CN112201699A - 一种具有背接触结构的硒化锑太阳电池及其制备方法与应用 - Google Patents
一种具有背接触结构的硒化锑太阳电池及其制备方法与应用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种具有背接触结构的硒化锑太阳电池及其制备方法与应用。所述硒化锑太阳电池自下而上依次包括:透明导电电极、高阻层、n型电子传输层、p型吸收层、背接触缓冲层、金属电极,其中,背接触缓冲层的材料为取向性一维Ⅵ族半导体材料。本发明通过采用取向性一维Ⅵ族半导体材料作为背接触缓冲层显著抑制了背接触面载流子复合,提高了空穴的收集效率,降低了接触电阻,进而提高硒化锑薄膜太阳电池器件性能。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于光伏新能源材料与器件领域,涉及一种具有背接触结构的硒化锑太阳电池及其制备方法与应用,尤其涉及一种含有取向性一维Ⅵ族半导体材料作为背接触缓冲层的硒化锑太阳电池及其制备方法与应用。
背景技术
硒化锑(Sb2Se3)作为一种优异的光电材料,在很多领域中得到应用,例如光电探测器、存储器,同时Sb2Se3在太阳电池领域的应用也受到广泛关注。作为太阳电池材料,其成本和毒性相对于传统薄膜太阳电池,如:碲化镉(CdTe)和铜铟镓硒(CIGS),来说更低廉、更安全,同时它具备光吸收性好,禁带宽度合适等特点,是传统薄膜光伏材料的潜在替代者,也是薄膜太阳电池的新选择。作为多界面体系的Sb2Se3薄膜太阳电池,较高的界面复合损失是进一步提高器件性能需要解决的瓶颈性问题。基于Sb2Se3的背表面化学成分及电学特性,引入背接触缓冲层,构建Sb2Se3太阳电池结构,可以为解决Sb2Se3背接触问题提供新的技术路径。
发明内容
为解决现有技术的缺点和不足之处,本发明的首要目的在于提供一种具有背接触结构的硒化锑太阳电池。本发明采用取向性一维Ⅵ族半导体材料作为背接触缓冲层来提高Sb2Se3太阳电池性能,该背接触缓冲层可以有效减少背界面复合以及促进背界面载流子收集,进而改善器件光电输出性能。
本发明的另一目的在于提供上述一种具有背接触结构的硒化锑太阳电池的制备方法。
本发明的再一目的在于提供上述一种具有背接触结构的硒化锑太阳电池的应用。
本发明目的通过以下技术方案实现:
一种具有背接触结构的硒化锑太阳电池,其结构自下而上依次为:透明导电玻璃衬底、高阻层、n型电子传输层、p型Sb2Se3吸收层、背接触缓冲层和背电极;
其中,背接触缓冲层的材料为一维Ⅵ族半导体材料。
优选的,所述背接触缓冲层为三方晶系结构的硒(Se)薄膜和/或碲(Te)薄膜;所述背接触缓冲层的厚度为1~30nm;更优选为5~20nm。
优选的,所述背接触缓冲层的一维链状取向垂直或接近垂直于衬底平面方向。
优选的,所述背接触缓冲层的制备方法为热蒸发法、磁控溅射法、化学气相沉积法、近空间升华法、快速热蒸发和载气输运法中的至少一种。
优选的,所述透明导电玻璃衬底为透明导电氧化物层,更优选为FTO(SnO2:F)和ITO(SnO2:In)中的一种;所述透明导电玻璃衬底的厚度为200~400nm。
优选的,所述高阻层为高阻透明氧化物层,更优选为SnO2(二氧化锡);所述高阻层的厚度为10~50nm。
优选的,所述n型电子传输层为n型半导体薄膜,更优选为CdS(硫化镉)、TiO2(二氧化钛)、CdS:O(掺氧硫化镉)、SnO2(二氧化锡)、ZnS(硫化锌)和ZnO(氧化锌)中的至少一种;所述n型电子传输层的厚度为40~100nm。
优选的,所述p型Sb2Se3吸收层为硒化锑薄膜,其厚度为300~1000nm,更优选为500~800nm。
优选的,所述p型Sb2Se3吸收层的沉积温度为200~370℃。
优选的,所述背电极为金属电极,所述金属电极为高功函的金属材料,更优选为金和镍中的至少一种;所述背电极的厚度为50~500nm。
上述一种具有背接触结构的硒化锑太阳电池的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)在透明导电玻璃衬底上制备高阻层,得到透明导电玻璃衬底/高阻层;
(2)在高阻层上制备n型电子传输层,得到透明导电玻璃衬底/高阻层/n型电子传输层;
(3)在n型电子传输层上制备p型Sb2Se3吸收层,得到透明导电玻璃衬底/高阻层/n型电子传输层/p型Sb2Se3吸收层;
(4)在p型Sb2Se3吸收层上制备背接触缓冲层,得到透明导电玻璃衬底/高阻层/n型电子传输层/p型Sb2Se3吸收层/背接触缓冲层;
(5)最后在背接触缓冲层上制备背电极,得到具有背接触结构的硒化锑太阳电池。
优选的,步骤(1)所述透明导电玻璃衬底的温度为100~300℃。
优选的,步骤(2)所述电子传输层采用化学水浴法和CdCl2热处理进行制备,其中热处理的温度为370~430℃,时间为10min。
优选的,步骤(3)所述p型Sb2Se3吸收层的沉积温度为200~370℃。
优选的,步骤(4)所述背接触缓冲层为三方晶系结构的硒薄膜和/或碲薄膜,背接触缓冲层具有沿垂直于衬底平面方向的择优取向。
优选的,步骤(4)所述背电极采用热蒸发法制备。
上述一种具有背接触结构的硒化锑太阳电池的应用。
与现有技术相比,本发明具有以下优点及有益效果:
本发明引入取向性一维Ⅵ族半导体作为背接触缓冲层有利于减少背界面载流子复合,促进欧姆背接触和减小接触电阻,提高载流子的收集效率,进而提高器件光伏性能。
附图说明
图1为本发明中采用三方晶系结构的Se薄膜作为背接触缓冲层的硒化锑太阳电池的器件结构图。
图2为本发明实施例2及对比例1中硒化锑太阳电池的J-V曲线。
具体实施方式
下面结合实施例和附图对本发明作进一步详细的描述,但本发明的实施方式不限于此。
本发明实施例中未注明具体条件者,按照常规条件或者制造商建议的条件进行。所用未注明生产厂商者的原料、试剂等,均为可以通过市售购买获得的常规产品。
实施例1
本实施例提供了一种硒化锑背接触结构及其太阳电池的制备方法,该方法包括如下步骤:
1)清洗衬底:
采用FTO导电玻璃(FTO导电层厚度约300nm)作为衬底,依次经过丙酮、乙醇、去离子水超声清洗,随后将其放入烘烤箱中进行烘干处理。
2)制备SnO2缓冲层:
采用射频磁控溅射法在FTO上制备SnO2薄膜,靶材是纯度为99.99%的SnO2陶瓷靶,在沉积之前,将真空抽至5×10-3Pa以下,然后通入氩氧比为1:20的混合气,工作气压设为0.4Pa,射频电源功率保持为90W,衬底温度为200℃。首先进行10min预溅射,除去靶材表面吸附的杂质,然后进行正式溅射,溅射时间为5min,溅射厚度为35nm。
3)制备n型CdS电子传输层:
采用化学水浴法制备CdS电子传输层。首先清洗反应器皿,包括烧杯、反应烧杯、量筒,接着清洗溅射步骤所得的SnO2衬底,在烧杯中先后加入940mL的蒸馏水、20mL乙酸镉、20mL乙酸铵、20mL硫脲,再滴入1mL络合剂氨水。将步骤2)得到的包含SnO2的衬底放入配置好的溶液中。最后将配好溶液的反应烧杯放入恒定温度(80℃)的水浴锅中进行加热搅拌,当溶液颜色较黄且浑浊度较高时将其取出并用大量去离子水冲洗,再用氮气吹干。控制厚度在65nm。
4)CdS薄膜的CdCl2热处理:
采用提拉设备和管式炉对FTO/SnO2/CdS衬底进行CdCl2热处理,首先将衬底浸泡在氯化镉甲醇饱和溶液中,在氮气环境下匀速缓慢提拉,提拉速度为1mm/s,使得CdS表面覆盖一层CdCl2,然后放入管式炉中进行空气下400℃退火处理10min。
5)制备Sb2Se3吸收层:
采用热蒸发设备制备Sb2Se3吸收层。样品台上放入CdS衬底,蒸发舟上放入Sb2Se3粉末,抽取腔体真空至5x10-3Pa,调节n型CdS电子传输层衬底温度至200℃,稳定20min,缓慢调节直流电源,控制蒸发速率为等待薄膜增加至500nm,调小电流,关闭真空,取出样品。
6)制备三方晶系Se(t-Se)背接触缓冲层:
采用热蒸发设备制备三方晶系Se背接触缓冲层。首先,打开腔体放入Se粉末,接着关闭腔体,抽取真空,真空抽至5×10-3Pa以下,调节Sb2Se3吸收层衬底温度为100℃,调节蒸发源电流至56A,在Sb2Se3吸收层衬底上沉积三方晶系Se背接触缓冲层,沉积得到的三方晶系Se背接触缓冲层的具有垂直于衬底平面方向的择优取向,通过薄厚晶振仪监测三方晶系Se薄膜的厚度,等厚度增加到5nm时关闭基片挡板,调小电流并关闭电源,所得薄膜厚度为5nm。
7)蒸镀金电极:
采用热蒸发方法,在三方晶系Se背接触缓冲层沉积金电极,电极厚度为100nm。
实施例2
本实施例提供了一种硒化锑背接触结构及其太阳电池的制备方法,该方法包括如下步骤:
1)清洗衬底:
采用FTO导电玻璃(FTO导电层厚度约300nm)作为衬底,依次经过丙酮、乙醇、去离子水超声清洗,随后将其放入烘烤箱中进行烘干处理。
2)制备SnO2缓冲层:
采用射频磁控溅射法在FTO上制备SnO2薄膜,靶材是纯度为99.99%的SnO2陶瓷靶,在沉积之前,将真空抽至5×10-3Pa以下,然后通入氩氧比为1:20的混合气,工作气压设为0.4Pa,射频电源功率保持为90W,衬底温度为200℃。首先进行15min预溅射,除去靶材表面吸附的杂质,然后进行正式溅射,溅射时间为5min,溅射厚度为35nm。
3)制备n型CdS电子传输层:
采用化学水浴法制备CdS电子传输层。首先清洗反应器皿,包括烧杯、反应烧杯、量筒,接着清洗溅射完SnO2的衬底,清洗完后开始配置反应溶液,在烧杯中先后加入940mL的蒸馏水、20mL乙酸镉、20mL乙酸铵、20mL硫脲,再滴入1mL络合剂氨水。将步骤2)得到的包含SnO2的衬底放入配置好的溶液中。最后将配好溶液的反应烧杯放入恒定温度(80℃)的水浴锅中进行加热搅拌,当溶液颜色较黄且浑浊度较高时将其取出并用大量去离子水冲洗,再用氮气吹干。控制厚度在65nm。
4)CdS薄膜的CdCl2热处理:
采用提拉设备和管式炉对FTO/SnO2/CdS衬底进行CdCl2热处理,首先将衬底浸泡在氯化镉甲醇饱和溶液中,在氮气环境下匀速缓慢提拉,提拉速度为1mm/s,使得CdS表面覆盖一层CdCl2,然后放入管式炉中进行空气下400℃退火处理10min。
5)制备Sb2Se3吸收层:
采用近空间升华法沉积硒化锑薄膜。使用硒化锑粉末作为蒸发源,沉积过程中n型CdS电子传输层衬底温度设置为270℃,蒸发源温度为500℃,沉积3min结束,降温至150℃以下取出,此步沉积了厚度为550nm的薄膜,得到硒化锑吸收层。
6)制备三方晶系Se背接触缓冲层:
采用热蒸发设备制备三方晶系Se背接触缓冲层。首先,打开腔体放入Se粉末,接着关闭腔体,抽取真空,真空抽至5×10-3Pa以下,调节Sb2Se3吸收层衬底温度为100℃,调节蒸发源电流至56A,在Sb2Se3吸收层衬底上沉积三方晶系Se背接触缓冲层,沉积得到的三方晶系Se背接触缓冲层的具有垂直于衬底平面方向的择优取向,通过薄厚晶振仪监测三方晶系Se薄膜的厚度,等厚度增加到15nm时关闭基片挡板,调小电流并关闭电源。薄膜厚度为15nm。
7)蒸镀金电极:
采用热蒸发方法,在三方晶系Se背接触缓冲层上沉积金电极,电极厚度为100nm。
对比例1
步骤1-5同实施例2。
步骤6同实施例2中步骤7,即没有在Sb2Se3吸收层上制备三方晶系Se背接触缓冲层,从而获得一种不具有背接触缓冲层的硒化锑薄膜太阳电池。
针对实施例2以及对比例的两种硒化锑薄膜太阳电池,在AM(Air mass)1.5,100mW/cm2光照下用太阳能模拟器来测试电池的J-V性能曲线,如图2所示。采用衬底温度为100℃的热蒸发设备制备15nm三方晶系Se薄膜所得到的硒化锑太阳电池(实施例2所得)的短路电流密度为28.9mA cm-2,开路电压为413mV,填充因子为62.3%,光电转换效率为7.45%。而没有引入三方晶系Se层的硒化锑薄膜太阳电池(对比例1所得)的短路电流密度为25.4mA cm-2,开路电压为380mV,填充因子为55.1%,光电转换效率为5.32%。
由以上结果得到,引入三方晶系Se薄膜作为背接触缓冲层显著抑制了背接触面载流子复合,提高了空穴的收集效率,降低了接触电阻,进而提高硒化锑太阳电池器件性能。
上述实施例为本发明较佳的实施方式,但本发明的实施方式并不受上述实施例的限制,其他的任何未背离本发明的精神实质与原理下所作的改变、修饰、替代、组合、简化,均应为等效的置换方式,都包含在本发明的保护范围之内。
Claims (10)
1.一种具有背接触结构的硒化锑太阳电池,其特征在于,其结构自下而上依次为:透明导电玻璃衬底、高阻层、n型电子传输层、p型Sb2Se3吸收层、背接触缓冲层和背电极;
其中,背接触缓冲层的材料为一维Ⅵ族半导体材料。
2.根据权利要求1所述一种具有背接触结构的硒化锑太阳电池,其特征在于,所述背接触缓冲层为三方晶系结构的硒薄膜和/或碲薄膜;所述背接触缓冲层的厚度为5~20nm;所述背接触缓冲层的一维链状取向垂直或接近垂直于衬底平面方向。
3.根据权利要求2所述一种具有背接触结构的硒化锑太阳电池,其特征在于,所述背接触缓冲层的厚度为5~20nm。
4.根据权利要求1所述一种具有背接触结构的硒化锑太阳电池,其特征在于,所述透明导电玻璃衬底为FTO和ITO中的一种;所述高阻层为SnO2;所述n型电子传输层为CdS、TiO2、CdS:O、SnO2、ZnS和ZnO中的至少一种;所述p型Sb2Se3吸收层为硒化锑薄膜;所述背电极为金和镍中的至少一种。
5.根据权利要求1所述一种具有背接触结构的硒化锑太阳电池,其特征在于,所述透明导电玻璃衬底的厚度为200~400nm;所述高阻层的厚度为10~50nm;所述n型电子传输层的厚度为40~100nm;所述p型Sb2Se3吸收层的厚度为300~1000nm;所述背电极的厚度为50~500nm。
6.根据权利要求5所述一种具有背接触结构的硒化锑太阳电池,其特征在于,所述p型Sb2Se3吸收层的厚度为500~800nm。
7.根据权利要求1所述一种具有背接触结构的硒化锑太阳电池,其特征在于,所述p型Sb2Se3吸收层的沉积温度为200~370℃。
8.根据权利要求1所述一种具有背接触结构的硒化锑太阳电池,其特征在于,所述背接触缓冲层的制备方法为热蒸发法、磁控溅射法、化学气相沉积法、近空间升华法、快速热蒸发和载气输运法中的至少一种。
9.权利要求1~8任一项所述一种具有背接触结构的硒化锑太阳电池的制备方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:
(1)在透明导电玻璃衬底上制备高阻层,得到透明导电玻璃衬底/高阻层;
(2)在高阻层上制备n型电子传输层,得到透明导电玻璃衬底/高阻层/n型电子传输层;
(3)在n型电子传输层上制备p型Sb2Se3吸收层,得到透明导电玻璃衬底/高阻层/n型电子传输层/p型Sb2Se3吸收层;
(4)在p型Sb2Se3吸收层上制备背接触缓冲层,得到透明导电玻璃衬底/高阻层/n型电子传输层/p型Sb2Se3吸收层/背接触缓冲层;
(5)最后在背接触缓冲层上制备背电极,得到具有背接触结构的硒化锑太阳电池。
10.权利要求1~8任一项所述一种具有背接触结构的硒化锑太阳电池的应用。
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