CN112189519A - Method for dry-land cultivation and yield increase of quinoa - Google Patents
Method for dry-land cultivation and yield increase of quinoa Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention relates to a method for dry-land cultivation and yield increase of quinoa, which comprises the following steps: selecting varieties, treating seeds, selecting land and preparing land, reasonably applying fertilizer, sowing in proper time, covering with a mulching film, sowing by a sowing method, reasonably close planting, managing in the field, harvesting and storing. The method can promote the development of the chenopodium quinoa market, greatly improve the yield of the chenopodium quinoa, increase the yield by more than 30 percent compared with the traditional planting method by comprehensively implementing the technology, ensure that the yield per unit area can reach 200kg/667m2～300kg/667m2(ii) a The yield per unit area of the land with poor water and fertilizer conditions is 100kg/667m2～200kg/667m2The method also provides a technical basis for planting the Shanxi Chenopodium quinoa willd, provides a powerful scientific basis for the development of the Chenopodium quinoa willd, and greatly promotes the development of the Chenopodium quinoa willd in Shanxi producing areas.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of agricultural planting, and particularly relates to a method for dry-land cultivation and yield increase of quinoa.
Background
Chenopodium quinoa willd is preferably planted in a farming area with high terrain, sufficient sunlight, deep soil layer, loose soil, good ventilation and convenient drainage, the soil texture is preferably light soil, and the soil pH value is preferably neutral or weakly alkaline; the water-fertilizer land and the dry thin land can be planted, but the farmland with higher soil pond fertility and better humidity, such as a water-irrigated land, a dry flat land, a ditch dam land, a terrace land and the like, is suitable, and the soil quality is in accordance with the requirement of more than two-level standard in GB 15618-1995.
Chenopodium quinoa is originally produced in Andes mountain areas in south America, has the characteristics of cold resistance, drought resistance, salt and alkali resistance, preference to illumination, high temperature avoidance and the like, and is suitable for growth at the temperature of 15-20 ℃ and not easy to exceed 32 ℃. The method is suitable for planting in high cold and cool areas with the altitude of 1200-1700 m, the frost-free period of 100-140 days, the annual average temperature of 5-7 ℃ and the annual sunshine duration of more than 2500h in Shanxi province.
Chenopodium quinoa has entered China from the end of the 20 th century 80 years, and only some experiments and tests were carried out at the Tibet academy of agriculture, and field planting was not carried out for various reasons. In 2009 Shanxi Chenopodium quinoa practitioners began to test in Shanxi province, with seeds from Tibetan, also from native place Viviana, Ecuador and MimiIs introduced by Lu. The Chenopodium quinoa willd county is planted in a large area at first, and along with the continuous popularization and spread of Chenopodium quinoa willd health knowledge, Chenopodium quinoa willd is quickly introduced to peripheral areas such as Wutai, Sunshan, Ningwu, Goulan, lan county, Loroth, Yuanping and the like, and radiates to Lvlian and Shuzhou. The Shanxi in 2013 has become the area with the largest planting area outside the country and the origin, and the planting area is about 0.1 × 104hm2Chenopodium quinoa planting companies are established in many times, and Silent county applies for the title of 'Xiang of China Chenopodium quinoa' successfully from China food industry Association.
At present, Shanxi Chenopodium quinoa has few practitioners, limited technicians lack professional knowledge, the attention on Chenopodium quinoa is low, the study on the habits and growth rules of Chenopodium quinoa is not deep, a mature cultivation management technical mode is not formed, the planting level is generally low, in view of the current situation, the large-area continuous cropping planting of Chenopodium quinoa has no excessive plant diseases and insect pests in the previous two years, but when the same block is continuously planted for more than 3 years, the plant diseases and insect pests can explode in a large area. For example, in 2016 and 2017, Chenopodium quinoa in Jingle county of Shanxi province has large-area outbreak of pests, so that the Chenopodium quinoa is reduced in yield and even cannot be harvested.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the above, the present invention aims to provide a method for dry-land cultivation and yield increase of quinoa, which aims to increase the cultivation yield of quinoa and reduce the toxicity of insect pests.
In order to achieve the purpose, the technical scheme is as follows:
the method for dry-land cultivation and yield increase of quinoa comprises the following steps:
s1: variety selection
Selecting good chenopodium quinoa seeds which are suitable for local growth period and are resistant to diseases and insect pests according to the characteristics of climatic conditions, or reserving seeds by self-planting, selecting strong plants which are free from diseases and insect pests and have high yield per plant from the field before autumn harvest in the last year, harvesting the plants per plant and storing the plants in a low-temperature dry place;
s2: seed treatment
Removing impurities, blighted grains and broken grains, screening out full, natural-color and good-glossiness grains, cleaning tools in a seed selection room, and airing in the sun for 1-2 days before sowing;
s3: land selection and preparation
S3-1: land selection
The planting land is selected from plain paddy fields, dry lands, valley dam fields, terrace lands and gentle slope ploughing fields with good soil and fertilizer conditions, and the chenopodium quinoa is forbidden to be continuously planted and reasonably rotated for stubble inversion, wherein the previous crops are potatoes, corns and bean crops;
s3-2: soil preparation
After the previous crop in the last year is harvested, ridge lines are ploughed, ridges are removed, garden straws and peripheral weeds are removed, disease and pest host plants are blocked, soil moisture is timely deeply ploughed and stored, the depth is 25 cm-30 cm, and the place with good conditions is ploughed deeply and returned to the field, one-time operation of deep ploughing and straw returning is carried out, rotary tillage and base fertilizer application are carried out 3 days-5 days before sowing in spring, the ground is guaranteed to be flat, and no soil blocks, no straws and no weeds exist;
s4: rational fertilization
The principle of mainly using organic fertilizer and secondarily using chemical fertilizer is adhered to, and every 667m is rotary-ploughed before spring sowing2The bottom application of decomposed farmyard manure reaches 1950 kg-2050 kg or 190 kg-210 kg of bio-organic fertilizer, and 48 kg-52 kg of compound fertilizer with equal nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium contents;
s5: sowing in proper time, reasonably close planting
Sowing when the soil is stabilized at a low temperature of more than 10 ℃ at a position of 5cm, wherein the quinoa is suitable for the middle ten days of 5 months, and sowing is avoided at the high-incidence period of insect pests;
setting seedlings when the height of the seedlings is 5 cm-10 cm, reasonably determining the density of the remained seedlings according to soil and fertilization conditions, controlling the plant spacing to be 20 cm-30 cm, and keeping 4500-6500 seedlings per 667m 2;
uniformly sowing rows by using a film side sowing machine, mechanically spreading a film, sowing and compacting once, spreading a mulching film every meter, sowing and compacting every 667m for 1 row of film side2390g-410g of quinoa seeds, 45 cm-50 cm of row spacing, 1 cm-2 cm of sowing depth, deepening when the soil moisture content is poor, but not exceeding 3cm, and adding a press wheel with a sowing machine or slightly pressing after sowing; timely reseeding or changing seeds when no seedling emerges 10 days after sowing;
s6: field management, insect pest protection
Field management:
height of seedling 5cThinning and thinning seedlings m, fixing seedlings before the height of the seedlings is 10cm, ploughing shallowly and weeding, wherein seedling shortage and ridge breaking phenomena occur during seedling fixing, placing the thinned seedlings in a pot and dipping with slurry for transplanting and seedling supplement, carrying out secondary intertillage and weeding when 8-10 leaves exist in the plant and the plant height is 0.9-1.1 m, and earthing up the root of the plant to prevent lodging, and observing at any time to find out that the diseased plant is pulled away and buried in time; for plots with low soil fertility or insufficient base fertilizer and poor growth vigor of chenopodium quinoa, 15 kg-20 kg of urea is additionally applied every 667m along with the second intertillage per mu2；
Insect pest protection:
by physical pest control: arranging an insecticidal lamp and a food attractant in a field to trap and kill various adults;
by chemical pest control: if the pests on the ground in the seedling stage have the pest phenomena of scarab beetle, bean turnip, diamond back moth and leaf beetle of bibane, carrying out foliage spraying by using abamectin single-killing missible oil, deltamethrin and fenvalerate;
the middle underground pests often have beet root maggots, the middle plants often have beet drum-shaped beak elephants, sugar and vinegar poison baits are prepared in time and are scattered on the surface of roots for trapping and killing, and the ground and leaf surfaces are sprayed and killed by deltamethrin, chrysanthemum-horse missible oil in the adult period;
in the middle growth period of quinoa, leaf spot and downy mildew often occur, carrying out leaf surface spraying by using difenoconazole granules and tebuconazole suspending agent or using cymoxanil manganese zinc bactericide, spraying for 1 time every 7-10 days, continuously spraying for 2-3 times, alternately using the agents, and avoiding the high-temperature time period at noon;
s7: harvesting and storing
S7-1: harvesting
The growing period of the chenopodium quinoa is 115-125 days, when the colors of stems and leaves and ears become dark, leaves shrink and begin to fall off, ears begin to dry, seeds begin to harden in a waxiness period, nails are difficult to be pinched and broken, harvesting is carried out in time so as to prevent the ears from drying out or sprouting when encountering rain, and the whole plant can be harvested or directly harvested;
s7-2: threshing
After harvesting, conveying the rice to a flat and dry threshing ground, vertically placing the small bundles for airing, and avoiding high stack stacking to prevent mildew and deterioration; drying in the sun, threshing by crushing and grinding or mechanically threshing, then winnowing, removing impurities, removing soil and stones, drying in the sun again, storing, selling or processing, paving plastic cloth on a threshing field, preparing covered plastic cloth, and covering in time when meeting rain so as to prevent seeds from sprouting;
s7-3: storage of
The seeds should be put in storage in time after being aired and dried, the warehouse should be kept clean, dry, dark and cool, ventilation and temperature control conditions are needed to prevent high temperature and humidity, the moisture of the seeds is kept below 14%, and the seeds are fumigated in an insect-proof manner.
As a further improvement of the invention, in step S3-2, the field of the previous year is a fallow land and a wasteland, the soil is deeply ploughed in August, weed without seeds is buried in the soil, and the field is subjected to fertilization, wall storage and raking once before freezing.
As a further improvement of the invention, in step S5, the Chenopodium quinoa suitable growing area is planted in the middle of 5 months, and the Chenopodium quinoa is planted after rain, if there is no rain, the seeding is postponed to the late 5 months.
As a further improvement of the invention, in step S5, 0.5kg to 1kg of fried millet seeds are added into the chenopodium quinoa seeds to be uniformly mixed and seeded, so that the dosage of the chenopodium quinoa seeds is prevented from being difficult to control.
As a further improvement of the invention, the underground insect pests in the last year comprise the golden needle pests, the mosquito ponds, the mole crickets and the black cutworms, and the high-efficiency low-toxicity insecticide is mixed with farmyard manure and applied to soil when the intertillage land is fertilized in the step S4 or the seed coating agent is used for seed dressing before sowing or the poison bait is scattered on the ground after sowing in the step S5 for trapping and killing.
The invention has the beneficial effects that: the method can promote the development of the chenopodium quinoa market, greatly improve the yield of the chenopodium quinoa, increase the yield by more than 30 percent compared with the traditional planting method by comprehensively implementing the technology, ensure that the yield per unit area can reach 200kg/667m2～300kg/667m2(ii) a The yield per unit area of the land with poor water and fertilizer conditions is 100kg/667m2～200kg/667m2The method also provides a technical basis for planting the Shanxi Chenopodium quinoa willd, provides a powerful scientific basis for the development of the Chenopodium quinoa willd, and greatly promotes the development of the Chenopodium quinoa willd in Shanxi producing areas.
Detailed Description
It should be noted that the embodiments and features of the embodiments in the present application may be combined with each other without conflict.
In order to make the technical solutions of the present application better understood by those skilled in the art, the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present application will be clearly and completely described below in conjunction with the embodiments of the present application, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present application, but not all embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present application.
Example one
The method for dry-land cultivation and yield increase of quinoa comprises the following steps:
s1: variety selection
Selecting good chenopodium quinoa seeds which are suitable for local growth period and are resistant to diseases and insect pests according to the characteristics of climatic conditions, or reserving seeds by self-planting, selecting strong plants which are free from diseases and insect pests and have high yield per plant from the field before autumn harvest in the last year, harvesting the plants per plant and storing the plants in a low-temperature dry place;
s2: seed treatment
Removing impurities, blighted grains and broken grains, screening out full, natural-color and good-glossiness grains, cleaning tools in a seed selection room, and airing in the sun for 1-2 days before sowing;
s3: land selection and preparation
S3-1: land selection
The planting land is selected from plain paddy fields, dry lands, valley dam fields, terrace lands and gentle slope ploughing fields with good soil and fertilizer conditions, and the chenopodium quinoa is forbidden to be continuously planted and reasonably rotated for stubble inversion, wherein the previous crops are potatoes, corns and bean crops;
s3-2: soil preparation
After the previous crop in the last year is harvested, ridge lines are ploughed, ridges are removed, garden straws and peripheral weeds are removed, disease and pest host plants are blocked, soil moisture is timely deeply ploughed and stored, the depth is 25 cm-30 cm, and the place with good conditions is ploughed deeply and returned to the field, one-time operation of deep ploughing and straw returning is carried out, rotary tillage and base fertilizer application are carried out 3 days-5 days before sowing in spring, the ground is guaranteed to be flat, and no soil blocks, no straws and no weeds exist;
the field of the last year is a fallow land and a wasteland, soil is deeply ploughed in August, weed without seeds is buckled into the soil, and the land is fertilized, wall accumulation and raked once before freezing;
s4: rational fertilization
The principle of mainly using organic fertilizer and secondarily using chemical fertilizer is adhered to, and every 667m is rotary-ploughed before spring sowing2The bottom application of the decomposed farmyard manure reaches about 2000kg, and the content of the compound fertilizer with equal nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content is about 50 kg;
the underground insect pests in the last year comprise the wireworms, the mosquito ponds, the mole cricket and the black cutworms, and the high-efficiency low-toxicity insecticide is mixed with farmyard manure and applied to soil when the farmland is fertilized;
s5: sowing in proper time, reasonably close planting
Sowing when the soil is stable at a low temperature of more than 10 ℃ at a position of 5cm, wherein the Chenopodium quinoa is suitable for the middle ten days of 5 months, sowing is carried out after waiting for rain, and if no rain falls, sowing is postponed to the late 5 months, and sowing is carried out when insect pests are avoided at the high emergence stage;
the seedling is fixed when the height of the seedling is 5 cm-10 cm, the density of the remained seedling is reasonably determined according to the soil and the fertilizing condition, the water and fertilizer condition is good, the planting distance is 25 cm-30 cm, and each 667m24500-5500 seedlings are left;
uniformly sowing rows by using a film side sowing machine, mechanically spreading a film, sowing and compacting once, spreading a mulching film every meter, sowing and compacting every 667m for 1 row of film side2About 400g of chenopodium quinoa seeds are added with 0.5kg of fried millet seeds to be uniformly mixed and seeded, so that the problem that the using amount of the chenopodium quinoa seeds is not easy to control is avoided; planting row spacing is 45 cm-50 cm, sowing depth is 1.5cm, and pressing wheels are added along with the sowing machine or are lightly pressed after sowing; timely reseeding or changing seeds when no seedling emerges 10 days after sowing;
the underground insect pests in the last year include wireworms, mosquito ponds, mole cricket and black cutworms, and seed coating agent is used for seed dressing before sowing in the side step S5 or poison baits are scattered on the ground for trapping and killing after sowing.
S6: field management, insect pest protection
Field management:
thinning and thinning the seedlings when the height of the seedlings is 5cm, fixing the seedlings before the height of the seedlings is 10cm, shallow-ploughing and weeding, wherein the phenomena of seedling shortage and ridge breaking exist during the fixing, placing the thinned seedlings in a pot, dipping the seedlings with slurry for transplanting and seedling supplement, carrying out secondary intertillage and weeding when the plant has 8-10 leaves and the plant height is 0.9-1.1 m, earthing up the plant root to prevent lodging, and observing at any time to find out the diseased plant to be pulled away and buried in time;
insect pest protection:
by physical pest control: arranging an insecticidal lamp and a food attractant in a field to trap and kill various adults;
by chemical pest control: if the pests on the ground in the seedling stage have the pest phenomena of scarab beetle, bean turnip, diamond back moth and leaf beetle of bibane, carrying out foliage spraying by using abamectin single-killing missible oil, deltamethrin and fenvalerate;
the middle underground pests often have beet root maggots, the middle plants often have beet drum-shaped beak elephants, sugar and vinegar poison baits are prepared in time and are scattered on the surface of roots for trapping and killing, and the ground and leaf surfaces are sprayed and killed by deltamethrin, chrysanthemum-horse missible oil in the adult period;
in the middle growth period of quinoa, leaf spot and downy mildew often occur, carrying out leaf surface spraying by using difenoconazole granules and tebuconazole suspending agent or using cymoxanil manganese zinc bactericide, spraying for 1 time every 7-10 days, continuously spraying for 2-3 times, alternately using the agents, and avoiding the high-temperature time period at noon;
s7: harvesting and storing
S7-1: harvesting
The growing period of the chenopodium quinoa is 115-125 days, when the colors of stems and leaves and ears become dark, leaves shrink and begin to fall off, ears begin to dry, seeds begin to harden in a waxiness period, nails are difficult to be pinched and broken, harvesting is carried out in time so as to prevent the ears from drying out or sprouting when encountering rain, and the whole plant can be harvested or directly harvested;
s7-2: threshing
After harvesting, conveying the rice to a flat and dry threshing ground, vertically placing the small bundles for airing, and avoiding high stack stacking to prevent mildew and deterioration; drying in the sun, threshing by crushing and grinding or mechanically threshing, then winnowing, removing impurities, removing soil and stones, drying in the sun again, storing, selling or processing, paving plastic cloth on a threshing field, preparing covered plastic cloth, and covering in time when meeting rain so as to prevent seeds from sprouting;
s7-3: storage of
The seeds should be put in storage in time after being aired and dried, the warehouse should be kept clean, dry, dark and cool, ventilation and temperature control conditions are needed to prevent high temperature and humidity, the moisture of the seeds is kept below 14%, and the seeds are fumigated in an insect-proof manner.
Example two
The method for dry-land cultivation and yield increase of quinoa comprises the following steps:
s1: variety selection
Selecting good chenopodium quinoa seeds which are suitable for local growth period and are resistant to diseases and insect pests according to the characteristics of climatic conditions, or reserving seeds by self-planting, selecting strong plants which are free from diseases and insect pests and have high yield per plant from the field before autumn harvest in the last year, harvesting the plants per plant and storing the plants in a low-temperature dry place;
s2: seed treatment
Removing impurities, blighted grains and broken grains, screening out full, natural-color and good-glossiness grains, cleaning tools in a seed selection room, and airing in the sun for 1-2 days before sowing;
s3: land selection and preparation
S3-1: land selection
The planting land is selected from plain paddy fields, dry lands, valley dam fields, terrace lands and gentle slope ploughing fields with good soil and fertilizer conditions, and the chenopodium quinoa is forbidden to be continuously planted and reasonably rotated for stubble inversion, wherein the previous crops are potatoes, corns and bean crops;
s3-2: soil preparation
After the previous crop in the last year is harvested, ridge lines are ploughed, ridges are removed, garden straws and peripheral weeds are removed, disease and pest host plants are blocked, soil moisture is timely deeply ploughed and stored, the depth is 25 cm-30 cm, and the place with good conditions is ploughed deeply and returned to the field, one-time operation of deep ploughing and straw returning is carried out, rotary tillage and base fertilizer application are carried out 3 days-5 days before sowing in spring, the ground is guaranteed to be flat, and no soil blocks, no straws and no weeds exist;
the field of the last year is a fallow land and a wasteland, soil is deeply ploughed in August, weed without seeds is buckled into the soil, and the land is fertilized, wall accumulation and raked once before freezing;
s4: rational fertilization
The principle of mainly using organic fertilizer and secondarily using chemical fertilizer is adhered to, and every 667m is rotary-ploughed before spring sowing2About 200kg of biological organic fertilizer is applied at the bottom, and about 50kg of compound fertilizer with equal nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium contents;
s5: sowing in proper time, reasonably close planting
Sowing when the soil is stable at a low temperature of more than 10 ℃ at a position of 5cm, wherein the Chenopodium quinoa is suitable for the middle ten days of 5 months, sowing is carried out after waiting for rain, and if no rain falls, sowing is postponed to the late 5 months, and sowing is carried out when insect pests are avoided at the high emergence stage;
the seedling is fixed when the height of the seedling is 5 cm-10 cm, the density of the remained seedling is reasonably determined according to the soil and the fertilizing condition, the plant distance is 20 cm-25 cm in dry and thin land with poor water and fertilizer condition, and each 667m25500-6500 seedlings are left;
uniformly sowing rows by using a film side sowing machine, mechanically spreading a film, sowing and compacting once, spreading a mulching film every meter, sowing and compacting every 667m for 1 row of film side2About 400g of chenopodium quinoa seeds are added with 1kg of fried millet seeds to be uniformly mixed and seeded, so that the problem that the using amount of the chenopodium quinoa seeds is not easy to control is solved; planting row spacing is 45-50 cm, sowing depth is 3cm, and a press wheel is added along with the sowing machine or lightly pressed after sowing; timely reseeding or changing seeds when no seedling emerges 10 days after sowing;
the underground insect pests of the last year comprise wireworms, mosquito ponds, mole cricket and black cutworms, and the seeds are dressed with seed coating agent before sowing or poison baits are scattered on the ground for trapping and killing;
s6: field management, insect pest protection
Field management:
thinning and thinning the seedlings when the height of the seedlings is 5cm, fixing the seedlings before the height of the seedlings is 10cm, shallow-ploughing and weeding, wherein the phenomena of seedling shortage and ridge breaking exist during the fixing, placing the thinned seedlings in a pot, dipping the seedlings with slurry for transplanting and seedling supplement, carrying out secondary intertillage and weeding when the plant has 8-10 leaves and the plant height is 0.9-1.1 m, earthing up the plant root to prevent lodging, and observing at any time to find out the diseased plant to be pulled away and buried in time;
insect pest protection:
by physical pest control: arranging an insecticidal lamp and a food attractant in a field to trap and kill various adults;
by chemical pest control: if the pests on the ground in the seedling stage have the pest phenomena of scarab beetle, bean turnip, diamond back moth and leaf beetle of bibane, carrying out foliage spraying by using abamectin single-killing missible oil, deltamethrin and fenvalerate;
the middle underground pests often have beet root maggots, the middle plants often have beet drum-shaped beak elephants, sugar and vinegar poison baits are prepared in time and are scattered on the surface of roots for trapping and killing, and the ground and leaf surfaces are sprayed and killed by deltamethrin, chrysanthemum-horse missible oil in the adult period;
in the middle growth period of quinoa, leaf spot and downy mildew often occur, carrying out leaf surface spraying by using difenoconazole granules and tebuconazole suspending agent or using cymoxanil manganese zinc bactericide, spraying for 1 time every 7-10 days, continuously spraying for 2-3 times, alternately using the agents, and avoiding the high-temperature time period at noon;
s7: harvesting and storing
S7-1: harvesting
The growing period of the chenopodium quinoa is 115-125 days, when the colors of stems and leaves and ears become dark, leaves shrink and begin to fall off, ears begin to dry, seeds begin to harden in a waxiness period, nails are difficult to be pinched and broken, harvesting is carried out in time so as to prevent the ears from drying out or sprouting when encountering rain, and the whole plant can be harvested or directly harvested;
s7-2: threshing
After harvesting, conveying the rice to a flat and dry threshing ground, vertically placing the small bundles for airing, and avoiding high stack stacking to prevent mildew and deterioration; drying in the sun, threshing by crushing and grinding or mechanically threshing, then winnowing, removing impurities, removing soil and stones, drying in the sun again, storing, selling or processing, paving plastic cloth on a threshing field, preparing covered plastic cloth, and covering in time when meeting rain so as to prevent seeds from sprouting;
s7-3: storage of
The seeds should be put in storage in time after being aired and dried, the warehouse should be kept clean, dry, dark and cool, ventilation and temperature control conditions are needed to prevent high temperature and humidity, the moisture of the seeds is kept below 14%, and the seeds are fumigated in an insect-proof manner.
EXAMPLE III
The method for dry-land cultivation and yield increase of quinoa comprises the following steps:
s1: variety selection
Selecting good chenopodium quinoa seeds which are suitable for local growth period and are resistant to diseases and insect pests according to the characteristics of climatic conditions, or reserving seeds by self-planting, selecting strong plants which are free from diseases and insect pests and have high yield per plant from the field before autumn harvest in the last year, harvesting the plants per plant and storing the plants in a low-temperature dry place;
s2: seed treatment
Removing impurities, blighted grains and broken grains, screening out full, natural-color and good-glossiness grains, cleaning tools in a seed selection room, and airing in the sun for 1-2 days before sowing;
s3: land selection and preparation
S3-1: land selection
The planting land is selected from plain paddy fields, dry lands, valley dam fields, terrace lands and gentle slope ploughing fields with good soil and fertilizer conditions, and the chenopodium quinoa is forbidden to be continuously planted and reasonably rotated for stubble inversion, wherein the previous crops are potatoes, corns and bean crops;
s3-2: soil preparation
The field of the last year is a fallow land and a wasteland, soil is deeply ploughed in August, weed without seeds is buckled into the soil, and the land is fertilized, wall accumulation and raked once before freezing;
s4: rational fertilization
The principle of mainly using organic fertilizer and secondarily using chemical fertilizer is adhered to, and every 667m is rotary-ploughed before spring sowing2The bottom application of the decomposed farmyard manure reaches about 2000kg, and the content of the compound fertilizer with equal nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content is about 50 kg;
the underground insect pests in the last year comprise the wireworms, the mosquito ponds, the mole cricket and the black cutworms, and the high-efficiency low-toxicity insecticide is mixed with farmyard manure and applied to soil when the farmland is fertilized;
s5: sowing in proper time, reasonably close planting
Sowing when the soil is stable at a low temperature of more than 10 ℃ at a position of 5cm, wherein the Chenopodium quinoa is suitable for the middle ten days of 5 months, sowing is carried out after waiting for rain, and if no rain falls, sowing is postponed to the late 5 months, and sowing is carried out when insect pests are avoided at the high emergence stage;
the seedling is fixed when the height of the seedling is 5 cm-10 cm, the seedling density is reasonably determined according to soil and fertilization conditions, the plant spacing is 25 cm-30 cm, and each 667m24500-5500 seedlings are left;
uniformly sowing rows by using a film side sowing machine, mechanically spreading a film, sowing and compacting once, spreading a mulching film every meter, sowing and compacting every 667m for 1 row of film side2About 400g of chenopodium quinoa seeds are added with 1kg of fried millet seeds to be uniformly mixed and seeded, so that the problem that the using amount of the chenopodium quinoa seeds is not easy to control is solved; planting row spacing is 45 cm-50 cm, sowing depth is 1.5cm, and pressing wheels are added along with the sowing machine or are lightly pressed after sowing; timely reseeding or changing seeds when no seedling emerges 10 days after sowing;
the underground insect pests in the last year comprise wireworms, mosquito ponds, mole cricket and black cutworms, and seed coating agent is used for seed dressing before sowing in the side step S5 or poison baits are scattered on the ground for trapping and killing after sowing;
s6: field management, insect pest protection
Field management:
thinning and thinning the seedlings when the height of the seedlings is 5cm, fixing the seedlings before the height of the seedlings is 10cm, shallow-ploughing and weeding, wherein the phenomena of seedling shortage and ridge breaking exist during the fixing, placing the thinned seedlings in a pot, dipping the seedlings with slurry for transplanting and seedling supplement, carrying out secondary intertillage and weeding when the plant has 8-10 leaves and the plant height is 0.9-1.1 m, earthing up the plant root to prevent lodging, and observing at any time to find out the diseased plant to be pulled away and buried in time;
insect pest protection:
by physical pest control: arranging an insecticidal lamp and a food attractant in a field to trap and kill various adults;
by chemical pest control: if the pests on the ground in the seedling stage have the pest phenomena of scarab beetle, bean turnip, diamond back moth and leaf beetle of bibane, carrying out foliage spraying by using abamectin single-killing missible oil, deltamethrin and fenvalerate;
the middle underground pests often have beet root maggots, the middle plants often have beet drum-shaped beak elephants, sugar and vinegar poison baits are prepared in time and are scattered on the surface of roots for trapping and killing, and the ground and leaf surfaces are sprayed and killed by deltamethrin, chrysanthemum-horse missible oil in the adult period;
in the middle growth period of quinoa, leaf spot and downy mildew often occur, carrying out leaf surface spraying by using difenoconazole granules and tebuconazole suspending agent or using cymoxanil manganese zinc bactericide, spraying for 1 time every 7-10 days, continuously spraying for 2-3 times, alternately using the agents, and avoiding the high-temperature time period at noon;
s7: harvesting and storing
S7-1: harvesting
The growing period of the chenopodium quinoa is 115-125 days, when the colors of stems and leaves and ears become dark, leaves shrink and begin to fall off, ears begin to dry, seeds begin to harden in a waxiness period, nails are difficult to be pinched and broken, harvesting is carried out in time so as to prevent the ears from drying out or sprouting when encountering rain, and the whole plant can be harvested or directly harvested;
s7-2: threshing
After harvesting, conveying the rice to a flat and dry threshing ground, vertically placing the small bundles for airing, and avoiding high stack stacking to prevent mildew and deterioration; drying in the sun, threshing by crushing and grinding or mechanically threshing, then winnowing, removing impurities, removing soil and stones, drying in the sun again, storing, selling or processing, paving plastic cloth on a threshing field, preparing covered plastic cloth, and covering in time when meeting rain so as to prevent seeds from sprouting;
s7-3: storage of
The seeds should be put in storage in time after being aired and dried, the warehouse should be kept clean, dry, dark and cool, ventilation and temperature control conditions are needed to prevent high temperature and humidity, the moisture of the seeds is kept below 14%, and the seeds are fumigated in an insect-proof manner.
Based on the above embodiment, the production conditions of quinoa in different cultivation areas in three years in 2016-:
production of chenopodium quinoa in different cultivation areas (2016):
| region (Shanxi) | Thousand seed weight g | Yield per plant g | Yield kg/667m2 | Lodging rate% |
| Taiyuan | 3.01 | 82.2 | 142.6 | 24.3 |
| Goulan | 2.19 | 73.1 | 114.6 | 19.7 |
| Jingle medicine | 2.91 | 77.4 | 161.2 | 15.3 |
Production of quinoa in different cultivation areas (2017):
| region (Shanxi) | Thousand seed weight g | Yield per plant g | Yield kg/667m2 | Lodging rate% |
| Taiyuan | 2.92 | 85.0 | 158.5 | 21.5 |
| Goulan | 2.23 | 77.1 | 134.6 | 18.4 |
| Jingle medicine | 3.03 | 121.0 | 179.2 | 16.7 |
Production of quinoa in different cultivation areas (2018):
| region (Shanxi) | Thousand seed weight g | Yield per plant g | Yield kg/667m2 | Lodging rate% |
| Taiyuan | 3.11 | 85.7 | 169.3 | 20.9 |
| Goulan | 2.89 | 78.1 | 151.1 | 17.7 |
| Jingle medicine | 3.99 | 127.6 | 198.8 | 15.1 |
| Mountain yin | 2.03 | 50.4 | 41.3 | 12.7 |
In 2018, the test field in Shanyin county is the worst in planting because of poor pollination effect and low fruiting rate caused by rain in the flowering period, but the Chenopodium quinoa plants in Shanyin county are ideal in height control, 1.2-1.3m and the lowest in lodging rate.
The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention and is not intended to limit the present invention, and various modifications and changes may be made by those skilled in the art. Any modification, equivalent replacement, or improvement made within the spirit and principle of the present invention should be included in the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (5)
1. The quinoa dry land cultivation and yield increase method is characterized by comprising the following steps:
s1: variety selection
Selecting good chenopodium quinoa seeds which are suitable for local growth period and are resistant to diseases and insect pests according to the characteristics of climatic conditions, or reserving seeds by self-planting, selecting strong plants which are free from diseases and insect pests and have high yield per plant from the field before autumn harvest in the last year, harvesting the plants per plant and storing the plants in a low-temperature dry place;
s2: seed treatment
Removing impurities, blighted grains and broken grains, screening out full, natural-color and good-glossiness grains, cleaning tools in a seed selection room, and airing in the sun for 1-2 days before sowing;
s3: land selection and preparation
S3-1: land selection
The planting land is selected from plain paddy fields, dry lands, valley dam fields, terrace lands and gentle slope ploughing fields with good soil and fertilizer conditions, and the chenopodium quinoa is forbidden to be continuously planted and reasonably rotated for stubble inversion, wherein the previous crops are potatoes, corns and bean crops;
s3-2: soil preparation
After the previous crop in the last year is harvested, ridge lines are ploughed, ridges are removed, garden straws and peripheral weeds are removed, disease and pest host plants are blocked, soil moisture is timely deeply ploughed and stored, the depth is 25 cm-30 cm, and the place with good conditions is ploughed deeply and returned to the field, one-time operation of deep ploughing and straw returning is carried out, rotary tillage and base fertilizer application are carried out 3 days-5 days before sowing in spring, the ground is guaranteed to be flat, and no soil blocks, no straws and no weeds exist;
s4: rational fertilization
The principle of mainly using organic fertilizer and secondarily using chemical fertilizer is adhered to, and every 667m is rotary-ploughed before spring sowing2The bottom application of decomposed farmyard manure reaches 1950 kg-2050 kg or 190 kg-210 kg of bio-organic fertilizer, and 48 kg-52 kg of compound fertilizer with equal nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium contents;
s5: sowing in proper time, reasonably close planting
Sowing when the soil is stabilized at a low temperature of more than 10 ℃ at a position of 5cm, wherein the quinoa is suitable for the middle ten days of 5 months, and sowing is avoided at the high-incidence period of insect pests;
the seedling is fixed when the height of the seedling is 5 cm-10 cm, the seedling density is reasonably determined according to soil and fertilization conditions, the plant spacing is controlled to be 20 cm-30 cm, and each 667m24500-6500 seedlings are left;
uniformly sowing rows by using a film side sowing machine, mechanically spreading a film, sowing and compacting once, spreading a mulching film every meter, sowing and compacting every 667m for 1 row of film side2390g-410g of quinoa seeds, 45 cm-50 cm of row spacing, 1 cm-2 cm of sowing depth, deepening when the soil moisture content is poor, but not exceeding 3cm, and adding a press wheel with a sowing machine or slightly pressing after sowing; timely reseeding or changing seeds when no seedling emerges 10 days after sowing;
s6: field management, insect pest protection
Field management:
thinning and thinning the seedlings when the height of the seedlings is 5cm, fixing the seedlings before the height of the seedlings is 10cm, shallow-ploughing and weeding, wherein the phenomena of seedling shortage and ridge breaking exist during the fixing, placing the thinned seedlings in a pot, dipping the seedlings with slurry for transplanting and seedling supplement, carrying out secondary intertillage and weeding when the plant has 8-10 leaves and the plant height is 0.9-1.1 m, earthing up the plant root to prevent lodging, and observing at any time to find out the diseased plant to be pulled away and buried in time; for plots with low soil fertility or insufficient base fertilizer and poor growth vigor of chenopodium quinoa, 15 kg-20 kg of urea is additionally applied every 667m along with the second intertillage per mu2；
Insect pest protection:
through physical pest control, arranging a pest killing lamp and a food attractant in a field to trap and kill various adults;
through chemical pest control, if pests on the ground in the seedling stage have the pest phenomena of black scarab, bean turnip, diamond back moth and leaf beetle of bibange, the avermectin single emulsifiable solution, deltamethrin and fenvalerate are used for carrying out foliage spraying;
the middle underground pests often have beet root maggots, the middle plants often have beet drum-shaped beak elephants, sugar and vinegar poison baits are prepared in time and are scattered on the surface of roots for trapping and killing, and the ground and leaf surfaces are sprayed and killed by deltamethrin, chrysanthemum-horse missible oil in the adult period;
in the middle growth period of quinoa, leaf spot and downy mildew often occur, carrying out leaf surface spraying by using difenoconazole granules and tebuconazole suspending agent or using cymoxanil manganese zinc bactericide, spraying for 1 time every 7-10 days, continuously spraying for 2-3 times, alternately using the agents, and avoiding the high-temperature time period at noon;
s7: harvesting and storing
S7-1: harvesting
The growing period of the chenopodium quinoa is 115-125 days, when the colors of stems and leaves and ears become dark, leaves shrink and begin to fall off, ears begin to dry, seeds begin to harden in a waxiness period, nails are difficult to be pinched and broken, harvesting is carried out in time so as to prevent the ears from drying out or sprouting when encountering rain, and the whole plant can be harvested or directly harvested;
s7-2: threshing
After harvesting, conveying the rice to a flat and dry threshing ground, vertically placing the small bundles for airing, and avoiding high stack stacking to prevent mildew and deterioration; drying in the sun, threshing by crushing and grinding or mechanically threshing, then winnowing, removing impurities, removing soil and stones, drying in the sun again, storing, selling or processing, paving plastic cloth on a threshing field, preparing covered plastic cloth, and covering in time when meeting rain so as to prevent seeds from sprouting;
s7-3: storage of
The seeds should be put in storage in time after being aired and dried, the warehouse should be kept clean, dry, dark and cool, ventilation and temperature control conditions are needed to prevent high temperature and humidity, the moisture of the seeds is kept below 14%, and the seeds are fumigated in an insect-proof manner.
2. The method for dry-land cultivation and yield improvement of quinoa according to claim 1, wherein in step S3-2, the field of the previous year is fallow land and wasteland, the soil is deeply ploughed in august, weed without seeds is buried in the soil, and the field is subjected to both fertilizing and wall storage and raking once before freezing.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein in step S5, the Chenopodium quinoa suitable growing area is planted in the middle of 5 months, and the Chenopodium quinoa is planted after rain, and if there is no rain, the planting is postponed to the middle of 5 months.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein in step S5, 0.5kg to 1kg of cooked broom corn grains are added to Chenopodium quinoa seeds and mixed together to seed, thereby preventing the dosage of Chenopodium quinoa seeds from being uncontrollable.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the insects of the chenopodium quinoa in the last year include golden needle, mosquito pond, mole cricket and black cutworm, and the high-efficiency and low-toxicity insecticide is mixed with farmyard manure and applied to the soil during the cultivation and fertilization in step S4, or the seeds are mixed with seed coating agent before sowing in step S5 or the ground is sown with poison bait for trapping and killing.
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