Detailed Description
Reference will now be made in detail to the present embodiments of the present invention, and it should be understood that the following detailed description is intended to illustrate and describe the contents of the present invention in detail, but not to limit the present invention.
The endpoints of the ranges and any values disclosed herein are not limited to the precise range or value, and such ranges or values should be understood to encompass values close to those ranges or values. For ranges of values, between the endpoints of each of the ranges and the individual points, and between the individual points may be combined with each other to give one or more new ranges of values, and these ranges of values should be considered as specifically disclosed herein.
The inventor of the invention skillfully discovers in the research process that the organic carbon fertilizer can improve the microbial community structure of soil, improve the proportion of beneficial strains in the soil and reduce and eliminate the quantity and proportion of harmful strains, thereby having positive effect on preventing and treating soil-borne diseases of crops.
The invention provides an application of organic carbon fertilizer in preventing and treating crop soil-borne diseases.
According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, wherein the application comprises preventing the growth and spread of crop soil-borne pathogens to prevent disease development, and remediation of soil that has been contaminated with crop soil-borne pathogens to reduce crop production losses, and the like.
The application provided by the invention can be suitable for controlling any crop soil-borne disease pathogen which can be detected and identified in the field. For example, fungi (such as Pythium aphanidermatum, Rhizoctonia solani, etc.), bacteria (such as Ralstonia solani, etc.), and nematodes (such as Meloidogyne incognita, etc.) that cause soil-borne diseases in crops.
According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, wherein the pathogens responsible for the crop plant soil-borne diseases comprise: at least one of Plasmodiophora brassicae (brassica), fusarium oxysporum f.sp.cubense (fusarium oxysporum f.sp.) and konjac soft rot (erwinia arovora pv. carotovora).
The application provided by the invention can be suitable for preventing and treating the existing crop soil-borne diseases in any field. For example, eggplant verticillium wilt, cucumber blight, eggplant blight, root rot, blight, gray mold, damping-off and damping-off (seedling death), etc.
According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, wherein the crop soil-borne disease is at least one selected from the group consisting of clubroot of cruciferae, banana vascular wilt and konjac soft rot.
According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, the organic carbon fertilizer contains cow dung and pine needles, and the weight ratio of the cow dung to the pine needles is 1:1-30 on a dry matter basis.
Any cow dung or pine needles which can be used for preparing the organic carbon fertilizer in the prior art can be suitable for the organic carbon fertilizer provided by the invention.
In view of the development requirement of ecological cycle agriculture, comprehensive utilization of agricultural wastes, convenience of the preparation process of the organic carbon fertilizer and the like, the invention also provides a preferable embodiment of the invention, wherein the cow dung is selected from fresh cow dung.
Preferably, the water content in the cow dung is 60-90 wt%.
Preferably, the cow dung has an organic carbon content of 30-60 wt% and a total nitrogen content of 1-5 wt% on a dry matter basis.
More preferably, the cow dung has an organic carbon content of 35-45 wt% and a total nitrogen content of 1-3 wt% on a dry matter basis.
In view of the difficulty of raw material collection, cost, convenience of the organic carbon fertilizer preparation process and the like, according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the pine needles are selected from air-dried pine needles, preferably air-dried mountain pine needles.
Any mountain pine needle may be suitable for use in the present invention, and according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the pine needle is selected from naturally falling mountain pine needles. The mountain pine can be any existing mountain pine variety, such as Yunnan pine, Pinus armandii, and the like. The pine needles can be naturally air-dried pine needles or collected and automatically dried. Preferably, the moisture content of the pine needles is 0.5 to 5 wt%, preferably 1 to 2 wt%.
According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the weight ratio of the cow dung to the pine needles is 1:1-30, preferably 1: 5-20, more preferably 1: 5-16. For example, it may be 1: 5. 1: 5.5, 1: 6. 1: 6.5, 1: 7. 1: 7.5, 1: 8. 1: 8.5, 1: 9. 1: 9.5, 1: 10. 1: 10.5, 1: 11. 1: 11.5, 1: 12. 1: 12.5, 1: 13. 1: 13.5, 1: 14. 1: 14.5, 1: 15. 1: 15.5, 1: 16, or any intermediate value thereof.
In order to further improve the control effect of the organic carbon fertilizer on soil-borne diseases, according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the organic carbon fertilizer may further include an auxiliary material.
Preferably, the content of the auxiliary materials is 1-5 wt%, preferably 1.5-3 wt%, based on the total weight of the organic carbon fertilizer.
According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, wherein the adjuvant is selected from adjuvant a and/or adjuvant B.
The auxiliary material A has the function of improving the fertilizer efficiency of the organic carbon fertilizer and/or promoting the growth of beneficial microorganisms in soil, and any auxiliary material with the functions can be applied to the organic carbon fertilizer.
According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the auxiliary material a is at least one selected from the group consisting of an ammonia fertilizer, a potassium fertilizer, and a phosphate fertilizer.
Preferably, the content of the auxiliary material A is 1-3 wt%, preferably 1-2 wt%, based on the total weight of the organic carbon fertilizer.
The auxiliary material B has the function of improving the control capability of the crop soil-borne diseases, and particularly for the soil with the crop soil-borne diseases, the addition of the auxiliary material B can further improve the inhibition capability of the organic carbon fertilizer on the crop soil-borne disease pathogens in the soil. Any of the adjuvants known in the art having the above-mentioned functions can be suitably used in the present invention.
According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, the auxiliary material B is selected from bacillus belgii and/or bacillus methylotrophicus.
Preferably, the content of the auxiliary material B is 0.1-2 wt%, preferably 0.5-1 wt%, based on the total weight of the organic carbon fertilizer.
In a second aspect, the invention provides a method of controlling soil-borne diseases in crops, the method comprising applying an organic carbon fertilizer to the soil.
Any organic carbon fertilizer existing in the field can be applied to the method provided by the invention. According to the preferred embodiment of the present invention, the organic carbon fertilizer used is the organic carbon fertilizer described above, and the specific components thereof are not described herein again.
The method provided by the invention can be applied to the control of any crop soil-borne disease pathogen which can be detected and identified in the prior art. For example, fungi (such as Pythium aphanidermatum, Rhizoctonia solani, etc.), bacteria (such as Ralstonia solani, etc.), and nematodes (such as Meloidogyne incognita, etc.) that cause soil-borne diseases in crops.
According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, wherein the pathogens responsible for the crop plant soil-borne diseases comprise: at least one of Plasmodiophora brassicae (brassica), fusarium oxysporum f.sp.cubense (fusarium oxysporum f.sp.) and konjac soft rot (erwinia arovora pv. carotovora).
The application provided by the invention can be suitable for preventing and treating the existing crop soil-borne diseases in any field. For example, root knot nematode disease, eggplant verticillium wilt, cucumber blight, eggplant cotton blight, root rot, blight, gray mold, damping-off and damping-off (seedling death), etc.
According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, wherein the crop soil-borne disease is at least one selected from the group consisting of clubroot of cruciferae, banana vascular wilt and konjac soft rot.
The method provided by the invention is characterized in that the dosage of the organic carbon fertilizer is 15000-30000 kg-hm-2。
According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, wherein the organic carbon fertilizer and/or the compound fertilizer is used at a frequency of 1 application per crop.
According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, wherein the method further comprises: composting the organic carbon fertilizer before application, wherein the composting conditions comprise: humidity of 50-70%, temperature of 60-75 deg.C, and time of 30-50 days.
More preferably, the composting conditions further comprise turning every 10-15 days during composting.
The present invention will be described in detail below by way of examples. It should be understood that the following examples are only intended to further illustrate and explain the present invention, and are not intended to limit the present invention.
In the following examples, fresh cow dung was purchased from a cow breeding factory, and the air-dried pine needles were pine needles collected by themselves and dropped from mountain pine trees (such as Yunnan pine and Chinese pine), and urea, calcium superphosphate, potassium sulfate, and the like were all commercially available from regular chemical company. Bacillus belgii (with the preservation number CICC20025) and Bacillus methylotrophicus (with the preservation number CICC10140) were selected from China center for Industrial culture Collection of microorganisms. Wherein the mass fraction of N in the urea is 46 percent, and P in the calcium superphosphate2O516 percent of potassium sulfate K2The mass fraction of O is 50 percent, and the mass fraction of Bacillus belgii is 1.0 multiplied by 108CFU/g, Bacillus methylotrophicus 1.0 × 109CFU/gram. The organic carbon content in the fresh cow dung and the pine needles is measured by a potassium dichromate external heating method, the total nitrogen content is measured by a Kjeldahl method, and the main components are shown in Table 1.
TABLE 1 organic carbon fertilizer Material composition
Organic carbon fertilizer material
|
Organic carbon (dry basis wt%)
|
Total nitrogen (% by weight on a dry basis)
|
Water (% by weight)
|
Fresh cow dung
|
38.45
|
1.65
|
80.56
|
Air-dried pine needle
|
54.87
|
0.76
|
1.48 |
Example 1
500kg of fresh cow dung, 1500kg of air-dried pine needles and 20.55kg of urea are taken, then the materials are mixed and piled, and the piled materials are tightly sealed by mud. Controlling the moisture content in the compost material to be 55 +/-5% and the temperature to be 65 +/-5 ℃ during composting. Turning the compost for 1 time on the 15 th day and the 30 th day respectively. And composting for 40 days to obtain organic carbon fertilizer A1.
Example 2
500kg of fresh cow dung, 1000kg of air-dried pine needles and 13.55kg of urea are taken, and then the materials are mixed, piled and covered by plastic cloth after being piled. Controlling the moisture content in the compost materials to be 52 +/-5% and the temperature to be 70 +/-5 ℃ during the composting period, and turning the compost for 1 time on the 15 th day and the 30 th day of the composting respectively. And composting for 35 days to obtain organic carbon fertilizer A2.
Example 3
500kg of fresh cow dung, 500kg of air-dried pine needles and 6.55kg of urea are taken, and then the materials are mixed and piled up, and the piled materials are tightly sealed by mud. And in the composting period, the water content in the compost materials is controlled to be 60 +/-5%, the temperature is controlled to be 65 +/-5 ℃, the compost is turned over for 1 time in the 15 th day, and the composting lasts for 30 days. Obtaining the organic carbon fertilizer A3.
Example 4
The organic carbon fertilizer a1 in example 1 was mixed with an auxiliary material a in an amount of 1 wt% based on the total weight of the organic carbon fertilizer to obtain an organic carbon fertilizer B1. The auxiliary material is a fertilizer additive prepared by urea, calcium superphosphate and potassium sulfate, wherein the weight ratio of N, P, K is 8:16: 26.
Example 5
The organic carbon fertilizer a1 in example 1 was mixed with an auxiliary material B in an amount of 0.5 wt% based on the total weight of the organic carbon fertilizer to obtain an organic carbon fertilizer B2. The auxiliary material B is Bacillus belgii and Bacillus methylotrophicus in a weight ratio of 1: 1. In this embodiment, the weight of the auxiliary material B is calculated by the weight of the microbial inoculum.
Comparative example 1
The method of example 1 was followed except that the air-dried pine needles were replaced with an equal weight of fresh cow dung. Obtaining the organic carbon fertilizer D1.
Comparative example 2
According to the method of the embodiment 1, except that the fresh cow dung is replaced by the air-dried pine needles with equal weight according to the proportion of the embodiment 1. Obtaining the organic carbon fertilizer D2.
Comparative example 3
The procedure of example 1 was followed except that 1770kg corn stover (dry matter content 83.45 wt%) was used in place of the air-dried pine needles. Obtaining the organic carbon fertilizer D3.
Comparative example 4
The procedure of example 1 was followed except that 1650kg of barley straw (89.54 wt% dry matter) was used to replace the air-dried pine needles. Obtaining the organic carbon fertilizer D4.
Comparative example 5
According to the method of the embodiment 4, except that the organic carbon fertilizer D1 is adopted to replace the organic carbon fertilizer A1, the organic carbon fertilizer B3 is obtained.
Comparative example 6
According to the method of the embodiment 4, except that the organic carbon fertilizer D2 is adopted to replace the organic carbon fertilizer A1, the organic carbon fertilizer B4 is obtained.
Comparative example 7
The procedure of example 1 was followed except that fresh cow dung was replaced with an equal weight (on a dry matter basis) of fresh pig dung (purchased from pig farms). Obtaining the organic carbon fertilizer D5. The main components of the fresh pig manure adopted in the comparative example are shown in table 2 (wherein the water content is calculated by the total weight of the fresh pig manure, and the organic carbon and total nitrogen contents are calculated by dry matters in the fresh pig manure) determined by a potassium dichromate external heating method and a Kjeldahl method.
TABLE 2 fresh pig manure composition
Composition (I)
|
Content (wt%)
|
Organic carbon
|
14.68
|
Total nitrogen
|
0.59
|
Water (W)
|
86.24 |
Test example 1
The organic carbon fertilizer in the above examples and comparative examples was applied to the soil surface before the crop was planted in the amount shown in table 3, and then plowed, with the frequency of use being 1 time per crop. Meanwhile, crops (2000 strains of rape, 110 strains of banana and 1000 strains of konjak) are planted in farmlands applied with the organic carbon fertilizer (treatment group) and farmlands not applied with the organic carbon fertilizer (control group), the disease occurrence condition is investigated in the harvest period, and the prevention and treatment effects are graded and calculated according to the following standards. The results are detailed in Table 3.
The research and grading standard of clubroot of cruciferae (rape):
level 0: no clubroot attachment;
level 1: the clubroot is only attached to the lateral roots, and the quantity of the clubroot accounts for 1 to 25 percent of the total root system;
and 2, stage: the main root is attached with the clubroot, and the number of the clubroot on the lateral root accounts for more than 25 percent of the total root system;
and 3, level: the main root is attached with clubroot, and the number of the clubroot accounts for 50 to 75 percent of the root system;
4, level: the main root has clubroot attached to it, and the number of clubroot accounts for more than 75%.
Investigation grading standard of banana wilt:
level 0: leaves are asymptomatic, and the tissue of the dissected bulbs and pseudostems is white, and is not browned, the roots are white and a few brown stains are generated.
Level 1: the leaf blades at the lower part 1-2 of the periphery have small-area yellow patches which account for less than 1/2 of the leaf area, or the browning area of the bulb tissue accounts for less than 1/4 of the bulb area, the pseudobulb tissue is not browned, and the root is browned.
And 3, level: the peripheral leaves have large yellow spots, which account for over 1/2 of the leaf area, the leaves have wilting, or the browning area of the bulb tissue accounts for 1/4-1/2 of the bulb area, the pseudobulb tissue has no browning, and some roots have browning.
And 5, stage: the leaf is yellow and withered and dead, the browned area of the bulb tissue accounts for about 1/2 of the bulb area, the upper part of the pseudobulb tissue is not browned, the lower part of the pseudobulb tissue has light brown spotted or brown streak lesion, the root is blackened and browned, and the plant is slightly wilted.
And 7, stage: the plant will wither and die, the bulb tissue above 1/2 turns brown or rot in the whole area, the pseudostem has brown strip lesion on the upper and lower parts, the base part is easy to break, shrink or rot, and the root is dark brown or has rotten root.
Survey grading standard of konjak soft rot:
level 0: has no disease symptoms.
Level 1: slight onset of disease (yellow leaf onset, incipient disease).
And 2, stage: moderate onset (large yellow area of the leaf, typical symptoms of the stalk leaf).
And 3, level: the whole plant is seriously yellow and withered or the plant is bent and even falls down.
The prevention and treatment effect is calculated by adopting the following two formulas:
disease index [ [ case plant number × representative number of stages) ]/((total plant number × highest representative value) ] × 100
The preventing and treating effect (%) is [ (disease index of control group-disease index of treatment group)/disease index of control group ] × 100%
TABLE 3 Experimental test conditions and results for the control effect of organic carbon fertilizer on soil-borne diseases of crops
The preferred embodiments of the present invention have been described above in detail, but the present invention is not limited thereto. Within the scope of the technical idea of the invention, many simple modifications can be made to the technical solution of the invention, including combinations of various technical features in any other suitable way, and these simple modifications and combinations should also be regarded as the disclosure of the invention, and all fall within the scope of the invention.