CN112125997A - 一种功能化聚苯乙烯微球和红外隐身防眩光薄膜材料 - Google Patents
一种功能化聚苯乙烯微球和红外隐身防眩光薄膜材料 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种功能化聚苯乙烯微球和红外隐身防眩光薄膜材料。本发明的功能化聚苯乙烯微球的组成包括聚苯乙烯微球和包覆在聚苯乙烯微球外的金属镀层。本发明的红外隐身防眩光薄膜材料的组成包括聚合物薄膜和通过粘合剂固定在聚合物薄膜表面的功能化聚苯乙烯微球。本发明的功能化聚苯乙烯微球外层包裹有金属层,红外反射率高,红外辐射率低,由其制备的红外隐身防眩光薄膜材料红外辐射率低,且无眩光现象,可以用于夜间作战人员、装甲、车辆的红外隐身,还可以用于敌我身份识别和夜间空投物资的寻找。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及功能材料技术领域,具体涉及一种功能化聚苯乙烯微球和红外隐身防眩光薄膜材料。
背景技术
红外隐身技术,是通过降低或改变目标的红外辐射特征来降低目标的可探测性,主要包括改变目标的红外辐射特性、降低目标的红外辐射强度、调节红外辐射的传播途径等手段。红外隐身技术能够降低目标被红外热像仪侦察发现的可能性,可以有效防止己方军事力量的暴露,为作战提供有利条件。红外隐身技术的实现依赖于低红外辐射材料的发展与应用,低红外辐射材料能够降低目标在红外波段的亮度,使目标的亮度与环境亮度相接近,实现红外隐身。低红外辐射材料还能作为红外身份识别材料,将低红外辐射材料做成的特定符号设置在识别目标上,由于低红外辐射材料的红外辐射率比较低,从而可以辨识特定符号,达到身份识别的目的。
当红外线照射到材料表面时,会有一部分能量被吸收,一部分能量被反射,还有一部分能量透过材料,可以用如下公式表示:α+β+γ=1,α为材料对红外线的吸收率,β为材料对红外线的反射率,γ为材料对红外线的透过率。材料在给定温度下的红外发射率ε等于它同温度下对红外线的吸收率α,因此,要想材料的红外发射率ε低,就必须提高材料对红外线的反射率β或/和材料对红外线的透过率γ。现有的低红外辐射材料的红外发射率ε还不够低,且光滑的材料表面受到可见光照射还易发生眩光现象,所以实际的隐身效果并不太好。
因此,亟需开发一种同时具备红外隐身和防眩光效果的薄膜材料。
发明内容
本发明的目的之一在于提供一种功能化聚苯乙烯微球。
本发明的目的之二在于提供上述功能化聚苯乙烯微球的制备方法。
本发明的目的之三在于提供一种包含上述功能化聚苯乙烯微球的红外隐身防眩光薄膜材料。
本发明的目的之四在于提供上述红外隐身防眩光薄膜材料的制备方法。
本发明所采取的技术方案是:
一种功能化聚苯乙烯微球,其组成包括聚苯乙烯微球和包覆在聚苯乙烯微球外的金属层。
优选的,所述金属层由金、铝、钛、钒、铬、锰、锡、铜、锌、锗、钌、铑、钯、锑、铱中的至少一种组成。
进一步优选的,所述金属层由金、钛、锰、锡、铜中的至少一种组成。
优选的,所述功能化聚苯乙烯微球的粒径为0.5μm~10μm。
上述功能化聚苯乙烯微球的制备方法包括以下步骤:
1)将亲水改性剂加入苯乙烯的乳液聚合体系中,进行乳液聚合,得到亲水改性聚苯乙烯微球;
2)用锡盐对亲水改性聚苯乙烯微球进行敏化,得到敏化聚苯乙烯微球;
3)用钯盐对敏化聚苯乙烯微球进行活化,得到活化聚苯乙烯微球;
4)将活化聚苯乙烯微球加入化学镀液中,进行化学镀,即得功能化聚苯乙烯微球。
优选的,上述功能化聚苯乙烯微球的制备方法包括以下步骤:
1)将苯乙烯和聚苯乙烯吡咯烷酮分散在乙醇溶液中,搅拌均匀,得到乳化液,升温至70℃~80℃,再加入引发剂和亲水改性剂,进行乳液聚合,得到亲水改性聚苯乙烯微球;
2)将亲水改性聚苯乙烯微球分散在锡盐溶液中,进行敏化,得到敏化聚苯乙烯微球;
3)将敏化聚苯乙烯微球分散在钯盐溶液中,进行活化,得到活化聚苯乙烯微球;
4)将活化聚苯乙烯微球加入化学镀液中,调节pH至8~9,进行化学镀,即得功能化聚苯乙烯微球。
优选的,步骤1)所述苯乙烯、亲水改性剂的质量比为(20~60):1。
优选的,步骤1)所述引发剂为偶氮引发剂。
进一步优选的,步骤1)所述引发剂为偶氮二异丁腈、偶氮二异戊腈、偶氮二异庚腈、偶氮二异丁脒盐酸盐、偶氮二异丙基咪唑啉中的至少一种。
优选的,步骤1)所述亲水改性剂为乙烯基三(2-甲氧基乙氧基)硅烷、乙烯基三甲氧基硅烷、乙烯基三乙氧基硅烷、3-(异丁烯酰氧)丙基三甲氧基硅烷中的至少一种。
进一步优选的,步骤1)所述亲水改性剂为3-(异丁烯酰氧)丙基三甲氧基硅烷。
优选的,步骤2)所述锡盐为SnCl2、SnSO4、SnF2中的至少一种。
进一步优选的,步骤2)所述锡盐为SnCl2。
优选的,步骤3)所述钯盐为PdCl2、Pd(NH3)4Cl2、Pd(CH3COO)2、Pd(NO3)2·2H2O、K2PdCl4中的至少一种。
进一步优选的,步骤3)所述钯盐为PdCl2。
优选的,步骤4)进行化学镀所采用的化学镀液的组成包括20~30g/L的氯化铵、10~20g/L的柠檬酸钠、15~30g/L的次亚磷酸钠、10~30g/L的水溶性金属盐,溶剂为水。
优选的,所述水溶性金属盐为水溶性金盐、水溶性铝盐、水溶性钛盐、水溶性钒盐、水溶性铬盐、水溶性锰盐、水溶性锡盐、水溶性铜盐、水溶性锌盐、水溶性锗盐、水溶性钌盐、水溶性铑盐、水溶性钯盐、水溶性锑盐、水溶性铱盐中的至少一种。
进一步优选的,所述水溶性金属盐为氯化铜、氯化锰、氯化钛、氯化金、氯化亚锡中的至少一种。
一种红外隐身防眩光薄膜材料,其组成包括聚合物薄膜和通过粘合剂固定在聚合物薄膜表面的上述功能化聚苯乙烯微球。
上述红外隐身防眩光薄膜材料的制备方法包括以下步骤:将功能化聚苯乙烯微球、粘合剂和稀释剂混合制成混合液,再喷涂在聚合物薄膜上,干燥,即得红外隐身防眩光薄膜材料。
优选的,所述功能化聚苯乙烯微球、粘合剂、稀释剂的质量比为(1~3):1:(20~30)。
优选的,所述粘合剂为丙烯酸树脂、聚氨酯树脂、环氧树脂、聚酰胺树脂、酚醛树脂、乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯树脂、氯乙烯树脂中的至少一种。丙烯酸树脂、聚氨酯树脂、环氧树脂、聚酰胺树脂、酚醛树脂、乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯树脂和氯乙烯树脂的红外辐射率低,将它们作为粘合剂可以避免因粘合剂引起的红外辐射率增大的问题。
优选的,所述稀释剂为甲苯、二甲苯、乙酸乙酯、乙酸丁酯、丙酮、丁酮、环己酮、乙醇、乙二醇、正丁醇、异丙醇中的至少一种。
进一步优选的,所述稀释剂为丙酮、乙醇、二甲苯、乙酸乙酯中的至少一种。
优选的,所述聚合物薄膜为聚碳酸酯(PC)膜、聚苯乙烯(PE)膜、聚丙烯(PP)膜、反式1,4-聚异戊二烯(TPI)膜、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)膜、丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯共聚物(ABS)膜、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)膜中的一种。
优选的,所述聚合物薄膜的厚度为20μm~400μm。
进一步优选的,所述聚合物薄膜的厚度为50μm~150μm。
优选的,所述干燥的温度为50℃~100℃。
本发明的有益效果是:本发明的功能化聚苯乙烯微球外层包裹有金属层,红外反射率高,红外辐射率低,由其制备的红外隐身防眩光薄膜材料红外辐射率低,且无眩光现象,可以用于夜间作战人员、装甲、车辆的红外隐身,还可以用于敌我身份识别和夜间空投物资的寻找。
具体来说:
1)本发明采用化学镀的方法在聚苯乙烯微球表面包覆具有高红外反射率和低红外辐射率的金属层,赋予聚苯乙烯微球高红外反射率和低红外辐射率;
2)本发明的功能化聚苯乙烯微球可以在红外隐身防眩光薄膜材料表面形成凹凸的结构,利用光的衍射和干涉现象,进行相干光波叠加,实现反射光和入射光强度的重新分配,进而实现降低红外辐射的目的,同时功能化聚苯乙烯微球形成的凹凸的结构可以为可见光提供丰富的漫反射位点,进而可以减少可见光产生的眩光,达到了降低红外辐射率和消除眩光的效果;
3)本发明在制备红外隐身防眩光薄膜材料的过程中,通过控制喷涂厚度便可以得到红外辐射率不同的薄膜材料,可以满足不同环境温度下的红外隐形需要。
附图说明
图1为实施例1的功能化聚苯乙烯微球的SEM图。
具体实施方式
下面结合具体实施例对本发明作进一步的解释和说明。
实施例1:
一种功能化聚苯乙烯微球,其制备方法包括以下步骤:
1)将20质量份的苯乙烯和1质量份的聚苯乙烯吡咯烷酮分散在60质量份的乙醇溶液(质量分数95%)中,氮气气氛下搅拌乳化15min,得到乳化液,升温至70℃,再加入1.14质量份的偶氮二异丁腈和0.57质量份的乙烯基三甲氧基硅烷,70℃反应12h,冷却,抽滤,用乙醇和蒸馏水洗涤滤得的固体,再置于烘箱内50℃烘干,得到亲水改性聚苯乙烯微球;
2)将1质量份的亲水改性聚苯乙烯微球分散在45质量份浓度10g/L的SnF2溶液中,再用浓盐酸调节SnF2溶液的pH至1,搅拌敏化30min,抽滤,用蒸馏水洗涤滤得的固体,再置于烘箱内50℃烘干,得到敏化聚苯乙烯微球;
3)将1质量份的敏化聚苯乙烯微球分散在45质量份浓度0.25g/L的PdCl2溶液中,再用浓盐酸调节PdCl2溶液的pH至2,搅拌活化30min,抽滤,用蒸馏水洗涤滤得的固体,再置于烘箱内50℃烘干,得到活化聚苯乙烯微球;
4)将1质量份的活化聚苯乙烯微球加入30质量份的化学镀液中,化学镀液含30g/L的氯化铵、15g/L的柠檬酸钠、20g/L的次亚磷酸钠和10g/L的氯化铜,溶剂为水,用NaOH调节化学镀液的pH至8,升温至50℃,反应1h,抽滤,用蒸馏水洗涤滤得的固体,再置于烘箱内50℃烘干,即得功能化聚苯乙烯微球(粒径6μm~9μm,SEM图如图1所示)。
一种红外隐身防眩光薄膜材料,其制备方法包括以下步骤:
将2质量份的上述功能化聚苯乙烯微球、1质量份的丙烯酸树脂和20质量份的乙醇混合均匀制成混合液,再将混合液喷涂在厚度20μm的聚丙烯膜上,置于烘箱内60℃烘干,即得红外隐身防眩光薄膜材料。
实施例2:
一种功能化聚苯乙烯微球,其制备方法包括以下步骤:
1)将33质量份的苯乙烯和1质量份的聚苯乙烯吡咯烷酮分散在65质量份的乙醇溶液(质量分数95%)中,氮气气氛下搅拌乳化20min,得到乳化液,升温至73℃,再加入1.65质量份的偶氮二异丁腈和0.82质量份的乙烯基三(2-甲氧基乙氧基)硅烷,73℃反应12h,冷却,抽滤,用乙醇和蒸馏水洗涤滤得的固体,再置于烘箱内50℃烘干,得到亲水改性聚苯乙烯微球;
2)将1质量份的亲水改性聚苯乙烯微球分散在50质量份浓度10g/L的SnCl2溶液中,再用浓盐酸调节SnCl2溶液的pH至1,搅拌敏化30min,抽滤,用蒸馏水洗涤滤得的固体,再置于烘箱内50℃烘干,得到敏化聚苯乙烯微球;
3)将1质量份的敏化聚苯乙烯微球分散在50质量份浓度0.25g/L的Pd(NH3)4Cl2溶液中,再用浓盐酸调节Pd(NH3)4Cl2溶液的pH至3,搅拌活化30min,抽滤,用蒸馏水洗涤滤得的固体,再置于烘箱内50℃烘干,得到活化聚苯乙烯微球;
4)将1质量份的活化聚苯乙烯微球加入40质量份的化学镀液中,化学镀液含20g/L的氯化铵、10g/L的柠檬酸钠、15g/L的次亚磷酸钠、20g/L的氯化钛和1g/L的氯化金,溶剂为水,用NaOH调节化学镀液的pH至8,升温至65℃,反应1h,抽滤,用蒸馏水洗涤滤得的固体,再置于烘箱内50℃烘干,即得功能化聚苯乙烯微球(粒径2μm~3μm)。
一种红外隐身防眩光薄膜材料,其制备方法包括以下步骤:
将1质量份的上述功能化聚苯乙烯微球、1质量份的酚醛树脂和23质量份的丙酮混合均匀制成混合液,再将混合液喷涂在厚度100μm的聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯膜上,置于烘箱内80℃烘干,即得红外隐身防眩光薄膜材料。
实施例3:
一种功能化聚苯乙烯微球,其制备方法包括以下步骤:
1)将14质量份的苯乙烯和1质量份的聚苯乙烯吡咯烷酮分散在70质量份的乙醇溶液(质量分数95%)中,氮气气氛下搅拌乳化15min,得到乳化液,升温至75℃,再加入0.31质量份的偶氮二异丁腈和0.62质量份的3-(异丁烯酰氧)丙基三甲氧基硅烷,75℃反应12h,冷却,抽滤,用乙醇和蒸馏水洗涤滤得的固体,再置于烘箱内50℃烘干,得到亲水改性聚苯乙烯微球;
2)将1质量份的亲水改性聚苯乙烯微球分散在54质量份浓度10g/L的SnSO4溶液中,再用浓盐酸调节SnSO4溶液的pH至1,搅拌敏化30min,抽滤,用蒸馏水洗涤滤得的固体,再置于烘箱内50℃烘干,得到敏化聚苯乙烯微球;
3)将1质量份的敏化聚苯乙烯微球分散在54质量份浓度0.25g/L的Pd(NO3)2·2H2O溶液中,再用浓盐酸调节Pd(NO3)2·2H2O溶液的pH至2,搅拌活化30min,抽滤,用蒸馏水洗涤滤得的固体,再置于烘箱内50℃烘干,得到活化聚苯乙烯微球;
4)将1质量份的活化聚苯乙烯微球加入45质量份的化学镀液中,化学镀液含25g/L的氯化铵、20g/L的柠檬酸钠、25g/L的次亚磷酸钠和30g/L的氯化亚锡,溶剂为水,用NaOH调节化学镀液的pH至9,升温至70℃,反应1h,抽滤,用蒸馏水洗涤滤得的固体,再置于烘箱内50℃烘干,即得功能化聚苯乙烯微球(粒径4μm~7μm)。
一种红外隐身防眩光薄膜材料,其制备方法包括以下步骤:
将2质量份的上述功能化聚苯乙烯微球、1质量份的环氧树脂和26质量份的乙酸乙酯混合均匀制成混合液,再将混合液喷涂在厚度200μm的聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯膜上,置于烘箱内90℃烘干,即得红外隐身防眩光薄膜材料。
实施例4:
一种功能化聚苯乙烯微球,其制备方法包括以下步骤:
1)将20质量份的苯乙烯和1质量份的聚苯乙烯吡咯烷酮分散在78质量份的乙醇溶液(质量分数95%)中,氮气气氛下搅拌乳化15min,得到乳化液,升温至78℃,再加入0.46质量份的偶氮二异丁腈和0.93质量份的乙烯基三乙氧基硅烷,78℃反应12h,冷却,抽滤,用乙醇和蒸馏水洗涤滤得的固体,再置于烘箱内50℃烘干,得到亲水改性聚苯乙烯微球;
2)将1质量份的亲水改性聚苯乙烯微球分散在60质量份浓度10g/L的SnCl2溶液中,再用浓盐酸调节SnCl2溶液的pH至1,搅拌敏化30min,抽滤,用蒸馏水洗涤滤得的固体,再置于烘箱内50℃烘干,得到敏化聚苯乙烯微球;
3)将1质量份的敏化聚苯乙烯微球分散在60质量份浓度0.25g/L的Pd(CH3COO)2溶液中,再用浓盐酸调节Pd(CH3COO)2溶液的pH至2,搅拌活化30min,抽滤,用蒸馏水洗涤滤得的固体,再置于烘箱内50℃烘干,得到活化聚苯乙烯微球;
4)将1质量份的活化聚苯乙烯微球加入50质量份的化学镀液中,化学镀液含30g/L的氯化铵、15g/L的柠檬酸钠、20g/L的次亚磷酸钠和25g/L的氯化锰,溶剂为水,用NaOH调节化学镀液的pH至9,升温至80℃,反应1h,抽滤,用蒸馏水洗涤滤得的固体,再置于烘箱内50℃烘干,即得功能化聚苯乙烯微球(粒径5μm~8μm)。
一种红外隐身防眩光薄膜材料,其制备方法包括以下步骤:
将3质量份的上述功能化聚苯乙烯微球、1质量份的乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯树脂和30质量份的二甲苯混合均匀制成混合液,再将混合液喷涂在厚度400μm的聚碳酸酯膜上,置于烘箱内70℃烘干,即得红外隐身防眩光薄膜材料。
对比例1:
一种薄膜材料,其制备方法包括以下步骤:
将1质量份的酚醛树脂和23质量份的丙酮混合均匀制成混合液,再将混合液喷涂在厚度100μm的聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯膜上,置于烘箱内80℃烘干,即得薄膜材料。
对比例2:
厚度100μm的聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯膜。
性能测试:
对实施例1~4和对比例1~2的薄膜材料进行性能测试,参照“GJB 8700-2015红外辐射率测量方法”测试实施例1~4和对比例1~2的薄膜材料在8μm~14μm波段的红外辐射率,通过可见光反射率测试仪测试实施例1~4和对比例1~2的薄膜材料的可见光60度角反射值,测试结果如下表所示:
表1实施例1~4和对比例1~2的薄膜材料的性能测试结果
由表1可知:对比例1的薄膜材料虽然选用了低红外辐射率的粘合剂,但红外辐射率高、可见光60度角反射值大(一般要求小于3),可见粘合剂对红外辐射率的影响不大,对降低可见光60度角反射值的作用不明显;实施例1~4的薄膜材料含有功能化聚苯乙烯微球,具有较低的可见光60度角反射值,能够有效防止因眩光暴露目标,眩光现象基本消除,且红外辐射率低,红外隐身和身份识别效果显著。
上述实施例为本发明较佳的实施方式,但本发明的实施方式并不受上述实施例的限制,其他的任何未背离本发明的精神实质与原理下所作的改变、修饰、替代、组合、简化,均应为等效的置换方式,都包含在本发明的保护范围之内。
Claims (10)
1.一种功能化聚苯乙烯微球,其特征在于:其组成包括聚苯乙烯微球和包覆在聚苯乙烯微球外的金属层。
2.根据权利要求1所述的功能化聚苯乙烯微球,其特征在于:所述金属层由金、铝、钛、钒、铬、锰、锡、铜、锌、锗、钌、铑、钯、锑、铱中的至少一种组成。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的功能化聚苯乙烯微球,其特征在于:所述功能化聚苯乙烯微球的粒径为0.5μm~10μm。
4.权利要求1~3中任意一项所述的功能化聚苯乙烯微球的制备方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:
1)将亲水改性剂加入苯乙烯的乳液聚合体系中,进行乳液聚合,得到亲水改性聚苯乙烯微球;
2)用锡盐对亲水改性聚苯乙烯微球进行敏化,得到敏化聚苯乙烯微球;
3)用钯盐对敏化聚苯乙烯微球进行活化,得到活化聚苯乙烯微球;
4)对活化聚苯乙烯微球进行化学镀,即得功能化聚苯乙烯微球。
5.根据权利要求4所述的功能化聚苯乙烯微球的制备方法,其特征在于:步骤1)所述亲水改性剂为乙烯基三(2-甲氧基乙氧基)硅烷、乙烯基三甲氧基硅烷、乙烯基三乙氧基硅烷、3-(异丁烯酰氧)丙基三甲氧基硅烷中的至少一种;步骤2)所述锡盐为SnCl2、SnSO4、SnF2中的至少一种;步骤3)所述钯盐为PdCl2、Pd(NH3)4Cl2、Pd(CH3COO)2、Pd(NO3)2·2H2O、K2PdCl4中的至少一种;步骤4)进行化学镀所采用的化学镀液的组成包括20~30g/L的氯化铵、10~20g/L的柠檬酸钠、15~30g/L的次亚磷酸钠、10~30g/L的水溶性金属盐,溶剂为水。
6.一种红外隐身防眩光薄膜材料,其特征在于,其组成包括聚合物薄膜和通过粘合剂固定在聚合物薄膜表面的权利要求1~3中任意一项所述的功能化聚苯乙烯微球。
7.权利要求6所述的红外隐身防眩光薄膜材料的制备方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:将功能化聚苯乙烯微球、粘合剂和稀释剂混合制成混合液,再喷涂在聚合物薄膜上,干燥,即得红外隐身防眩光薄膜材料。
8.根据权利要求7所述的红外隐身防眩光薄膜材料的制备方法,其特征在于:所述功能化聚苯乙烯微球、粘合剂、稀释剂的质量比为(1~3):1:(20~30)。
9.根据权利要求7或8所述的红外隐身防眩光薄膜材料的制备方法,其特征在于:所述粘合剂为丙烯酸树脂、聚氨酯树脂、环氧树脂、聚酰胺树脂、酚醛树脂、乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯树脂、氯乙烯树脂中的至少一种;所述稀释剂为甲苯、二甲苯、乙酸乙酯、乙酸丁酯、丙酮、丁酮、环己酮、乙醇、乙二醇、正丁醇、异丙醇中的至少一种。
10.根据权利要求7或8所述的红外隐身防眩光薄膜材料的制备方法,其特征在于:所述聚合物薄膜为聚碳酸酯膜、聚苯乙烯膜、聚丙烯膜、反式1,4-聚异戊二烯膜、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯膜、丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯共聚物膜、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯膜中的一种。
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