CN112056066A - Application method of nano selenium fertilizer for improving watermelon wilt resistance - Google Patents
Application method of nano selenium fertilizer for improving watermelon wilt resistance Download PDFInfo
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C21/00—Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
- A01C21/005—Following a specific plan, e.g. pattern
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05D—INORGANIC FERTILISERS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C05B, C05C; FERTILISERS PRODUCING CARBON DIOXIDE
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- C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
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- C05G3/00—Mixtures of one or more fertilisers with additives not having a specially fertilising activity
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Abstract
The invention relates to the field of agricultural fertilization, and discloses a planting method for improving fusarium wilt resistance of watermelons by using nano selenium fertilizer, which comprises the following steps: soil preparation; base fertilizer and planting; spraying nano selenium leaf fertilizer; and (5) performing conventional field management. The method optimizes the existing watermelon cultivation technology, the selected microbial nano-selenium foliar fertilizer can be prepared by watermelon cultivation farmers, the method is simple and convenient, the cost is low, the incidence rate of watermelon fusarium wilt can be effectively reduced, technical support is provided for improving the quality of watermelon and efficiently planting, and the method has good market potential.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of agricultural fertilization, relates to application of a fertilization technology in watermelon planting, and particularly relates to an application method of a nano selenium fertilizer for improving fusarium wilt resistance of watermelons.
Background
Watermelon wilt disease (Fusariumwitt) is a disease which seriously affects the yield and quality of watermelon in the cultivation and production of watermelon. The nano selenium has stronger physiological activity than inorganic selenium and common organic selenium, oxidation resistance and the efficiency of eliminating hydroxyl free radicals in vitro which is several times of that of the inorganic selenium or the common organic selenium. The main methods for preventing and treating watermelon fusarium wilt at present comprise chemical prevention and treatment, physical prevention and treatment, selection of grafted seedlings and resistant varieties and the like. However, in recent years, more and more related researches show that the application of the bio-organic fertilizer can increase organic carbon in soil, not only can promote the recovery of biodiversity in the soil, but also can play a certain role in inhibiting the increase of the population number of pathogenic bacteria in the soil. Therefore, the research achieves the purpose of preventing and treating watermelon fusarium wilt by applying the nano selenium fertilizer and adjusting the soil microbial community structure, is beneficial to increasing the income of watermelon farmers, can also reduce environmental pollution and maintain agricultural sustainable development, and has great theoretical and production significance for developing watermelon production.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention selects the combined microorganism strains (pediococcus acidilactici, bacillus subtilis, humic acid and chitosan functionalized nano-selenium compound) to efficiently convert inorganic selenium into red active nano-selenium and produce the watermelon selenium rich in various active biological enzymes, amino acids, organic matters and the like and capable of improving the disease resistance of watermelons. Therefore, the invention provides the application of the nano selenium fertilizer for improving the fusarium wilt resistance of the watermelon to achieve the purpose of preventing and treating the fusarium wilt of the watermelon, and has important production guidance significance for improving the yield and quality of the watermelon and the income of watermelon farmers, realizing the sustainable development of watermelon cultivation and the like.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
a planting method for improving the blight resistance of watermelons by utilizing the nano selenium fertilizer is characterized in that the nano selenium fertilizer is diluted by 600 times of 400-fold liquid and is uniformly sprayed on watermelon leaves, and each mu of the nano selenium fertilizer uses 400mL of the 400-fold liquid each time; the preparation is used for 4-6 times at interval of 4-6 days at seedling stage or seedling stage; transplanting to the field after one month.
The nano selenium fertilizer comprises pediococcus acidilactici, bacillus subtilis, humic acid and chitosan functionalized nano selenium compound; the chitosan functionalized nano selenium compound is nano selenium with the surface functionalized and modified by chitosan or derivatives thereof; the mass ratio of the pediococcus acidilactici to the bacillus subtilis to the humic acid to the chitosan functionalized nano-selenium compound solution is (0.5-1) to (1.9-2.5) to (10-50) to (0.1-0.8).
Preferably, the solution of pediococcus acidilactici is a pediococcus acidilactici fermentation broth, the bacteria content is 7 × 107cfu/g, the solution of bacillus subtilis is a bacillus subtilis fermentation broth, the bacteria content is 8 × 107 cfu/g; the concentration of the humic acid in the solution of the humic acid is 25 percent by mass.
Preferably, the Bacillus subtilis is Bacillus subtilis (CGMCC No. 1.1630); the Pediococcus acidilactici is CGMCC No. 1.2696.
Preferably, the chitosan or the derivative thereof is added in the preparation process of the chitosan functionalized nano selenium compound to reach the concentration of 0.05 mg/ml-0.54 mg/ml.
Preferably, the planting method comprises the steps of diluting the nano selenium fertilizer by 500 times of liquid, uniformly spraying the nano selenium fertilizer on watermelon leaves, and using 300mL of stock solution per mu each time; the preparation is used for 5 times in a seedling stage or a seedling stage, and each time is separated by 5 days; transplanting to the field after one month.
The planting method comprises the following specific steps:
(1) land preparation: selecting a land with high terrain, convenient irrigation and drainage, thick soil layer, loose and fertile soil and good permeability in the watermelon field, deeply ploughing the land before sowing, excavating a melon ditch, harrowing after applying a base fertilizer to make a furrow, wherein the furrow is generally 1.8-2.0m wide, 0.2-0.4m wide and 0.2-0.3m deep;
(2) base fertilizer: performing balanced fertilization according to the soil nutrient content and the fertilizer requirement rule of the watermelon; half of the organic fertilizer is applied in the melon ditch, the other half is applied in the melon ditch, the chemical fertilizer is completely applied in the melon ditch, the fertilizer is deeply turned into the soil and is uniformly mixed with the soil; covering a mulching film 2d-3d before planting on the melon ridge;
(3) planting: the plant spacing is 0.3-0.7m during field planting, the nutritive soil blocks carried by the stem leaves and the root systems of the seedlings are complete, the field planting depth is preferably that the upper surfaces of the nutritive soil blocks are flush with or slightly deep to the surface of the ridge, and the grafting port is 1-2 cm higher than the surface of the ridge during field planting of the grafted seedlings;
(4) spraying a nano selenium fertilizer: diluting the nano selenium fertilizer by 600 times of 400-; the preparation is used for 4-6 times at interval of 4-6 days; transplanting to the field after one month;
(5) management of field
1) Management of seedling revival stage
Preventing and controlling the harm of diseases and insects, timely replenishing seedlings after seedlings die, and generally, in the aspect of humidity management, the soil moisture is sufficient, and when the planting water is sufficient, watering is not needed during the seedling reviving period;
2) management of the season of staling
Temperature management: when full-coverage and half-coverage cultivation is adopted, the temperature in the greenhouse is controlled to be 25-28 ℃ in the daytime, and the temperature in the greenhouse is controlled to be more than 13 ℃ and less than 20 ℃ at night;
and (3) water and fertilizer management: watering the seedlings for one time after the seedlings are delayed, watering enough water, then not watering any more before flowering and fruit setting if soil moisture content is good, watering small water again when the watermelon vines are 30 cm-40cm long to promote rapid formation of nutrition areas of the watermelons if the watermelons are really dry, applying 4-6kg of quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer per mu in combination with the watering seedling-delaying water at the early stage of vine extension, and ditching or digging holes at a position 8-12cm away from the watermelon roots on one side of a watermelon ditch for applying fertilizer;
3) pruning and tendril pressing machine
The early-maturing variety adopts single vine or double vine pruning, the middle-maturing variety adopts double vine or three vine pruning or thin planting multi-vine pruning, the first vine pressing is carried out when the vines are 40 cm-50 cm long, then pressing is carried out once every 4-6 sections, the melon rights are erased in time before fruit setting, and all other erasing is carried out except that the melon rights at fruit setting sections are reserved;
3) management of flowering and fruit setting period
Temperature management: when full-coverage cultivation is adopted, plants still grow in the shed in the flowering and fruit setting period, the temperature is kept at about 30 ℃ in the daytime, and the temperature is not lower than 15 ℃ at night;
and (3) water and fertilizer management: watering is strictly controlled without topdressing, and small amount of water can be watered when the soil moisture content is poor to influence fruit setting;
artificial supplementary pollination: smearing pollen of male flowers on stigma of female flowers for artificial supplementary pollination before 9 am every day;
selecting and reserving melons: when young fruits grow to the size of eggs and begin to fade, selecting and reserving fruits, selecting and reserving second or second female flowers of a main vine to set fruits, reserving only one fruit for each plant when single vine, double vine and three vine pruning is adopted, and reserving two or more fruits for one plant when multi-vine pruning is adopted;
4) management of fruit enlargement and maturation periods
Temperature management: when full-coverage cultivation is adopted, timely ventilation and cooling are needed, the air temperature in the greenhouse is controlled to be below 35 ℃, but the temperature at night is not lower than 18 ℃;
and (3) water and fertilizer management: watering for the first time when the size of the young fruit egg begins to fade, watering for the second time when the soil surface is wet in the morning and dry in the noon, continuously watering for 2-3 times in this way, and stopping watering when the number of the fruits is determined; the expanding melon fertilizer is applied by combining with the first water application, and the quick-acting fertilizer is mainly used;
and (4) other management: straightening the stem of a young fruit when the young fruit fist is large, then padding wheat straws or rice straws below the young fruit, or beating soil below the young fruit into a slope shape, putting the young fruit on the slope, turning the melon after the fruit stops growing, wherein the turning of the melon needs to be carried out in the afternoon and in one direction, the turning angle of each time does not exceed 30 degrees, and each melon can be turned for 2-3 times;
5) harvesting
The middle and late maturing varieties should be harvested when the fruits are completely mature when sold locally, and the early maturing varieties and the middle and late maturing varieties can be harvested in advance when sold outside.
In the planting method, in the step (2), under the condition of medium-fertility soil, the soil is prepared, 4000kg-5000kg of high-quality organic fertilizer, 6kg of nitrogenous fertilizer, 3kg of phosphate fertilizer and 7.3 kg of potash fertilizer are applied to each mu, or N: p: and 40kg of K =15:15:15 ternary compound fertilizer.
The planting method is characterized in that: and 4) additionally applying expanding melon fertilizers, wherein the fertilizing amount per mu is 2.7kg of phosphate fertilizer and 5kg of potassium fertilizer, or 75kg of cake fertilizers per mu, and the fertilizers are mainly applied along with the irrigation water.
The planting method is characterized in that: in the step 5), the fruit stalks are cut off from the base by scissors during the harvesting time from 10 am to 14 pm, and a section of green fruit stalks is reserved for each fruit.
The invention has the following beneficial effects:
the invention provides a nano selenium fertilizer and a planting method for improving watermelon wilt resistance, which can effectively reduce watermelon wilt incidence. The nano selenium fertilizer of the cultured safe microbial strains (pediococcus acidilactici, bacillus subtilis, humic acid and chitosan functionalized nano selenium compound) is selected for planting the watermelons, an effective method is provided for biological control of the watermelon fusarium wilt, and the method has important significance for promoting income increase of farmers.
The invention selects the combined microorganism strains (pediococcus acidilactici, bacillus subtilis, humic acid and chitosan functionalized nano-selenium compound) to efficiently convert inorganic selenium into red active nano-selenium and produce the watermelon selenium rich in various active biological enzymes, amino acids, organic matters and the like and capable of improving the disease resistance of watermelons. Has important production guiding significance for improving the yield and quality of the watermelon and the income of watermelon farmers, realizing the sustainable development of watermelon cultivation and the like.
The method is simple and easy to operate and has a good using effect. The method has the main advantages that cultured safe microbial bacteria are selected to efficiently convert inorganic selenium into active nano-selenium, so that the effect of resisting the watermelon fusarium wilt is improved, and the technical effect of the method effectively reduces the incidence rate of the watermelon fusarium wilt.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of watermelon growth under the treatment of nano-selenium fertilizer, wherein CK-contrast, T1-nano-selenium fertilizer 5PPM treatment.
FIG. 2 is the comparison of fresh weight of watermelon root under the treatment of nano selenium fertilizer, wherein CK-contrast, T1-nano selenium fertilizer 5PPM treatment.
FIG. 3 is the comparison of the incidence of watermelon wilt disease of watermelons treated by nano-selenium fertilizer, wherein CK is not treated, and T1 is treated by nano-selenium fertilizer 5 PPM.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions of the present invention are further described below with reference to the specific embodiments, but the present invention is not limited thereto, and any modifications or equivalent substitutions may be made to the technical solutions of the present invention without departing from the spirit and scope of the technical solutions of the present invention.
Example 1: preparation of nano selenium fertilizer
The nano selenium fertilizer used in the invention comprises pediococcus acidilactici, bacillus subtilis, humic acid and chitosan functionalized nano selenium compound; the chitosan functionalized nano selenium compound is nano selenium with the surface functionalized and modified by chitosan or derivatives thereof; the mass ratio of the pediococcus acidilactici to the bacillus subtilis to the humic acid to the chitosan functionalized nano-selenium compound solution is (0.5-1) to (1.9-2.5) to (10-50) to (0.1-0.8); in the embodiment, the mass ratio of the pediococcus acidilactici to the bacillus subtilis to the humic acid to the chitosan functionalized nano-selenium compound solution is specifically 0.8:2.1:30: 0.5. The solution of the pediococcus acidilactici is a pediococcus acidilactici fermentation liquid, the bacterium content is 7 x 107cfu/g, the solution of the bacillus subtilis is a bacillus subtilis fermentation liquid, and the bacterium content is 8 x 107 cfu/g;
the mass percentage concentration of humic acid in the solution of humic acid is 25%;
wherein the Bacillus subtilis is Bacillus subtilis (CGMCC No. 1.1630); the Pediococcus acidilactici is CGMCC No. 1.2696.
The concentration of the chitosan or the derivative thereof added in the preparation process of the chitosan functionalized nano selenium compound is 0.05 mg/ml-0.54 mg/ml, and in the embodiment, the concentration is specifically 0.31 mg/ml.
Example 2: planting method for improving blight resistance of watermelons by using nano selenium fertilizer
The invention relates to a planting method for improving blight resistance of watermelons by using nano selenium fertilizer, which comprises the following steps:
(1) land preparation: the watermelon field should be selected from soil with high terrain, convenient irrigation and drainage, deep soil layer, loose and fertile soil, and good permeability, and the previous crops are peanuts, beans and vegetables. When non-grafting cultivation is adopted, the watermelon can be replanted when the rotation is needed for 5 to 6 years in dry land and 3 to 4 years in paddy field. Deeply ploughing the land before sowing, digging a melon ditch, applying base fertilizer, and harrowing to make a furrow, wherein the furrow width is 1.8-2.0m, the furrow width is 0.3m, and the furrow depth is 0.2-0.3 m.
(2) Base fertilizer and planting: and (4) performing balanced fertilization according to the soil nutrient content and the fertilizer requirement rule of the watermelons, and strictly forbidding using chlorine-containing fertilizers. Under the condition of medium fertility soil, combining soil preparation, applying 4000kg-5000kg of high-quality organic fertilizer (taking high-quality rotten pig manure as an example), 6kg of nitrogen fertilizer (N) and 6kg of phosphate fertilizer (P) per mu2O5)3kg of potash fertilizer (K)2O)7.3 kg, or using N: p: 40kg of K (15: 15: 15) ternary compound fertilizer. And (3) broadcasting half of the organic fertilizer, applying the other half of the organic fertilizer into the melon ditch, applying all the chemical fertilizers into the melon ditch, deeply turning the fertilizers into soil, and uniformly mixing the fertilizers with the soil. Covering a mulching film 2 days before field planting on the melon ridge, wherein the planting distance is 0.5m during field planting, the completeness of the nutrient soil blocks carried by stem leaves and root systems of seedlings is ensured, the field planting depth is preferably that the upper surface of the nutrient soil blocks is flush with the ridge surface or slightly deeper (not more than 2 cm), and the grafting opening is higher than the ridge surface by 1-2 cm during field planting of grafted seedlings.
(3) Spraying nano selenium leaf fertilizer: diluting according to 500 times of liquid (namely adding 50 kilograms of water into 100 mL), uniformly spraying the diluted liquid on crop leaves, and using 300mL of stock solution every time per mu; the preparation is used for 5 times in seedling stage (seedling raising), and each time is separated by 5 days; transplanting to the field after one month.
(4) Conventional field management
4.1 management of seedling renewal stage
Preventing and treating diseases and pests. And timely replanting after the seedlings die. In the aspect of humidity management, the soil moisture is sufficient, and when the planting water is sufficient, watering is not needed in the seedling recovering period.
4.2 management of the season of the vine
4.2.1 temperature management
When full-coverage and half-coverage cultivation is adopted, the temperature in the greenhouse is controlled to be 25-28 ℃ in the daytime, and the temperature in the greenhouse is controlled to be more than 13 ℃ and less than 20 ℃ at night.
4.2.2 Water and Fertilizer management
Watering the seedlings once after the seedlings are delayed, watering the seedlings sufficiently, then watering the seedlings no longer before flowering and fruit setting if soil moisture content is good, watering small water again to promote the rapid formation of the nutrition area of the watermelons when the water melons grow for 35cm, applying 5kg of quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer (N) to each mu of the seedlings by combining the watering and seedling-delaying water at the initial stage of extending the seedlings, and ditching or digging holes to apply the fertilizer at the position 10cm away from the roots of the watermelons at one side of the watermelon ditches.
4.2.3 pruning and tendril pressing
The early-maturing variety generally adopts single vine or double vine pruning, the middle-maturing variety and the late-maturing variety generally adopt double vine or three vine pruning, and also can adopt thin planting multi-vine pruning. The first time of pressing the vines is carried out when the vines grow to be about 45 cm, then, the vines are pressed once at intervals of 5 nodes, all the melon vines are required to be uniformly distributed in the field when the vines are pressed, and the main vines and the lateral vines are required to be pressed. The melon right is erased before the fruit is set, except that the melon right at the fruit setting position is reserved, all the other melon rights are erased, and the right erasing times are reduced or no right is erased after the fruit is set.
4.3 management of flowering and fruit setting period
4.3.1 temperature management
When full-coverage cultivation is adopted, plants still grow in the shed in the flowering and fruit setting period, the temperature is kept about 30 ℃ in the daytime, and the temperature is not lower than 15 ℃ at night, otherwise, the fruit setting is poor.
4.3.2 liquid manure management
No additional fertilizer is applied, and watering is strictly controlled. When the soil moisture content is poor and fruit setting is affected, small water can be poured.
4.3.3 Artificial supplementary pollination
Manually and auxiliarily pollinating the stigma of the female flower with pollen of the male flower before 9 am every day.
4.3.4 selecting and reserving melon
When young fruits grow to the size of eggs and begin to fade, selecting and reserving fruits, generally selecting and reserving a second or second female flower of a main vine for fruit setting, and reserving only one fruit for each plant when a single vine, a double vine and a three vine are adopted for pruning. When multi-vine pruning is adopted, one plant can retain two or more fruits.
4.4 management of fruit expansion and ripening stages
4.4.1 temperature management
When full-coverage cultivation is adopted, the outside air temperature is higher at the moment, air is released at proper time for cooling, the air temperature in the greenhouse is controlled below 35 ℃, but the temperature at night is not lower than 18 ℃.
4.4.2 liquid manure management
Watering for the first time when the size of the young fruit eggs begins to fade, and watering for the second time when the soil surface is wet in the morning and dry in the noon. Continuously watering for 2-3 times, wherein each time of watering is required to be enough, and when the fruit is determined (stops growing), the watering is stopped. The expanded melon fertilizer is applied by combining with the first watering, quick-acting fertilizers are used as main fertilizers, the fertilizing amount per mu is 2.7kg of phosphate fertilizer (P2O5), 5kg of potassium fertilizer (K2O) and 75kg of cake fertilizers can also be applied per mu, and the fertilizers are mainly applied along with the watering, so that the stems and leaves of the watermelons are prevented from being damaged as much as possible.
4.4.3 other management
Straightening the stem of the young fruit when the young fruit fist is large, then laying wheat straws and rice straws on the lower surface of the young fruit, or beating the soil below the young fruit into a slope shape, and putting the young fruit on the slope. Turning the melons after the fruits stop growing, wherein the turning of the melons is carried out in the afternoon and in one direction, the turning angle does not exceed 30 degrees every time, and each melon can be turned for 2-3 times
4.5 harvesting
The middle and late maturing varieties should be harvested when the fruits are completely mature when sold locally, and the early maturing varieties and the middle and late maturing varieties can be harvested in advance when sold outside. The best harvest time was 10 am to 14 pm. When in collection, the fruit stalks are cut off from the base part by scissors, and a section of green fruit stalks is reserved in each fruit.
Example 3: comparative test
Test site: base of agricultural science institute of Hunan province, Changsha, Hunan province
The test method comprises the following steps: the test is carried out by 2 treatments, wherein CK is not treated, and T1 is treated by 5PPM of the nano selenium fertilizer. The planting method is the same as that of example 2.
The incidence rates of the watermelon seedlings, roots, fresh weight and blight of 2 treated watermelon seedlings and roots are observed and tested, and the results show that: the watermelon treated by the nano selenium fertilizer grows well and healthily, but the watermelon seedlings which are not treated by the nano selenium fertilizer begin to yellow and become withered to be in a disease state (see fig. 1). The fresh weight of the watermelon root treated by the T1 (nano selenium fertilizer) is obviously higher than that of the watermelon root not treated (see figure 2). The morbidity of the watermelon fusarium wilt treated by 2 watermelon seeds is counted, the morbidity of a control group is 95.56%, the morbidity of a nano selenium fertilizer 5PPM treatment group is 8.89%, and the morbidity of the watermelon fusarium wilt treated by T1 (nano selenium fertilizer) is obviously reduced compared with that of the control group (see fig. 3).
Claims (10)
1. A planting method for improving blight resistance of watermelons by using nano selenium fertilizer is characterized by comprising the following steps: diluting the nano selenium fertilizer by 600 times of 400-; the preparation is used for 4-6 times at interval of 4-6 days at seedling stage or seedling stage; transplanting to the field after one month.
2. The planting method of claim 1, wherein: the nano selenium fertilizer comprises pediococcus acidilactici, bacillus subtilis, humic acid and chitosan functionalized nano selenium compound; the chitosan functionalized nano selenium compound is nano selenium with the surface functionalized and modified by chitosan or derivatives thereof; the mass ratio of the pediococcus acidilactici to the bacillus subtilis to the humic acid to the chitosan functionalized nano-selenium compound solution is (0.5-1) to (1.9-2.5) to (10-50) to (0.1-0.8).
3. The planting method of claim 2, wherein: the solution of the pediococcus acidilactici is a pediococcus acidilactici fermentation liquid, the bacterium content is 7 x 107cfu/g, the solution of the bacillus subtilis is a bacillus subtilis fermentation liquid, and the bacterium content is 8 x 107 cfu/g; the concentration of the humic acid in the solution of the humic acid is 25 percent by mass.
4. The planting method of claim 2, wherein: the Bacillus subtilis is Bacillus subtilis (CGMCC No. 1.1630); the Pediococcus acidilactici is CGMCC No. 1.2696.
5. The planting method of claim 2, wherein: the chitosan or the derivative thereof is added in the chitosan functionalized nano selenium compound during the preparation process, and the concentration of the chitosan or the derivative thereof is 0.05 mg/ml-0.54 mg/ml.
6. The planting method as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein: diluting the nano selenium fertilizer by 500 times of liquid, and uniformly spraying the nano selenium fertilizer on watermelon leaves, wherein 300mL of stock solution is used per mu each time; the preparation is used for 5 times in a seedling stage or a seedling stage, and each time is separated by 5 days; transplanting to the field after one month.
7. The planting method of claim 6, wherein: the value method comprises the following steps:
(1) land preparation: selecting a land with high terrain, convenient irrigation and drainage, thick soil layer, loose and fertile soil and good permeability in the watermelon field, deeply ploughing the land before sowing, excavating a melon ditch, harrowing after applying a base fertilizer to make a furrow, wherein the furrow is generally 1.8-2.0m wide, 0.2-0.4m wide and 0.2-0.3m deep;
(2) base fertilizer: performing balanced fertilization according to the soil nutrient content and the fertilizer requirement rule of the watermelon; half of the organic fertilizer is applied in the melon ditch, the other half is applied in the melon ditch, the chemical fertilizer is completely applied in the melon ditch, the fertilizer is deeply turned into the soil and is uniformly mixed with the soil; covering a mulching film 2d-3d before planting on the melon ridge;
(3) planting: the plant spacing is 0.3-0.7m during field planting, the nutritive soil blocks carried by the stem leaves and the root systems of the seedlings are complete, the field planting depth is preferably that the upper surfaces of the nutritive soil blocks are flush with or slightly deep to the surface of the ridge, and the grafting port is 1-2 cm higher than the surface of the ridge during field planting of the grafted seedlings;
(4) spraying a nano selenium fertilizer: diluting the nano selenium fertilizer by 600 times of 400-; the preparation is used for 4-6 times at interval of 4-6 days; transplanting to the field after one month;
(5) management of field
1) Management of seedling revival stage
Preventing and controlling the harm of diseases and insects, timely replenishing seedlings after seedlings die, and generally, in the aspect of humidity management, the soil moisture is sufficient, and when the planting water is sufficient, watering is not needed during the seedling reviving period;
2) management of the season of staling
Temperature management: when full-coverage and half-coverage cultivation is adopted, the temperature in the greenhouse is controlled to be 25-28 ℃ in the daytime, and the temperature in the greenhouse is controlled to be more than 13 ℃ and less than 20 ℃ at night;
and (3) water and fertilizer management: watering the seedlings for one time after the seedlings are delayed, watering enough water, then not watering any more before flowering and fruit setting if soil moisture content is good, watering small water again when the watermelon vines are 30 cm-40cm long to promote rapid formation of nutrition areas of the watermelons if the watermelons are really dry, applying 4-6kg of quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer per mu in combination with the watering seedling-delaying water at the early stage of vine extension, and ditching or digging holes at a position 8-12cm away from the watermelon roots on one side of a watermelon ditch for applying fertilizer;
3) pruning and tendril pressing machine
The early-maturing variety adopts single vine or double vine pruning, the middle-maturing variety adopts double vine or three vine pruning or thin planting multi-vine pruning, the first vine pressing is carried out when the vines are 40 cm-50 cm long, then pressing is carried out once every 4-6 sections, the melon rights are erased in time before fruit setting, and all other erasing is carried out except that the melon rights at fruit setting sections are reserved;
3) management of flowering and fruit setting period
Temperature management: when full-coverage cultivation is adopted, plants still grow in the shed in the flowering and fruit setting period, the temperature is kept at about 30 ℃ in the daytime, and the temperature is not lower than 15 ℃ at night;
and (3) water and fertilizer management: watering is strictly controlled without topdressing, and small amount of water can be watered when the soil moisture content is poor to influence fruit setting;
artificial supplementary pollination: smearing pollen of male flowers on stigma of female flowers for artificial supplementary pollination before 9 am every day;
selecting and reserving melons: when young fruits grow to the size of eggs and begin to fade, selecting and reserving fruits, selecting and reserving second or second female flowers of a main vine to set fruits, reserving only one fruit for each plant when single vine, double vine and three vine pruning is adopted, and reserving two or more fruits for one plant when multi-vine pruning is adopted;
4) management of fruit enlargement and maturation periods
Temperature management: when full-coverage cultivation is adopted, timely ventilation and cooling are needed, the air temperature in the greenhouse is controlled to be below 35 ℃, but the temperature at night is not lower than 18 ℃;
and (3) water and fertilizer management: watering for the first time when the size of the young fruit egg begins to fade, watering for the second time when the soil surface is wet in the morning and dry in the noon, continuously watering for 2-3 times in this way, and stopping watering when the number of the fruits is determined; the expanding melon fertilizer is applied by combining with the first water application, and the quick-acting fertilizer is mainly used;
and (4) other management: straightening the stem of a young fruit when the young fruit fist is large, then padding wheat straws or rice straws below the young fruit, or beating soil below the young fruit into a slope shape, putting the young fruit on the slope, turning the melon after the fruit stops growing, wherein the turning of the melon needs to be carried out in the afternoon and in one direction, the turning angle of each time does not exceed 30 degrees, and each melon can be turned for 2-3 times;
5) harvesting
The middle and late maturing varieties should be harvested when the fruits are completely mature when sold locally, and the early maturing varieties and the middle and late maturing varieties can be harvested in advance when sold outside.
8. The planting method of claim 7, wherein: in the step (2), under the condition of medium-fertility soil, soil preparation is combined, 4000kg-5000kg of high-quality organic fertilizer, 6kg of nitrogenous fertilizer, 3kg of phosphate fertilizer and 7.3 kg of potash fertilizer are applied to each mu, or N: p: and 40kg of K =15:15:15 ternary compound fertilizer.
9. The planting method of claim 7, wherein: and 4) additionally applying expanding melon fertilizers, wherein the fertilizing amount per mu is 2.7kg of phosphate fertilizer and 5kg of potassium fertilizer, or 75kg of cake fertilizers per mu, and the fertilizers are mainly applied along with the irrigation water.
10. The planting method of claim 7, wherein: in the step 5), the fruit stalks are cut off from the base by scissors during the harvesting time from 10 am to 14 pm, and a section of green fruit stalks is reserved for each fruit.
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