CN112236509A - 多功能聚甲胺表面活性剂及其制备方法 - Google Patents
多功能聚甲胺表面活性剂及其制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN112236509A CN112236509A CN201880093475.6A CN201880093475A CN112236509A CN 112236509 A CN112236509 A CN 112236509A CN 201880093475 A CN201880093475 A CN 201880093475A CN 112236509 A CN112236509 A CN 112236509A
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- ethanolamine
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Abstract
本发明涉及聚甲胺表面活性剂的制备和研发方法。该工艺由甲醇和乙醇胺的混合物组成,摩尔比为1.0‑0.6至3.0‑0.4,温度范围为45‑50℃,不会产生危险物质,对人体健康没有伤害。同时具有高质量清洁度,耐高温和极低温的特性,并具有表面活性剂的性能。用作燃料添加剂时,则可以减少对大气的有害废气排放,提高汽油中的辛烷值,防止柴油中形成冰晶。
Description
本发明涉及一种生态上可生物降解的产品-聚甲胺表面活性剂以及该聚甲胺表面活性剂的制备方法。聚甲胺表面活性剂可以在化学工业中用作表面活性剂,用于生产化学洗涤剂(用于维护玻璃和汽车后视镜,塑料,皮革和纺织品的表面)、表面活性剂、湿润剂、乳化剂、发泡剂、分散剂、特殊用途的技术液体和汽车(车身,马达,车轮和轮罩的附件)以及油漆和清漆的生产或在汽车工业中作为燃料添加剂的成分。对文献数据的分析表明,建议使用稳定剂作为汽油-醇混合物:正构和支链脂族结构的C3-C12醇、乙酸烷基酯、简单的醚及其化合物和金属有机衍生物、酮、胺、氨基酸表面活性剂(AAS)及其二醇和醚、醛、缩酮、缩醛、碳酸烷基酯、碳酸和这些化合物的混合物。所列化合物的添加可防止温度范围为负40至正40℃的含酒精汽油分层,提高抗爆性能(辛烷值),并减少废气中的有害成分及发动机动力系统中树脂的沉积,延长了废气清洁催化剂的使用寿命。
众所周知,环境指标的改善在很大程度上与使用具有改善生态特性的燃料,特别是含酒精的燃料有关。以纯净状态使用时,含酒精燃料的积极特性显而易见。由于高压缩和低混合运转,实现了发动机运转的高效率和由内燃机运转产生的气体中的低CO 2含量。然而,为此,仅基于酒精工作的新发动机需要被开发出来。如果将超过10%的酒精引入汽油,它们的缺点就变得不再重要。众所周知,当燃料混合物中小分子醇(甲醇和乙醇)的含量小于10%时,就无需对发动机进行现代化改造,同时,在操作汽车时也没有困难。在这方面,近来人们将最大的注意力集中在开发基于这种醇的添加剂上。但是,在汽油中使用小分子醇的做法凸显了许多问题。其中包括:汽油-醇类燃料的相不稳定(已知C1-C3醇与水以任何比例混合,并且含酒精的汽油中存在水是相分离的原因),对引擎金属材料的腐蚀性等。因此,在汽油中引入甲醇或乙醇需要在其成分中强制添加稳定化添加剂,这可以使汽油-水-醇体系和EN 228-2000规定的防腐添加剂均质化。UA73613 U专利公开了下式的乙醇胺聚甲基丙烯酸酯:
{[NRR1-(CH2-CH2-OH2)k]+(CH3O)k -}n,
其中R=R1=H,k=1或R=H,R1=CH2-CH2-OH2,
k=2或R=R1=CH2-CH2-OH2,k=3n=200-2000,以用作非离子型去污剂(PME分散剂)的水溶液形式存在。
前述方法的缺点是甲醇是有毒的溶剂,并且甲醇在产品中是持久的,对人体有毒作用并对人体健康构成重大危险。甲醇具有三种急性毒性,吞咽会导致3H301毒性,与皮肤接触会引起急性毒性3H311,如果吸入,会引起急性毒性3H331。
该方法还涉及使用化学物质作为催化剂,例如:乙氧基化壬基酚-化学名称和商品名NEONOL,以及初级合成物质氧乙基乙醇,商品名SINTANOL,以上两种在欧洲都是跨学科物质。
在EP0592947专利申请中,已知一种洗涤剂,其含有单、二或三乙胺衍生物以及乙氧基化非离子表面活性剂作为表面活性剂。根据该发明,其产品包含阴离子含硫表面活性剂。它们会影响呼吸道,因为在制造过程中,毒素会释放到环境中,例如苯,苯是致癌物质和生殖系统危险物质的一部分。磷酸盐-旨在通过降低水的硬度并在洗涤过程中抵抗衣物上的污垢来提高洗涤剂的效率。其负面作用是他们进入水生环境并刺激藻类的生长,从而导致水中氧气含量的降低,从而使水生动物无法存活。
酚-特别危险的物质,对过敏者甚至可能导致死亡。它容易被人体吸收,对中枢神经系统,心脏,血管,肝脏和肾脏产生负面影响。
荧光增白剂-这些物质通过将UV(紫外线)光谱的光线转换为光而产生白色的幻觉,实际上增加了衣服的光泽(对衣物的清洁度没有任何影响)。人类长时间暴露在阳光下会引起皮肤刺激。研究表明它们对鱼类有剧毒,并引起细菌突变。
人造香料-石化来源,不可生物降解。研究表明其对鱼类和哺乳动物有负面影响。它经常引起皮肤和眼睛过敏、刺激。
本发明要解决的技术问题是开发一种制备聚甲胺表面活性剂的方法,以生产不含甲醇的产品,并且由于挥发性低,不损害环境和人类健康,这使得它们在所谓的“绿色化学”中得到广泛使用。
“绿色化学”的主要条件是:
-在合成过程中充分利用初始材料;
-最少使用辅助物质(溶剂,萃取剂等);
-使用可再生原料;
-使用具有较小毒性物质的方法;
-排除辅助阶段(保护官能团,引入取代基等);
-催化系统的应用;
-实时分析控制方法,防止有害物质的形成;
-减少能源消耗;
-正确选择物质的聚集状态,以防止泄漏,爆炸,起火;
-有效替代使用,通过防止释放和副产物进行净化。
这种具有聚甲胺含量(PMTA)的多功能添加剂具有降低液体表面张力的表面活性剂特性,有助于分散通常不溶于液体且不会形成稳定泡沫的其他物质。
它具有阴离子表面活性剂的特性,可实现汽油-水-醇体系的均匀性。除了提高汽车汽油的抗爆震性和汽油醇燃料的相稳定性外,该产品还具有防腐添加剂的性能。
根据本发明所采用的方法具有以下优点:甲醇被完全消耗并且不再存在于所得产物中。因此,通过该方法获得的聚甲胺活性剂是无毒的产物,对人体没有毒性作用。另外,作为表面活性剂,它不会形成冰晶,并且在非常低的温度下也不会冻结;它是表面活性剂的一部分,结合了耐热作用和高表面活性;作为燃料的添加剂,可减少进入大气的有害废气(有毒排放物)。另外,作为汽油添加剂,它提高了辛烷值,并且作为柴油燃料中的添加剂,防止了冰粒的形成,并且还是一种防腐蚀产品。
拟提供的解决方案在于制备聚甲基胺表面活性剂的方法,其中第一步,甲醇与单乙醇胺的反应在45-80℃的温度下以1.0-0.6至3.0-0.4的摩尔比进行,于50℃在pH-11下搅拌2.5小时。
理化指标
指标名称 | 标准 |
外观(视觉) | 均质,透明液体,酒精气味低 |
Hydrogenindex,pН氢指数,pН | 10.5-11.0 |
Density,g/cm<sup>3</sup>密度g/cm<sup>3</sup> | 0.96 |
在水溶液中,甲醇作为一种弱酸,按照以下流程分解成氢质子的甲基化离子СН3ОН+Н2О→СН3О-+Н2О+
水溶液中的乙醇胺由以下极性粒子表示:
相互作用后,乙醇胺的质子化氮原子按照以下流程进行亲核攻击,以单乙醇胺为例:
Н3N+-CH2-CH2-O-+CH3-O-→(CH3O-)N+H3-CH2-CH2-O-
在相互作用时,甲磺酸盐对乙醇胺的质子化氮原子的亲核攻击是根据以下流程进行的,以单乙醇胺为例:
Н3N+-CH2-CH2-O-+CH3-O-→(CH3O-)N+H3-CH2-CH2-O-
随后进行第二步,其中将第一步中获得的产物在55-60℃的温度下反应1.5小时,在pH-11下连续搅拌。在形成的颗粒的负极,水偶极子粘附,形成稳定的水合物膜。乙氧基化度为30的乙氧基化壬基酚(Rokanol NL8)作为非离子表面活性剂。在这些条件下,由于在限制粘附过程阶段的分子间连接,该反应与具有以下结构的缔合体的形成有关:
xСН3ОН+NHy-(CH2-CH2-OH)x→{[NHy-(CH2-CH2-ОH2)x]+[(СН3О)x]-}
其中:
x=1-3
y=0-2
x+y=3
基于以上所创造的条件,可以实现两种反应机理,并且极限阶段包括醇或水对NCO基团的碳原子的亲核攻击,其中氢原子被活化的氮或氧络合物置换。
甲酯是在制备过程的两个阶段中获得的:
1)-通过甲醇与乙醇胺的摩尔比为1.0:0.6的相互作用;
2)-随后与Rokanol NL 8(基于丙烯三聚体的乙氧基化单烷基苯酚)作为密封剂进行缩合,起到封装该物质的作用。在这些条件下,由于限制阶段的分子间边界,反应的发展与具有以下结构的粘附产物的形成有关:
其中:
x=1-3
y=0-2
x+y=3
z=6-9
现在将描述本发明的示例。图1显示了对应于聚甲胺表面活性剂制备方法的系统方案。该设备由反应器(1)(可选配用于混合原料的混合器,在该过程的两个阶段均进行混合)、成品接收装置(2)、甲醇测量容器(3)、乙醇胺计量容器(4)、甲醇储罐(5)、乙醇胺贮存罐(6)以及该产品的储罐(7)组成。
第一阶段,获得乙醇胺甲醇盐
在容量为10m3的不锈钢装置1(图)中,配有框架搅拌器,通过5500千克(5.0m3)工业甲醇的检修孔添加了外部加热器/冷却套。启动数量为1000千克(1.0m3)的混合机,通过检修孔4,添加3500千克单乙醇胺。同时,反应物发生自热,通过将水泵入外部冷却套中,反应器内部的反应物温度保持在45-50℃。
甲醇和乙醇胺是不稳定的有机化合物,可以解释为将温度保持在高达50℃,有毒化合物会遇高温而分解。混合并保持此条件2.5小时后,可获得乙醇胺甲酯,该乙醇胺广泛用于由植物和动物油生产生物柴油,以及化妆品行业中的油脂的重新醚化等。在同一设备中,可进行反应性质量封闭反应
第二阶段,密封乙醇胺甲醇溶液并生产聚甲胺(PMTA)
在容量为10m3的不锈钢装置1(图)中,配有框架混合器,外部加热器/冷却套,并在舱口中添加14kg密封胶-Rokanol NL 8。混合器启动。通过将热水泵入设备的外套将温度保持在55-60℃。暴露于此条件1.5小时后,分析所得产物,并使其自流至设备的6号接收器,然后放入7号储罐。
根据本发明,该方法没有有毒或危险废物,并且没有大气释放,因此确保了对环境的保护,表1再现了废水分析中获得的数值。SR EN 903/2003描述了通过测量废水中的MBAS亚甲基蓝指数(从0.1到5.0mg/L)来测定阴离子表面活性剂含量的光谱法。通过适当稀释废水样品,该光谱法可用于表面试剂含量大于5.0mg/L的水。
方法原理:在碱性介质中在亚甲基蓝和阴离子表面活性剂之间形成有色盐。将这些盐萃取到氯仿中,并对氯仿溶液进行酸处理。通过从碱性溶液中萃取阴离子物质复合物-亚甲基蓝并用亚甲基蓝酸溶液搅拌萃取物来消除干扰。分离有机相,并在最大吸收波长(650nm)处进行吸收光谱测定。下表列出了所有结果:
表1.从残留水分析获得的数据
Claims (5)
1.具有表面活性(表面活性剂)特性的多功能生态聚甲胺表面活性剂,其特征在于:
a)甲醇与单乙醇胺的摩尔比为1.0:0.6,生成单乙醇胺甲酯-作为中间产物,随后与乙氧基化壬基酚(Rokanol NL8)作为密封剂(作为非离子表面活性剂)缩合,得到表面活性的聚甲胺剂。
b)通过甲醇与二乙醇胺的摩尔比为2.0:0.5的相互作用得到二乙醇胺的甲酯作为中间产物,随后与密封剂乙氧基化物壬基酚(Rokanol NL8)作为非离子表面活性剂进行缩合,获得聚甲胺表面活性剂。
c)通过甲醇与三乙醇胺的摩尔比为3.0:0.4的相互作用,得到三乙醇胺甲酸酯作为中间产物,随后与密封剂乙氧基化壬基苯酚(Rokanol NL8)作为非离子表面活性剂进行缩合,获得聚甲胺表面活性剂。
2.聚甲胺表面活性剂用作燃料添加剂,其特征在于减少大气中的废气排放,提高汽油中的辛烷值,防止柴油中形成冰晶并具有防腐作用。
4.根据权利要求3的方法,其特征在于最佳温度为45-50℃至55-60℃。
5.根据权利要求3的方法,其特征在于甲醇:乙醇胺的摩尔比为1.0-0.6至3.0-0.4。
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- 2018-07-17 US US15/734,829 patent/US20210230366A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2018-07-17 EA EA202092201A patent/EA202092201A1/ru unknown
- 2018-07-17 KR KR1020207034842A patent/KR102558328B1/ko active IP Right Grant
- 2018-07-17 WO PCT/RO2018/000014 patent/WO2019240605A1/en active Application Filing
- 2018-07-17 CA CA3096249A patent/CA3096249A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2018-07-17 MD MDA20200078A patent/MD20200078A2/ro unknown
- 2018-07-17 UA UAA202006577A patent/UA127765C2/uk unknown
- 2018-07-17 EP EP18826448.5A patent/EP3807387A1/en active Pending
- 2018-07-17 CN CN201880093475.6A patent/CN112236509A/zh active Pending
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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JP2021531165A (ja) | 2021-11-18 |
CA3096249A1 (en) | 2019-12-19 |
WO2019240605A1 (en) | 2019-12-19 |
RO132925A0 (ro) | 2018-11-29 |
UA127765C2 (uk) | 2023-12-27 |
US20210230366A1 (en) | 2021-07-29 |
KR20210019428A (ko) | 2021-02-22 |
RO132925A3 (ro) | 2019-12-30 |
IL278507A (en) | 2020-12-31 |
KR102558328B1 (ko) | 2023-07-20 |
EA202092201A1 (ru) | 2020-10-26 |
MD20200078A2 (ro) | 2021-02-28 |
JP7308559B2 (ja) | 2023-07-14 |
IL278507B1 (en) | 2024-05-01 |
IL278507B2 (en) | 2024-09-01 |
EP3807387A1 (en) | 2021-04-21 |
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