易于与产物分离,可以回收并进行循环利用。利用该催化剂催化制备所得的醋酸丙酸纤维素酯具有良好的透光度、耐水性能、热稳定性和优异的断裂拉伸率。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于纤维素酯合成技术领域,具体涉及一种二氧化锆/聚甲基丙烯酸酯微球负载杂多酸催化剂催化制备醋酸丙酸纤维素的方法。
背景技术
醋酸丙酸纤维素酯是一种纤维素有机酸酯类衍生物,它是由纤维素经过酸催化酯化将乙酰基和丙酰基引入而生成。与醋酸纤维素酯相比,醋酸丙酸纤维素酯保持了优异的透明度和强度,同时由于丙酰基的存在使其具有更好的耐水性以及相容性,尤其因其较好的机械性能和加工性能等优点,醋酸丙酸纤维素酯在食品包装、薄膜制品等领域具有广泛的应用。
目前,醋酸丙酸纤维素酯的工业化生产方法是以浓硫酸作为催化剂,但是浓硫酸作为液体酸具有很多缺点,(1)硫酸在工业中使用中会产生大量废水,因此会对环境造成严重污染;(2)硫酸会强烈腐蚀生产设备,生产成本因此会大幅度增加;(3)纤维素的反应位点主要发生在伯羟基和仲羟基上,对于硫酸来说,纤维素处于强烈溶解的状态下,它的所有羟基对于反应物都是可及的,因此,硫酸在纤维素内部的扩散速度以及化学反应速度都是不可控的,其次还会发生严重的降解以及其他副反应的产生,这会导致所得到的醋酸丙酸纤维素存在酯化程度,分子量大小,粘度等差异过大等问题,极大地影响了产品的性能,包括拉伸性能等; (4)硫酸还存在回收困难和难以循环使用等问题。因此,为了避免上述的问题以及基于严格的环境法规和工业化学生产中绿色工艺的要求,寻找一种绿色、反应可控、可循环利用的固体酸催化剂来催化合成具有高附加值的醋酸丙酸纤维素酯受到越来越多的研究关注。
磷钨酸由于其固有的强酸性、高质子迁移率和稳定性,被认为是传统液体酸的绿色替代品,在酯化等反应中具有重要的应用,但是磷钨酸的比表面积较小,在极性溶剂中具有很高的溶解度,而在非极性介质中其活性位点的可及性较低,限制了磷钨酸在实际生产中的应用。因此,制备一种在极性介质中不浸出且在非极性介质中分散良好的稳定的非均相磷钨酸催化剂仍然是一个挑战。为了解决上述的问题,二氧化硅载体被广泛使用,但是二氧化硅与磷钨酸之间是通过Si-OH与多酸端位的氧原子间的氢键作用相结合的,这种结合方式会导致多酸分布不均、反应过程易脱落等问题。因此,寻找一种可以与磷钨酸以共价键相结合的载体对于催化反应是更加重要的。
在非均相反应中,由于纤维素的难溶性,纤维素是悬浮于反应介质中的,因此纤维素的可及性也是影响反应的一个重要的性质。同时,纤维素的非均相反应中的过程是由表及里的逐层反应过程,而传统的固体酸催化剂可能由于其有限的活性位点所产生的化学反应多为局部化学反应,其扩散速度和化学反应速度会受到限制,所得到的醋酸丙酸纤维素酯化程度以及分子量可能较小。其次,纤维素是一种天然高分子化合物,无法进入到传统固体酸催化剂内部和活性位点发生反应,因此,提高固体酸催化剂对纤维素的亲和性以及催化剂本身的活性位点的利用是得到高附加值醋酸丙酸纤维素的关键。
发明内容
为了解决上述存在的问题,本发明提供了一种二氧化锆/聚甲基丙烯酸酯微球负载杂多酸催化剂催化制备醋酸丙酸纤维素的方法。本发明采用溶胶-凝胶共缩合法并结合水热技术合成二氧化锆/聚甲基丙烯酸酯微球负载杂多酸催化剂,然后催化天然纤维素酯化得到醋酸丙酸纤维素。
本发明制备的二氧化锆/聚甲基丙烯酸酯微球负载杂多酸催化剂为核壳结构,实现了对催化剂的形貌调控,核壳结构的构筑可以使活性位点充分分散,可以使纤维素与催化剂充分接触,很大程度上提高了活性位点的利用率;有机无机杂化材料的引入,因其结构的相似性,可以提高催化剂对纤维素的可及性;二氧化锆表面的羟基可以与磷钨酸端位的W=O基团通过Zr-O-W共价键相连,在界面处形成(≡ZrOH2)n +[H3-nPW12O40]n-新物种,因此可以稳定固载磷钨酸,从而有效地防止磷钨酸在反应过程中的脱落,可以容易地回收进行多次重复利用;共价结合的方式还可以保证磷钨酸活性物种均匀分散,提高了活性位点的利用率和可及性,同时二者的结合还可以促进质子的释放,进一步可以提高催化剂的酸性;二氧化锆在作为载体同时也可以作为新的活性位点参与反应,这是由于二氧化锆同时拥有酸性和Lewis酸性的缘故,对于醋酸丙酸纤维素的合成,酸酐分子中羰基的质子化是反应的第一步也是关键的一步,催化剂所拥有的强酸性起到了决定性的作用,此外,二氧化锆的Lewis酸性也参与了反应,酸酐分子可以与Zr4+位点直接络合进行后续的反应,多个活性位点的存在实现了反应的可控性,可以使反应以更快的扩散速度以及反应速度进行,且不会对纤维素产生降解,也不会产生多余的副反应;所制备的催化剂酸强度接近超强酸且无腐蚀性,对环境无污染,有效地降低了酯化反应的时间以及硫酸的使用量。
本发明所述的二氧化锆/聚甲基丙烯酸酯微球负载杂多酸催化剂的制备方法为:
(a)将丙烯酸甲酯和有机硅烷按质量比2:1-5:1混合溶解于四氢呋喃中,并加入偶氮二异丁腈,在氮气保护下常温反应0.5-3h,随后加热升温至50-80℃反应5-10h,反应结束后,旋蒸除去溶剂;
(b)将聚乙烯吡咯烷酮溶解于去离子水中,再加入苯乙烯,常温搅拌5-15min 后加入溶于去离子水的过硫酸钾,通入氮气常温反应0.5-3h,随后加热升温至 60-90℃反应20-30h,结束后离心并用去离子水和无水乙醇洗涤,随后进行真空干燥,聚乙烯吡咯烷酮和苯乙烯的质量比为1:20-1:5;
(c)将正硅酸乙酯溶解于四氢呋喃和无水乙醇中常温反应10-20min,然后加入步骤(a)的产物,反应0.5-3h后,再加入正丁氧基锆常温反应0.5-3h,步骤(a)的产物和正丁氧基锆的质量比为1:2-2:1;
(d)将十六烷基三甲基溴化铵溶解于去离子水和无水乙醇的混合溶剂中, 40-70℃下反应20-50min;
(e)将步骤(b)的产物溶解于去离子水中,超声处理20-50min;
(f)将步骤(d)的产物与步骤(e)的产物混合,40-70℃下反应20-50min,然后加入氢氧化铵溶液调节pH至碱性,反应5-30min,随后加入步骤(c)的产物,反应1-5h 后,转移至高压水热釜中70-120℃下水热反应30-50h,然后加入盐酸调节pH至酸性,再加入溶于去离子水的多酸,多酸和正丁氧基锆的质量比为1:2-2:1,70-120℃下水热反应10-30h,反应结束后过滤洗涤,干燥后得到二氧化锆/聚甲基丙烯酸酯微球负载杂多酸催化剂。
所述的有机硅烷为3-(甲基丙烯酰氧)丙基三甲氧基硅烷。
所述的多酸为磷钨酸。
将上述制备的二氧化锆/聚甲基丙烯酸酯微球负载杂多酸催化剂催化制备醋酸丙酸纤维素的应用。具体操作步骤为:
(1)将纤维素进行预处理,用活化液将其活化,反应时间0.5-5h;
(2)将步骤(1)的产物与液体酸,酯化剂混合,再加入二氧化锆/聚甲基丙烯酸酯微球负载杂多酸催化剂,升温至30-60℃反应0.5-6h;
(3)反应结束后,将反应液进行离心,在上清液中加入去离子水沉析,静置过夜后过滤并干燥,得到的产物即为醋酸丙酸纤维素,离心后的二氧化锆/聚甲基丙烯酸酯微球负载杂多酸催化剂洗涤后重复利用。
所述的活化液为醋酸和丙酸,活化液与纤维素的质量比为0.5:1-10:1。
所述的液体酸为硫酸,酯化剂为乙酸酐和丙酸酐,酯化剂与纤维素的质量比为0.5:1-10:1。
本发明制备的二氧化锆/聚甲基丙烯酸酯微球负载杂多酸催化剂,作为一种超强固体酸,具有绿色、无腐蚀性、制备简单、可重复利用和催化过程可控等优点。该催化剂实现了杂多酸和二氧化锆的双功能化,多个活性位点的引入实现了反应的可控性,使得反应时间以及硫酸用量都大幅度减小;二氧化锆共价结合的方式可以稳定固载磷钨酸,并且使活性位点均匀分散,防止活性位点溶脱,进一步提高了催化剂的酸性;核壳结构的构筑以及有机无机杂化材料的引入提供了更大的比表面积,更高的热稳定性以及与纤维素的亲和性,可以使纤维素与活性位点充分接触,很大程度上提高了活性位点的利用率;此外该催化剂易于与产物分离,可以回收并进行循环利用。利用该催化剂催化制备所得的醋酸丙酸纤维素酯具有良好的透光度、耐水性能、热稳定性和优异的断裂拉伸率。
附图说明
图1为实施例1的PW12/nPMA-ZrO2催化剂的合成过程示意图。
图2为实施例1的PW12/nPMA-ZrO2催化剂的TEM图。
图3为实施例1的PW12/nPMA-ZrO2催化剂的红外谱图。
图4为实施例1的H2SO4和PW12/nPMA-ZrO2催化合成的CAP 1H NMR图。
图5为实施例1的PW12/nPMA-ZrO2催化机理图。
图6为实施例1的PW12/nPMA-ZrO2催化剂所制备的CAP膜的应力应变曲线图。
具体实施方式
以下通过特定的具体实例详细描述本发明的实施方式。
实施例1
制备PW12/nPMA-ZrO2催化剂:
(1)将13.3g丙烯酸甲酯和3.3g3-(甲基丙烯酰氧)丙基三甲氧基硅烷混合溶解于300mL四氢呋喃中,并加入60mg偶氮二异丁腈,在氮气保护下常温反应1h,随后加热升温至60℃反应8h,反应结束后,旋蒸除去溶剂得到PMA-Si;
(2)将0.55g聚乙烯吡咯烷酮溶解于50mL去离子水中,再加入6.5mL苯乙烯,常温搅拌10min,再称取0.15g过硫酸钾溶于20mL去离子水中,然后将二者混合,通入氮气常温反应1h,随后加热升温至70℃反应24h,结束后离心并用去离子水和无水乙醇洗涤,随后在60℃下真空干燥得到PS;
(3)称取0.625g正硅酸乙酯溶解于2mL四氢呋喃和2mL无水乙醇中,常温反应15min,再加入0.5gPMA-Si反应1h,然后加入0.68mL正丁氧基锆常温反应1.5h;
(4)将0.2g十六烷基三甲基溴化铵溶解于60mL去离子水和20mL无水乙醇的混合溶剂中,50℃下反应30min;
(5)称取0.2g PS溶解于2mL去离子水中,超声处理30min;
(6)将步骤(4)的产物与步骤(5)的产物混合,50℃下反应30min,然后加入0.7mL浓度为25%的氢氧化铵溶液,反应10min,随后加入步骤(3)的产物,50℃下反应 2h后,转移至高压水热釜100℃水热反应36h,然后加入盐酸调节pH至2-3,再加入10mL浓度为0.000035mol/L的磷钨酸水溶液,100℃水热反应12h,反应结束后过滤洗涤,干燥后得到PW12/nPMA-ZrO2。
制备醋酸丙酸纤维素:
将2g纤维素溶解于10mL乙酸和10mL丙酸溶液中,然后常温活化1h;然后加入10mL乙酸酐和10mL丙酸酐,再加入2.5μL硫酸和25mg PW12/nPMA-ZrO2催化剂,加热至45℃反应3h,离心,PW12/nPMA-ZrO2催化剂经过洗涤回收后循环使用,上清液中再加入500mL去离子水沉析,静置过夜后过滤并干燥,得到的产物即为醋酸丙酸纤维素。
得到的醋酸丙酸纤维素酯总取代度~2.73,粘度为320mpa·s,断裂伸长率为32.67%。
对比例1
将2g纤维素溶解于10mL乙酸和10mL丙酸溶液中,然后常温活化1h;加热至45℃后加入10mL乙酸酐和10mL丙酸酐,再加入10μL硫酸,在45℃下反应 3小时,离心,上清液中再加入500mL去离子水沉析,静置过夜后过滤并干燥,得到醋酸丙酸纤维素。
得到的醋酸丙酸纤维素酯总取代度为2.90,而只添加10μL硫酸所得醋酸丙酸纤维素酯的粘度为180mpa·s。
对比例2
将2g纤维素溶解于10mL乙酸和10mL丙酸溶液中,然后常温活化1h;然后加入10mL乙酸酐和10mL丙酸酐,再加入2.5μL硫酸和25mg PW12/nPMA催化剂(PW12/nPMA催化剂制备方法与实施例1相同,区别在于步骤(3)中除去加入正丁氧基锆的操作),加热至50℃反应3h,离心,上清液中再加入500mL去离子水沉析,静置过夜后过滤并干燥,得到的产物即为醋酸丙酸纤维素。
得到的醋酸丙酸纤维素酯总取代度2.23,粘度为50mpa·s。
Claims (7)
1.一种二氧化锆/聚甲基丙烯酸酯微球负载杂多酸催化剂的制备方法,其特征在于,所述的制备方法的具体步骤为:
(a)将丙烯酸甲酯和有机硅烷按质量比2:1-5:1混合溶解于四氢呋喃中,并加入偶氮二异丁腈,在氮气保护下常温反应0.5-3h,随后加热升温至50-80℃反应5-10h,反应结束后,旋蒸除去溶剂;
(b)将聚乙烯吡咯烷酮溶解于去离子水中,再加入苯乙烯,常温搅拌5-15min后加入溶于去离子水的过硫酸钾,通入氮气常温反应0.5-3h,随后加热升温至60-90℃反应20-30h,结束后离心并用去离子水和无水乙醇洗涤,随后进行真空干燥,聚乙烯吡咯烷酮和苯乙烯的质量比为1:20-1:5;
(c)将正硅酸乙酯溶解于四氢呋喃和无水乙醇中常温反应10-20min,然后加入步骤(a)的产物,反应0.5-3h后,再加入正丁氧基锆常温反应0.5-3h,步骤(a)的产物和正丁氧基锆的质量比为1:2-2:1;
(d)将十六烷基三甲基溴化铵溶解于去离子水和无水乙醇的混合溶剂中,40-70℃下反应20-50min;
(e)将步骤(b)的产物溶解于去离子水中,超声处理20-50min;
(f)将步骤(d)的产物与步骤(e)的产物混合,40-70℃下反应20-50min,然后加入氢氧化铵溶液调节pH至碱性,反应5-30min,随后加入步骤(c)的产物,反应1-5h后,转移至高压水热釜中70-120℃下水热反应30-50h,然后加入盐酸调节pH至酸性,再加入溶于去离子水的多酸,多酸和正丁氧基锆的质量比为1:2-2:1,70-120℃下水热反应10-30h,反应结束后过滤洗涤,干燥后得到二氧化锆/聚甲基丙烯酸酯微球负载杂多酸催化剂。
2.根据权利要求1所述的制备方法,其特征在于,所述的有机硅烷为3-(甲基丙烯酰氧)丙基三甲氧基硅烷。
3.根据权利要求1所述的制备方法,其特征在于,所述的多酸为磷钨酸。
4.根据权利要求1-3任一项所述的方法制备得到的二氧化锆/聚甲基丙烯酸酯微球负载杂多酸催化剂催化制备醋酸丙酸纤维素的应用。
5.根据权利要求4所述的应用,其特征在于,所述的二氧化锆/聚甲基丙烯酸酯微球负载杂多酸催化剂催化制备醋酸丙酸纤维素的具体操作步骤为:
(1)将纤维素进行预处理,用活化液将其活化,反应时间0.5-5h;
(2)将步骤(1)的产物与液体酸,酯化剂混合,再加入二氧化锆/聚甲基丙烯酸酯微球负载杂多酸催化剂,升温至30-60℃反应0.5-6h;
(3)反应结束后,将反应液进行离心,在上清液中加入去离子水沉析,静置过夜后过滤并干燥,得到的产物即为醋酸丙酸纤维素,离心后的二氧化锆/聚甲基丙烯酸酯微球负载杂多酸催化剂洗涤后重复利用。
6.根据权利要求5所述的应用,其特征在于,所述的活化液为醋酸和丙酸,活化液与纤维素的质量比为0.5:1-10:1。
7.根据权利要求5所述的应用,其特征在于,所述的液体酸为硫酸,酯化剂为乙酸酐和丙酸酐,酯化剂与纤维素的质量比为0.5:1-10:1。
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