CN112194609B - 3,3-二取代氧化吲哚类化合物及其制备方法与用途 - Google Patents
3,3-二取代氧化吲哚类化合物及其制备方法与用途 Download PDFInfo
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- CN112194609B CN112194609B CN202011139993.2A CN202011139993A CN112194609B CN 112194609 B CN112194609 B CN 112194609B CN 202011139993 A CN202011139993 A CN 202011139993A CN 112194609 B CN112194609 B CN 112194609B
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Abstract
本发明属于药物合成技术领域,具体公开了多种具有式(Ⅰ)化学结构的3,3‑二取代氧化吲哚类化合物。本发明还给出了该类化合物的合成方法,其选用取代3‑卤代氧化吲哚为合成起始原料,通过不对称催化技术予以合成,具有对映选择性高、产率高、易分离等优点。本发明还揭示了这类化合物具有乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制的生物活性,可以用于开发治疗和预防阿尔兹海默症及相关疾病的药物或其前体药物。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于药物合成技术领域,涉及3,3-二取代氧化吲哚骨架化合物的合成,具体涉及多种结构新颖的3,3-二取代氧化吲哚类化合物的制备及其生物活性研究。
背景技术
阿尔兹海默病(Alzheimer's disease,AD)是一种临床表现为认知和记忆功能不断恶化,日常生活能力进行性减退,并且伴有各种神经精神症状和行为障碍的神经退行性疾病。当前全球阿尔兹海默患者大约在4000万左右,并且未来几年,患病人数将持续增加,经济负担还会进一步加大,预计至2050年,AD患者人数将会超过1亿,是现在的3倍。
AD药物研发主要障碍是药物缺乏临床应用指标,特异性不强,而临床试验多由于不良反应以及疗效不足等原因失败。这必然导致经济损失的相应增加。AD药物研发领域难度有以下三个原因:(1)药物缺乏临床应用指标,比如难以通过血脑屏障,不良反应,易产生抗药性等;(2)由于AD复杂的病理机制和临床表现,目前没有合适的动物研究模型;(3)现有假说,很多关键机制都未被完全证实。
目前,AD治疗上主要以AChE抑制剂(acetylcholinesteraseinhibitors,AChEIs)以及N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸(NMDA)受体拮抗剂等的对症治疗为主。其中,现用于临床的AChEIs药物有他克林、多奈哌齐、利斯的明和加兰他敏等。多奈哌齐是一种AChE的可逆性抑制剂,属于苄基哌啶类化合物,口服给药后脑内乙酰胆碱水平升高较快,且无肝毒性,是化学特异性的哌啶一碱基乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制剂,是大多数轻、中度AD患者的首选药物,已在40多个国家和地区上市使用,2009年盐酸多奈哌齐进入我国医保目录。近年来,AChEIs药物的研究主要集中在植物来源的胆碱酯酶抑制剂及其衍生物,包括生物碱类、萜类、莽草酸衍生物类等。但从它们中直接提取或仿照合成的胆碱酯酶抑制剂的作用效果并不理想,如毒扁豆碱的苯羟基丙氨酸衍生物的Ⅱ期临床试验表明,其能提高AD患者的认知能力,但Ⅲ期临床试验则发现与安慰剂组患者比较差异并无统计学意义。所以,针对植物来源的胆碱酯酶抑制剂或其衍生物,还需作进一步的基团修饰,才有望研究出疗效更好的胆碱酯酶抑制剂。
发明内容
3,3-二取代氧化吲哚骨架在很多具有生物活性的天然产物和合成药物分子中广泛存在,这类化合物具有明显的乙酰胆碱酯酶选择性抑制生物活性,对治疗阿尔兹海默症具有一定的潜在价值。本发明的目的在于提供多种化学结构新颖的3,3-二取代氧化吲哚类化合物。
本发明所述3,3-二取代氧化吲哚类化合物,其具有式(Ⅰ)的化学结构:
其中,取代基R1代表烷基或取代烷基;取代基R2代表烷基;取代基R3和R4代表氢或烷基;取代基R5代表烷基、烷氧基或卤素。
为进一步明确所述3,3-二取代氧化吲哚类化合物的化学结构,所述取代基R1代表烷基或取代烷基,取代基R1为甲基、乙基叠氮、丙炔基、烯丙基、苄基、邻苯二甲酰胺取代的乙基、氯代乙基、溴代乙基、碘代乙基、三异丙基硅醚取代的乙基。
为进一步明确所述3,3-二取代氧化吲哚类化合物的化学结构,所述取代基R2代表烷基,取代基R2为甲基、乙基。
为进一步明确所述3,3-二取代氧化吲哚类化合物的化学结构,所述取代基R3和R4代表氢或烷基,其中烷基为甲基、乙基、丙基、丁基。
为进一步明确所述3,3-二取代氧化吲哚类化合物的化学结构,所述取代基R5代表烷基、烷氧基或卤素,其中烷基为甲基、乙基、异丙基,烷氧基为甲氧基、乙氧基,卤素为氟、氯、溴、碘。
本发明利用HR-MS、NMR、X-ray、手性HPLC等分析技术确认了多种3,3-二取代氧化吲哚类化合物的化学结构。本发明以化合物1-20表示20种不同化学结构的3,3-二取代氧化吲哚类化合物,具体为:
化合物1,取代基R1是乙基叠氮、R2是甲基、R3是甲基、R4是甲基、R5是氢;
化合物2,取代基R1是甲基、R2是甲基、R3是甲基、R4是甲基、R5是氢;
化合物3,取代基R1是丙炔基、R2是甲基、R3是甲基、R4是甲基、R5是氢;
化合物4,取代基R1是烯丙基、R2是甲基、R3是甲基、R4是甲基、R5是氢;
化合物5,取代基R1是苄基、R2是甲基、R3是甲基、R4是甲基、R5是氢;
化合物6,取代基R1是邻苯二甲酰胺取代的乙基、R2是甲基、R3是甲基、R4是甲基、R5是氢;
化合物7,取代基R1是氯代乙基、R2是甲基、R3是甲基、R4是甲基、R5是氢;
化合物8,取代基R1是溴代乙基、R2是甲基、R3是甲基、R4是甲基、R5是氢;
化合物9,取代基R1是碘代乙基、R2是甲基、R3是甲基、R4是甲基、R5是氢;
化合物10,取代基R1是三异丙基硅醚取代的乙基、R2是甲基、R3是甲基、R4是甲基、R5是氢;
化合物11,取代基R1是碘代乙基、R2是甲基、R3是甲基、R4是甲基、R5是6-溴;
化合物12,取代基R1是碘代乙基、R2是甲基、R3是甲基、R4是甲基、R5是5-氯;
化合物13,取代基R1是乙基叠氮、R2是甲基、R3是甲基、R4是甲基、R5是5-溴;
化合物14,取代基R1是碘代乙基、R2是甲基、R3是甲基、R4是甲基、R5是5-甲基;
化合物15,取代基R1是乙基叠氮、R2是甲基、R3是甲基、R4是甲基、R5是7-甲基;
化合物16,取代基R1是碘代乙基、R2是甲基、R3是甲基、R4是甲基、R5是5-甲氧基;
化合物17,取代基R1是乙基叠氮、R2是甲基、R3是甲基、R4是甲基、R5是5-甲氧基;
化合物18,取代基R1是乙基叠氮、R2是甲基、R3是氢、R4是正丁基、R5是氢;
化合物19,取代基R1是碘代乙基、R2是甲基、R3是甲基、R4是甲基、R5是5-甲基;
化合物20,取代基R1是碘代乙基、R2是甲基、R3是氢、R4是氢、R5是氢。
化合物1-20对应的化学结构分别为:
本发明的另一目的在于提供所述3,3-二取代氧化吲哚类化合物的通用合成方法。具体地,合成所述3,3-二取代氧化吲哚类化合物的方法,其选用取代3-卤代氧化吲哚A为合成起始原料,采用的合成路线如下。
所述配体chiral N,N'-dioxide代表具有式(Ⅱ)结构的化合物,其中,m为0、1或2,n为1或2,Ar为烷基或卤素取代的芳环。
作为所述3,3-二取代氧化吲哚类化合物合成方法的优选,所述催化剂选用含Ni或Sc的卤化盐、醋酸盐、硝酸盐、三氟甲磺酸盐、四氟硼酸盐。
本发明还进一步揭示了所述3,3-二取代氧化吲哚类化合物具有乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制的生物活性。
基于本发明的研究成果,本发明还提供了一种乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制剂药物组合物,包含所述3,3-二取代氧化吲哚类化合物,或包含采用本发明所述合成方法制备的3,3-二取代氧化吲哚类化合物。
本发明还提供了所述3,3-二取代氧化吲哚类化合物,或采用本发明所述合成方法制备的3,3-二取代氧化吲哚类化合物,在开发治疗、预防阿尔兹海默症及相关疾病药物或前体药物方面的用途。
与现有技术相比,本发明所述3,3-二取代氧化吲哚类化合物及其制备方法与用途,至少具有下述的优点或有益效果:
(1)本发明以取代3-卤代氧化吲哚为底物,选用Ni或Sc催化剂,采用chiral N,N'-dioxide(式Ⅱ)作为配体的不对称催化技术,首次成功建立了所述3,3-二取代氧化吲哚类化合物的合成路线。该合成路线新颖、对映选择性高、产率高并且产物易于分离,可以说是制备此类化合物的最优路线。
(2)本发明首次成功应用所述合成路线,制备出多种具有共性结构的3,3-二取代氧化吲哚类化合物,比如化合物1-20,这些化合物结构新颖,不仅具有光学活性,而且具有不同程度的乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制活性。
(3)以市售胆碱酯酶抑制剂他克林为阳性对照,采用Ellman比色法测定了20种目标化合物对乙酰胆碱酯酶的抑制活性。体外抑制活性实验证明:目标化合物对乙酰胆碱酯酶均具有程度不等的抑制作用。相比较而言,化合物10、12、19的活性较好,对AChE的抑制率超过50%;特别地,化合物10的体外抑制率高于阳性对照药他克林。因此,所述3,3-二取代氧化吲哚类化合物可开发成具有潜在应用价值的胆碱酯酶抑制剂,本发明将为此类化合物的后续设计及其广泛药理活性的研究提供理论依据和技术支撑。
具体实施方式
在以下实施例中进一步描述本发明,而不以任何形式旨在限制如权利要求所表明的本发明的保护范围。
实施例1
本实施例提供所述3,3-二取代氧化吲哚类化合物的合成方法,以及部分目标化合物的结构鉴定数据。
1、目标化合物1-20的合成
本实施例采用Ni或Sc催化剂,chiral N,N'-dioxide(式Ⅱ)作为配体的不对称催化技术合成化合物1-20。合成底物选用取代3-卤代氧化吲哚A。Ni或Sc催化剂具体为代表其卤化盐、醋酸盐、硝酸盐、三氟甲磺酸盐、四氟硼酸盐。配体chiral N,N'-dioxide代表具有式(Ⅱ)结构的化合物,其中,m可以是0、1、2,n可以是1、2,Ar可以是烷基、卤素取代的芳环。
优化的合成路线为:
所述配体chiral N,N'-dioxide的结构表示为:
将取代3-卤代氧化吲哚底物A,金属催化剂(镍或钪),chiral N,N'-dioxide配体(式Ⅱ),分子筛,溶于乙酸乙酯中,反应1小时,将体系置于0℃环境,加入碱(碳酸钾),反应5分钟,加入烯醇硅醚底物B,0℃反应至原料消耗完全,过滤,乙酸乙酯洗涤,旋干浓缩,柱层析(乙酸乙酯/石油醚=1/8),得到相应的3,3-二取代氧化吲哚类化合物。
2、部分化合物的波谱数据
本实施例采用波谱分析技术(1HNMR、13CNMR、ESI-HRMS)对所述3,3-二取代氧化吲哚类化合物进行了结构表征,以下为10种代表化合物的核磁共振谱图数据。
化合物2:无色油状物,产率为85%;[α]25D=-18.7(c 0.310,CHCl3);HPLC测得ee值为92%(ChiralPak AD-H column,hexane/i-PrOH=9:1,214nm,0.7ml/min,tmajor=12.648min,tminor=13.867min);1H NMR(500MHz,CDCl3):δ8.43(s,1H),7.19(t,J=7.0Hz,1H),7.08(d,J=7.0Hz,1H),6.99(t,J=8.0Hz,1H),6.87(d,J=7.5Hz,1H),3.65(S,3H)1.55(S,3H),1.39(S,3H),1.24(S,3H);13C NMR(126MHz,CDCl3):δ181.46,175.85,140.74,133.32,128.21,124.23,122.28,109.67,52.70,51.85,47.41,21.44,21.15,19.35;HRMS(ESI):exact mass calcd for C14H17NNaO3:m/z 270.1101[M+Na]+,found:m/z270.1093.
化合物3:白色固体,产率为70%;[α]25D=-71.9(c 0.110,CHCl3);HPLC测得ee值为87%(ChiralPakAD-H column,hexane/i-PrOH=9:1,214nm,0.7ml/min,tmajor=13.707min,tminor=19.398min);1H NMR(500MHz,CDCl3):δ8.34(s,1H),7.24(t,J=7.5Hz,1H),7.07(d,J=7.5Hz,1H),7.02(t,J=7.5Hz,1H),6.88(d,J=8.0Hz,1H),3.71(S,3H),3.19(m,2H),1.57(t,J=3.0Hz,1H)1.38(S,3H),1.20(S,3H);13C NMR(126MHz,CDCl3):δ179.22,175.44,141.93,130.10,128.75,124.32,122.47,109.65,79.64,69.81,56.57,52.11,47.31,22.72,21.54,21.04;HRMS(ESI):exact mass calcd for C16H17NNaO3:m/z294.1101[M+Na]+,found:m/z 294.1094.
化合物4:白色固体,产率为95%;[α]25D=-71.2(c 0.133,CHCl3);HPLC测得ee值为93%(ChiralPak OD-H column,hexane/i-PrOH=9:1,214nm,0.7ml/min,tmajor=7.683min,tminor=7.195min);1H NMR(500MHz,CDCl3):δ8.37(s,1H),7.19(t,J=8.0Hz,1H),7.06(d,J=7.5Hz,1H),6.99(t,J=8.0Hz,1H),6.84(d,J=8.0Hz,1H),5.10(m,1H),4.93(d,J=17.5Hz,1H),4.75(d,J=8.5Hz,1H),3.67(S,3H),2.96(d,J=6.5Hz,2H),1.41(S,3H),1.22(S,3H);13C NMR(126MHz,CDCl3):δ179.82,175.74,141.55,132.72,130.47,128.33,124.63,122.20,118.96,109.50,57.49,51.90,47.72,36.52,21.57,21.15;HRMS(ESI):exactmass calcdfor C16H19NNaO3:m/z 296.1257[M+Na]+,found:m/z 296.1250.
化合物5:黄色油状物,产率为92%;[α]25D=-40.6(c 0.188,CHCl3);HPLC测得ee值为94%(ChiralPakAD-H column,hexane/i-PrOH=9:1,214nm,0.7ml/min,tmajor=8.507min,tminor=13.557min);1H NMR(500MHz,CDCl3):δ7.94(s,1H),7.21(d,J=7.5Hz,1H),7.09(t,J=8.0Hz,1H),6.95(m,4H),6.80(d,J=8.5Hz,2H),6.57(d,J=6.5Hz,1H),3.71(S,3H),3.58(d,J=14.0Hz,1H)3.49(d,J=12.5Hz,1H)1.51(S,3H),1.28(S,3H);13CNMR(126MHz,CDCl3):δ179.37,175.94,141.38,136.15,130.42,130.14,128.30,127.52,126.30,125.08,121.86,109.36,59.03,51.95,47.98,37.95,21.75,21.36;HRMS(ESI):exactmass calcdfor C20H21NNaO3:m/z 346.1414[M+Na]+,found:m/z 346.1406.
化合物6:白色固体,产率为90%;[α]25D=-11.33(c 0.062,CHCl3);HPLC测得ee值为90%(ChiralPak OD-H column,hexane/i-PrOH=7:3,214nm,0.7ml/min,tmajor=11.715min,tminor=19.212min);1H NMR(500MHz,CDCl3):δ8.26(s,1H),7.69(m,2H),7.62(m,2H),7.03(m,2H),6.81(m,2H),3.65(S,3H),3.42(m,1H)3.33(m,1H)2.81(m,1H),2.63(m,1H),1.34(S,3H),1.19(S,3H);13C NMR(126MHz,CDCl3):δ179.16,175.38,167.95,141.56,133.79,132.11,129.62,128.47,124.46,123.07,122.36,109.97,55.83,51.96,48.31,34.79,29.38,21.24,20.85;HRMS(ESI):exact mass calcd for C23H22N2NaO5:m/z429.1421[M+Na]+,found:m/z429.1415.
化合物7:无色油状物,产率为98%;[α]25D=-14.2(c 0.215,CHCl3);HPLC测得ee值为96%(ChiralPak AD-H column,hexane/i-PrOH=9:1,214nm,0.7ml/min,tmajor=13.607min,tminor=12.182min);1H NMR(500MHz,CDCl3):δ8.62(s,1H),7.24(m,2H),7.04(m,2H),6.90(d,J=8.0,1H),3.67(S,3H),3.10(m,1H)2.88(m,1H)2.76(m,1H),1.38(S,3H),1.20(S,3H);13C NMR(126MHz,CDCl3):δ179.58,175.36,141.51,129.09,128.95,124.55,122.68,110.03,56.36,52.04,48.21,40.65,34.94,21.19,20.84;HRMS(ESI):exactmass calcd for C15H18ClNNaO3:m/z 318.0867[M+Na]+,found:m/z 318.0861.
化合物10:白色固体,产率为77%;[α]25D=-65.91(c 0.148,CHCl3);HPLC测得ee值为92%(ChiralPak OD-H column,hexane/i-PrOH=9:1,214nm,0.7ml/min,tmajor=5.685min,tminor=5.218min);1H NMR(500MHz,CDCl3):δ8.35(s,1H),7.18(t,J=9.0Hz,1H),7.02(d,J=7.5Hz,1H),6.96(t,J=7.0Hz,1H),6.84(d,J=7.0Hz,1H),3.64(S,3H),3.34(m,1H)3.21(m,1H)2.57(m,1H),2.51(m,1H),1.38(S,3H),1.17(S,3H)0.90(S,21H);13CNMR(126MHz,CDCl3):δ180.08,175.68,141.70,130.07,128.31,124.67,121.96,109.54,60.20,55.05,51.82,48.19,34.50,21.17,20.82,18.00,11.99;HRMS(ESI):exactmasscalcdfor C24H39NNaO4Si:m/z 456.2541[M+Na]+,found:m/z 456.2528.
化合物12:无色油状物,产率为91%;[α]25D=-38.06(c 0.197,CHCl3);HPLC测得ee值为91%(ChiralPak OD-H column,hexane/i-PrOH=95:5,214nm,0.7ml/min,tmajor=14.615min,tminor=13.590min);1H NMR(500MHz,CDCl3):δ8.96(s,1H),7.24(d,J=12.5Hz,1H),7.07(s,1H),6.86(d,J=8.0Hz,1H),3.67(S,3H),2.83(m,2H)2.69(m,1H)2.43(m,1H),1.37(S,3H),1.19(S,3H);13C NMR(126MHz,CDCl3):δ179.22,175,06,140.29,130.84,129.00,128.23,125.00,111.03,59.55,52.17,48.22,36.53,21.26,20.98;HRMS(ESI):exact mass calcd for C15H17ClINNaO3:m/z 443.9834[M+Na]+,found:m/z 443.9822.
化合物13:白色固体,产率为91%;[α]25D=-84.0(c 0.120,CHCl3);HPLC测得ee值为77%(ChiralPak OD-H column,hexane/i-PrOH=9:1,214nm,0.7ml/min,tmajor=10.615min,tminor=9.632min);1H NMR(500MHz,CDCl3):δ8.62(s,1H),7.38(d,J=9.0Hz,1H),7.16(s,1H),6.81(d,J=9.0Hz,1H),3.69(S,3H),2.88(m,2H)2.56(m,2H),1.40(S,3H),1.16(S,3H);13C NMR(126MHz,CDCl3):δ179.35,175,23,140.63,131.80,131.44,127.81,115.26,111.46,55.92,52.14,48.22,49.01,30.82,21.10,20.79;HRMS(ESI):exact mass calcd for C15H17BrN4NaO3:m/z 403.0376[M+Na]+,found:m/z 403.0364.
化合物17:黄色晶体,产率为95%;[α]25D=-101.6(c 0.145,CHCl3);HPLC测得ee值为99%(ChiralPakAD-H column,hexane/i-PrOH=9:1,214nm,0.7ml/min,tmajor=13.833min,tminor=15.265min);1H NMR(500MHz,CDCl3):δ8.48(s,1H),6.82(d,J=7.5Hz,1H),6.77(d,J=9.0Hz,1H),6.65(s,1H),3.76(S,3H),3.69(s,3H)2.86(m,2H),2.57(t,J=8.0Hz,2H),1.38(S,3H),1.17(S,3H);13C NMR(126MHz,CDCl3):δ179.58,175,47,155.80,130.68,113.09,112.01,110.25,56.06,55.86,52.05,48.09,48.06,30.98,21.17,20.89;HRMS(ESI):exact mass calcd for C16H20N4NaO4:m/z 355.1377[M+Na]+,found:m/z355.1370.
3、化合物17的晶体结构表征
实施例2
本实施例揭示所述3,3-二取代氧化吲哚类化合物对乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制的生物活性。以市售胆碱酯酶抑制剂他克林(Tacrine)为阳性对照,采用Ellman比色法筛查了目标化合物(TM)在14μM浓度下对乙酰胆碱酯酶的体外活性。
1、酶活力的测定
精确称量0.47mg乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)置于1.5mL的EP管中,精确量取1.609mL的生理盐水溶解0.47mg乙酰胆碱酯酶,配制成浓度为40U/mL的乙酰胆碱酯酶溶液作为储备液,存于-20℃。选定测定管中乙酰胆碱酯酶作为样本,试剂盒中1μmol/L标准品作为标准管,反应结束后在室温条件下,通过酶标仪测定样品在412nm下样品的吸光度,最终确定将储备液稀释50倍后得到的0.8U/mL的酶溶液作为工作液。
乙酰胆碱酯酶活力的测定条件及步骤,如表1所示。
表1酶活力的测定步骤
Table1 The Procedure for measuring enzyme activity
2、化合物体外AChE抑制活性初筛
溶液配置:准确称取0.01mmol待测化合物,用DMSO溶解配制成10mM的原液。加入反应液后浓度稀释为14μM,故此浓度为初筛浓度。
反应步骤:见表1,其中标准、空白、对照组不变,测定组加入待测溶液5μL与乙酰胆碱酶在37℃下反应6min,结束后依次加入抑制剂、透明剂,对照组在反应结束后补齐30μL酶,且在测定之前需要在空白、标准、测定、对照中加入5μL DMSO溶液以尽量减少误差。
数据处理的方法:抑制率计算按以下公式
3、体外AChE抑制活性初筛结果
通过Ellman比色法对合成的3,3-二取代氧化吲哚类化合物进行了AChE体外抑制活性初筛,待测化合物的初筛浓度为14μM,测试结果见表2。
表2 3,3-二取代氧化吲哚衍生物体外AChE抑制活性测定(14μM)
Table2 Measurement of 3,3-disubstituted oxindoles derivatives forAChE inhibitory activity in vitro(14μM)
由表2可知,供试化合物1-20均对乙酰胆碱酯酶表现出体外抑制活性,且不同化合物对乙酰胆碱酯酶的体外抑制活性不同。其中,对AChE的抑制率超过50%的化合物有3个,分别为化合物10、化合物12和化合物19;其中,化合物10对AChE的体外抑制率大于80%,且高于阳性对照药剂他克林的76.63±0.21%。
综上,本实施例结果充分说明,所述3,3-二取代氧化吲哚类化合物,特别是化合物10,具有进一步开发成胆碱酯酶抑制剂的潜在应用价值。
上面结合实施例对本发明做了进一步的叙述,但本发明并不限于上述实施方式,在本领域的普通技术人员所具备的知识范围内,还可以在不脱离本发明宗旨的前提下做出各种变化。
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