CN111995479A - Drought-resistant fermented cake fertilizer for green cultivation of tobacco and preparation method thereof - Google Patents
Drought-resistant fermented cake fertilizer for green cultivation of tobacco and preparation method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN111995479A CN111995479A CN201811056465.3A CN201811056465A CN111995479A CN 111995479 A CN111995479 A CN 111995479A CN 201811056465 A CN201811056465 A CN 201811056465A CN 111995479 A CN111995479 A CN 111995479A
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05F—ORGANIC FERTILISERS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C05B, C05C, e.g. FERTILISERS FROM WASTE OR REFUSE
- C05F5/00—Fertilisers from distillery wastes, molasses, vinasses, sugar plant or similar wastes or residues, e.g. from waste originating from industrial processing of raw material of agricultural origin or derived products thereof
- C05F5/002—Solid waste from mechanical processing of material, e.g. seed coats, olive pits, almond shells, fruit residue, rice hulls
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05F—ORGANIC FERTILISERS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C05B, C05C, e.g. FERTILISERS FROM WASTE OR REFUSE
- C05F9/00—Fertilisers from household or town refuse
- C05F9/04—Biological compost
Abstract
The invention relates to the technical field of green planting of tobacco, in particular to a drought-resistant fermented cake fertilizer for green cultivation of tobacco and a preparation method thereof, wherein the drought-resistant fermented cake fertilizer is prepared by sequentially mixing 50-70 parts of rapeseed cake and 30-50 parts of soybean cake through raw materials, aerobic fermentation at high temperature, secondary fermentation and curing, addition of an acid regulator and a water-retaining agent into a decomposed organic material and blending. The preparation method of the fermented cake fertilizer is simple, the fermentation time is short, and the decomposition degree is high; the method ensures the pH value stability of the fermented cake fertilizer, less nutrient loss and high water-soluble organic matter (DOM) content by using comprehensive acid regulation technologies such as sulfur, gypsum, calcium superphosphate and the like. Meanwhile, the fermented cake fertilizer disclosed by the invention is good in water retention, the field water retention is improved by more than 20% compared with that of the traditional fertilizer, and the drought resistance of flue-cured tobacco can be obviously improved; the fermented cake fertilizer is beneficial to promoting green planting of flue-cured tobacco, reducing the application amount of chemical fertilizer, reducing labor cost and increasing income of farmers.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of green tobacco planting, in particular to a drought-resistant fermented cake fertilizer for green tobacco cultivation and a preparation method thereof.
Background
Tobacco is the first economic crop in China and plays a very important role in national economy. With the continuous improvement of the national requirements on the tobacco quality safety, the green planting of tobacco with two reduction (pesticide reduction and chemical fertilizer reduction) is particularly important, especially the tobacco planting in China is basically concentrated in a specific area, and the long-term continuous cropping mode causes the tobacco continuous cropping diseases to be aggravated year by year and the soil fertility to be reduced year by year. At present, organic matters in soil are improved by adopting a method of additionally applying organic fertilizers in a plurality of planting bases, healthy growth of tobacco is promoted by improving land capability, and the purposes of reducing the input amount of chemical fertilizers and pesticides are achieved, so that the quality and the safety of flue-cured tobacco products are improved. Practice proves that the innovation of the planting technology achieves positive effect on tobacco planting. However, the conventional organic fertilizer has complex raw material sources and simple fermentation process, and often has unstable nutrient content and inconsistent decomposition degree, so the seedling burning phenomenon is often generated in production. The nutrient content of nitrogen and potassium is often greatly changed, the nutrient metabolism level of tobacco is influenced, and the stability of the quality of flue-cured tobacco is also adversely affected. In addition, most of tobacco planting fields in China are concentrated on high-altitude mountainous regions and hilly lands, and seasonal drought is often encountered in the vigorous growth period of tobacco, so that the tobacco planting fields become one of the main factors for restricting tobacco production. Numerous studies have demonstrated that: the potassium fulvate can adjust an antioxidant defense system of plants under drought stress, enhance the photosynthetic capacity of leaves of flue-cured tobacco plants and improve the drought resistance of flue-cured tobacco. Fulvic acid is one of humic acids, can be dissolved in water, widely exists in grass peat, marsh soil, lignite, weathered coal and the like in the nature, and can be extracted from humic acid to prepare potassium fulvate.
In the composting process, plant residues are used as raw materials, humus containing fulvic acid can be formed through biological fermentation and biochemical conversion, and as the physical and chemical properties of the materials are continuously changed in the fermentation and decomposition process of the organic fertilizer, the humus formed through humation of organic matters is continuously subjected to mineralization reaction, so that the content of the fulvic acid is very low, and the drought resistance effect is not obvious in production and application; if the purified fulvic acid salt is directly added in the organic fertilizer fermentation link or the organic fertilizer processing link, the potassium fulvic acid salt is passivated or lost due to organic nitrogen loss caused by the increase of the pH value of the organic fertilizer, so that the effect is influenced.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to overcome the defects in the prior art, the invention provides a drought-resistant fermented cake fertilizer for green cultivation of tobacco, which is produced by using cake dregs obtained after processing oil crops and mineral potassium fulvate, and a preparation method of the cake fertilizer. The preparation method of the drought-resistant fermented cake fertilizer has the advantages of short fermentation time, high maturity, stable physical and chemical properties of the product, comprehensive nutrition, capability of improving soil and improving soil fertility and capability of meeting the requirement of flue-cured tobacco growth on soil fertility; compared with the traditional cake fertilizer (farmyard manure), the cake fertilizer has the advantages of good water retention, high comprehensive fertilizer efficiency, no harmful substances, no side effect on the growth of crops and safe use.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention is realized by the following technical scheme:
the first purpose of the invention is to provide a preparation method of a drought-resistant fermented cake fertilizer for green cultivation of tobacco, which comprises the following steps:
step 1: high-temperature aerobic fermentation: respectively mixing 50-70 parts of crushed rapeseed cake and 30-50 parts of soybean cake in parts by mass, adding 0.5-1.5% of compost decomposing agent into the obtained mixture material in percentage by mass, and spraying clear water to control the initial water content of the mixture material to be 45-50%; then high-temperature aerobic fermentation is carried out, when the temperature rises to 60-70 ℃, the first pile turning is carried out, then the pile turning is carried out for 1 time every day, and the intermittent ventilation and oxygen supply are carried out for 2-4 hours, when the pile turning is carried out for 4-5 times, fulvic acid type nitrogen fixing agent accounting for 2.5-3.5 percent of the total mass of the fermentation pile is added, and after the ventilation and oxygen supply and the pile turning are carried out for 20-22 days, the fermentation pile is transferred to an aging workshop for secondary fermentation and maturity;
step 2: secondary fermentation, decomposition and acid adjustment: adding 0.5-6.5% of acid regulating agent into the high-temperature aerobic fermented organic material by mass percent, carrying out aerobic fermentation for 10-15 days by adopting an intermittent oxygen supply mode, turning over for 2-3 times during the period, and obtaining rotten clinker when the water content is reduced to 30-35% and the temperature is stable and consistent with the normal temperature;
and step 3: adding a water-retaining agent: screening the decomposed materials in the step 2, adding 5.5-10.5% of water-retaining agent, mixing and stacking the materials for 5-7 days;
and 4, step 4: and (3) detection and packaging: and (4) sampling and detecting the materials in the step (3), weighing and packaging after meeting physicochemical indexes, and thus obtaining the drought-resistant fermented cake fertilizer.
Furthermore, the decomposing inoculant in the step 1 is a composite leaven which has effective viable count (cfu) more than 5 hundred million/g, cellulase activity more than 35u/g, protease activity more than 20u/g, amylase activity more than 15u/g, pH5.5-6.0, and water content less than 5% and takes corn flour as a carrier.
Further, the nitrogen fixing agent in the step 1 comprises 37.5 parts of calcium superphosphate, 20 parts of magnesium hydroxide and 42.5 parts of potassium fulvate by mass.
Further, the high-temperature aerobic fermentation device in the step 1 is a solar compost fermentation device.
Further, the conditions of the high-temperature aerobic fermentation in the step 1 are as follows: the temperature raising stage is controlled for 2-3 days at 45-50 deg.C, the high temperature stage is maintained for 10-15 days at 55-70 deg.C, the temperature lowering stage is maintained for 2-3 days at 40-45 deg.C, and the cooling stage is controlled for 1-2 days, during which the pile is turned for 7-10 times.
Further, the acid regulating agent in the step 2 is a compound acid regulating agent consisting of 0.5-2.5 parts of sulfur, 0.8-3.0 parts of gypsum and 2-5.5 parts of calcium superphosphate by mass.
Further, the water-retaining agent in the step 3 is a mixed material composed of 15-35 parts by weight of polyacrylamide and 65-85 parts by weight of vermiculite.
Further, the physicochemical index detected in step 4 meets the industry standard (NY525-2012), and the physicochemical index is: the total nutrient (N + P2O5+ KO2) is more than or equal to 8 percent, the pH value is 5.5-7.0, the organic matter is more than or equal to 70 percent, and the Fulvic Acid (FA) is more than or equal to 7 percent.
The second purpose of the invention is to provide a drought-resistant fermented cake fertilizer for green tobacco cultivation, which is prepared by using any one of the preparation methods of the drought-resistant fermented cake fertilizer for green tobacco cultivation.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
(1) the preparation method of the fermented cake fertilizer is simple, the fermentation time is short, the maturity is high, the physical and chemical properties of the product are stable, the nutrition is comprehensive, the soil can be improved, the soil fertility can be improved, and the requirement of the flue-cured tobacco growth on the soil fertility can be met;
(2) the pH value stability of the fermented cake fertilizer is ensured by utilizing comprehensive acid regulation technologies such as sulfur, gypsum, common calcium and the like, the nutrient loss is less, and the content of water-soluble organic matters (DOM) is high;
(3) the fermented cake fertilizer disclosed by the invention is good in water retention, the field water retention is improved by more than 20% compared with that of the traditional fertilizer, and the drought resistance of flue-cured tobacco can be obviously improved;
(4) the fermented cake fertilizer disclosed by the invention is beneficial to promoting green planting of flue-cured tobacco, reducing the application amount of chemical fertilizer, reducing labor cost and increasing income of farmers.
Detailed Description
The following examples are presented to illustrate certain embodiments of the invention in particular and should not be construed as limiting the scope of the invention. The present disclosure may be modified from materials, methods, and reaction conditions at the same time, and all such modifications are intended to be within the spirit and scope of the present invention.
The cake pulp adopted by the invention is a byproduct obtained after the fat is extracted from rapeseeds and soybeans through squeezing processing, and mainly comprises protein, carbohydrate, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur and other nutrient elements, wherein the rapeseed pulp has high phosphorus and potassium content, and the bean pulp has high nitrogen content. If the single raw material is directly adopted for fermentation, the rapeseed meal contains the glucosinolate and the erucic acid, so that acid is seriously produced during fermentation, the normal fermentation process is influenced, the fermentation time is prolonged, and the product quality is reduced; because the carbon-nitrogen ratio of the soybean meal is small, the composting fermentation is difficult to complete under the condition of not adding a carbon source, and a large amount of produced aspergillus flavus consumes organic nitrogen in materials, so that the product quality is deteriorated; if the traditional method of directly using farmyard manure is adopted, the cake is directly applied to the tobacco field, because the modern flue-cured tobacco planting adopts a mode of full-layer basal application and film-covering cultivation of the fertilizer, after the cake is directly applied, because the carbon-nitrogen ratio is small, the carbon in the soil is required to be utilized for fermentation, and the fermentation temperature rise causes seedling burning; free acid generated during fermentation is easy to generate toxic action on crop roots; as the tobacco is planted in dry land and has uneven moisture, the natural fermentation and decomposition time is more than 2 months, and the organic nitrogen is slowly released, the nitrogen accumulation of the tobacco in the middle and later growth stages is caused, and the baking quality of the flue-cured tobacco is influenced. Based on the problems, the invention firstly carries out multi-sample detection and analysis on the nutrient components of the two kinds of cake dregs, optimizes the formula of the cake dregs according to the technical parameters of aerobic composting fermentation, carries out multiple fermentation verification tests, determines the optimal proportion for solving the problems, and provides a preparation method of the drought-resistant fermented cake fertilizer for green tobacco cultivation, which comprises 4 steps.
1. High-temperature aerobic fermentation
Respectively mixing 50-70 parts of crushed rapeseed cake and 30-50 parts of soybean cake in parts by mass, adding 0.5-1.5% of compost decomposing agent into the obtained mixture material in percentage by mass, and spraying clear water to control the initial water content of the mixture material to be 45-50%; then high-temperature aerobic fermentation is carried out, when the temperature rises to 60-70 ℃, the first pile turning is carried out, the pile turning is carried out for 1 time every day, and the intermittent ventilation and oxygen supply are carried out for 2-4 hours, when the pile turning is carried out for 4-5 times, fulvic acid type nitrogen fixing agent accounting for 2.5-3.5 percent of the total mass of the fermentation pile is added, and after the ventilation and oxygen supply and the pile turning are carried out for 20-22 days, the fermentation pile is transferred to an aging workshop for secondary fermentation and maturity.
The nutrient, moisture and carbon-nitrogen ratio of the compost materials are of great importance for the influence of compost fermentation, the carbon-nitrogen ratio suitable for microbial decomposition of the organic materials is about 25, and the normal fermentation time is about 25 days. The raw material cake dregs selected by the fermented cake fertilizer are mainly byproducts of rapeseeds and soybeans after fat extraction, and physical and chemical property indexes of the raw material cake dregs are shown in table 1 after repeated detection, and results show that the total nutrient of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium of the two raw materials is more than 10%, the organic matter is more than 90%, and after mixing, the C/N ratio of the materials is about 20-25, so that the C/N ratio accords with the C/N ratio of compost fermentation, and carbon sources and nitrogen sources required by the compost fermentation can be met.
TABLE 1 index of physical and chemical properties of raw materials
The compost decomposing agent used in the step is thermophilic cellulose decomposing bacteria and acid-producing saccharomycetes, and is a composite microbial inoculum consisting of aerobic bacteria and anaerobic bacteria, the total effective viable count (cfu) of the compost decomposing agent is more than 5 hundred million/g, the cellulase activity is more than 35u/g, the protease activity is more than 20u/g, the amylase activity is more than 15u/g, the nutrition carrier is corn flour which is used as an initial nitrogen source and a carbon source of flora to promote the rapid propagation and enzyme production of fermentation flora, the rapid temperature rise is achieved by utilizing a solar energy temperature rise fermentation device, the fermentation time is shortened, and the sugar decomposition of cake meal and the decomposition of cellulose and hemicellulose are completed through aerobic fermentation for 20-22 days.
The nitrogen fixing agent used in the step is calcium superphosphate Ca (H)2PO4)2Magnesium hydroxide Mg (OH)2The complexing agent is prepared from the following components in parts by weight: 37.5 parts of calcium superphosphate, 20 parts of magnesium hydroxide and 42.5 parts of potassium fulvate, most composting enterprises generally add phosphoric acid and magnesium hydroxide as nitrogen fixing agents into fermentation materials in order to reduce ammonia nitrogen loss of a pile body in the fermentation pile-turning process, and magnesium ammonium phosphate (Mg (NH) similar to magnesium ammonium phosphate (Mg) is formed in the pile body through fermentation reaction4)PO4·6H2O, struvite), but the flocculation phenomenon is easily caused by the influence of moisture and components in the materials in the reaction process, and the amount, components and quality of the formed magnesium ammonium phosphate cannot be stable, so the nitrogen fixation effect is also unstable; the nitrogen fixing agent adopted by the invention is calcium superphosphate Ca (H)2PO4)2With magnesium hydroxide Mg (OH)2The crystal is prepared by mixing the fulvic acid with potassium fulvate, the characteristics of flocculation resistance and high complexation of the fulvic acid are utilized, the formation of crystallization reaction of magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite) can be promoted in the fermentation process, the nitrogen fixation effect is stable, the total nitrogen loss control amount is obvious, meanwhile, the formed crystal is rich in calcium, potassium and silicon, and the quality of the crystal is obviously higher than that of the crystal formed by the traditional nitrogen fixation agent.
The conditions of the high-temperature aerobic fermentation in the step are as follows: the temperature raising stage is controlled for 2-3 days at 45-50 deg.C, the high temperature stage is maintained for 10-15 days at 55-70 deg.C, the temperature lowering stage is maintained for 2-3 days at 40-45 deg.C, and the cooling stage is controlled for 1-2 days, during which the pile is turned for 7-10 times.
2. Secondary aerobic fermentation
Adding 0.5-6.5% of acid regulating agent into the high-temperature aerobic fermented organic material by mass percent, carrying out aerobic fermentation for 10-15 days by adopting an intermittent oxygen supply mode, turning over for 2-3 times during the period, and obtaining the rotten clinker after the water content is reduced to 30-35% and the temperature is stable and consistent with the normal temperature.
Wherein the acid regulating agent is a compound acid regulating agent consisting of 0.5-2.5 parts of sulfur, 0.8-3.0 parts of gypsum and 2-5.5 parts of calcium superphosphate. In the composting fermentation process, as the reaction process is finished, the compost material is alkaline, so that organic nitrogen loss is easily caused, the 'nitrogen starvation' of microorganisms is caused to influence the later decomposition, after an acid regulating agent is added, oxygen supply and pile turning are carried out, the PH of the compost material is reduced, the loss of organic nitrogen is reduced, the microorganisms are promoted to decompose hemicellulose and hemilignin in the material, after the fermentation is finished, the decomposition degree of the material reaches over 95 percent, and the formed humic acid substances reach over 10 percent.
3. Adding water-retaining agent
And (3) screening the decomposed materials in the step (2), adding 5.5-10.5% of water-retaining agent, mixing and stacking the materials for 5-7 days.
The water-retaining agent is a mixed material consisting of 15-35 parts of polyacrylamide and 65-85 parts of vermiculite. Polyacrylamide (PAM) is a polymer material with extremely strong water absorption capacity, is non-toxic and harmless, and repeatedly releases and absorbs water, so people in agriculture compare the PAM with a micro reservoir. Meanwhile, the fertilizer can absorb fertilizers and pesticides and slowly release the fertilizers and the pesticides, so that the fertilizer efficiency and the pesticide effect are improved; vermiculite is a natural, inorganic and nontoxic mineral substance, is an inorganic mineral substance obtained by expansion at high temperature, has strong ion exchange, water retention and heat preservation capabilities, and has good effect on the nutrition and soil moisture of soil. The composite water-retaining agent composed of the two substances is added into the fertilizer, after the application, the composite water-retaining agent can store the surplus water in the soil, and the surplus water is released for crops to absorb and utilize during drought, so that the soil moisture content is improved, and the drought loss is reduced.
4. Detection and packaging
And (4) sampling and detecting the materials in the step (3), weighing and packaging after meeting physicochemical indexes, and thus obtaining the drought-resistant fermented cake fertilizer. The detected physical and chemical indexes meet the industrial standard (NY525-2012), and the physical and chemical indexes are as follows: the total nutrient (N + P2O5+ KO2) is more than or equal to 8 percent, the pH value is 5.5-7.0, the organic matter is more than or equal to 70 percent, and the Fulvic Acid (FA) is more than or equal to 7 percent.
Example 1
1. Raw materials and conditions
(1) Matrix raw materials: 50Kg of rape cake, 50Kg of soybean cake, 0.5Kg of compost decomposing agent and 2.5Kg of nitrogen fixing agent, wherein the decomposing agent has an effective viable count (cfu) of more than 5 hundred million/gThe cellulase activity is more than 35u/g, the protease activity is more than 20u/g, the amylase activity is more than 15u/g, the pH value is 5.5-6.0, the water content is less than 5%, the composite leaven takes corn flour as a carrier, and the nitrogen fixing agent is calcium superphosphate Ca (H)2PO4)2Magnesium hydroxide Mg (OH)2The complexing agent is prepared from the following components in parts by weight: 37.5 parts of calcium superphosphate, 20 parts of magnesium hydroxide and 42.5 parts of potassium fulvate.
(2) High-temperature aerobic fermentation time: 20 days
(3) And (3) secondary decomposition fermentation time: 10 days
(4) Acid regulating agent: 0.5Kg of sulfur, 0.8Kg of gypsum and 2Kg of ordinary superphosphate, the addition amount is 0.5% of that of the organic fermentation material.
(5) Water-retaining agent: 15Kg of Polyacrylamide (PAM) and 85Kg of vermiculite, the addition amount is 5.5 percent of the mass of the decomposed organic material.
2. Preparation method
(1) High-temperature aerobic fermentation: respectively mixing the crushed rapeseed cake and soybean cake according to the proportion, adding a compost decomposing agent into the obtained mixture material, and spraying clear water to control the initial moisture of the mixed material to be 45-50%; then putting the mixture into a solar compost fermentation device for high-temperature aerobic fermentation, turning the pile for the first time when the temperature rises to 60-70 ℃, turning the pile for 1 time every day and intermittently ventilating and supplying oxygen for 2-4 hours, adding a fulvic acid type nitrogen fixing agent when turning the pile for 4-5 times, ventilating and supplying oxygen for 20 days, turning the pile, and transferring the pile into an aging workshop for secondary fermentation and maturity.
(2) Secondary aerobic fermentation: adding an acid regulating agent into the high-temperature aerobic fermented organic material, performing aerobic fermentation for 10 days in an intermittent oxygen supply mode, turning over for 2-3 times, and obtaining the rotten clinker when the water content is reduced to 30-35% and the temperature is stable and consistent with the normal temperature.
(3) Adding a water-retaining agent: and (3) screening the decomposed materials in the step (2), adding a water-retaining agent, mixing and stacking the materials for 5-7 days.
(4) And (3) detection and packaging: and (4) sampling and detecting the material in the step (3), weighing and packaging after the physical and chemical indexes meet the industrial standard (NY525-2012), and obtaining the drought-resistant fermented cake fertilizer.
Example 2
1. Raw materials and conditions
(1) Matrix raw materials: 60Kg of rape cake, 40Kg of soybean cake, 1Kg of compost decomposing agent and 3Kg of nitrogen fixing agent, wherein the decomposing agent is a composite leaven which has an effective viable count (cfu) of more than 5 hundred million/g, cellulase activity of more than 35u/g, protease activity of more than 20u/g, amylase activity of more than 15u/g, pH of 5.5-6.0 and water content of less than 5 percent and takes corn flour as a carrier, and the nitrogen fixing agent is calcium superphosphate Ca (H)2PO4)2Magnesium hydroxide Mg (OH)2The complexing agent is prepared from the following components in parts by weight: 37.5 parts of calcium superphosphate, 20 parts of magnesium hydroxide and 42.5 parts of potassium fulvate.
(2) High-temperature aerobic fermentation time: 21 days
(3) And (3) secondary decomposition fermentation time: 12 days
(4) Acid regulating agent: 1.5Kg of sulfur, 2Kg of gypsum and 3.5Kg of ordinary superphosphate, the addition amount of which is 3.5% of that of the organic fermentation material.
(5) Water-retaining agent: 25Kg of Polyacrylamide (PAM) and 75Kg of vermiculite, the addition amount is 7.5 percent of the mass of the decomposed organic material.
2. The preparation method of the drought-resistant fermented cake fertilizer is the same as that of the drought-resistant fermented cake fertilizer in example 1.
Example 3
1. Raw materials and conditions
(1) Matrix raw materials: 60Kg rape cake, 40Kg soybean cake, 1.5Kg compost decomposing agent and 3.5Kg nitrogen fixing agent, wherein the decomposing agent is a composite leaven which has an effective viable count (cfu) of more than 5 hundred million/g, cellulase activity of more than 35u/g, protease activity of more than 20u/g, amylase activity of more than 15u/g, pH of 5.5-6.0, moisture of less than 5% and takes corn flour as a carrier, and the nitrogen fixing agent is calcium superphosphate Ca (H)2PO4)2Magnesium hydroxide Mg (OH)2The complexing agent is prepared from the following components in parts by weight: 37.5 parts of calcium superphosphate, 20 parts of magnesium hydroxide and 42.5 parts of potassium fulvate.
(2) High-temperature aerobic fermentation time: 22 days
(3) And (3) secondary decomposition fermentation time: 15 days
(4) Acid regulating agent: 2.5Kg of sulfur, 3.0Kg of gypsum and 5.5Kg of ordinary superphosphate, the addition amount is 6.5% of the organic material.
(5) Water-retaining agent: 35Kg of Polyacrylamide (PAM) and 75Kg of vermiculite, the addition amount is 10.5 percent of the mass of the decomposed organic material.
2. The preparation method of the drought-resistant fermented cake fertilizer is the same as that of the drought-resistant fermented cake fertilizer in example 1.
Example 4: effect test
(1) Analysis of fermentation test results
Experiments show that the temperature of the materials in 3 examples is continuously increased 7 days before stacking, and the materials rapidly enter a high-temperature fermentation stage. Both the pH and EC of the material treatment heap increased significantly. During the composting fermentation process, the pH value shows the change of high-low-high. The early stage microorganisms decompose nitrogenous organic matters to generate ammonia, so that the pH value of the pile body at the early stage is increased, but then the pH value is in a descending trend, and the pH value is increased at the later stage of fermentation, which is related to the death of most moderate-temperature microorganisms, the accumulation of ammonium salt in decomposed materials and the humification of organic matters. In the fermentation process, the activity of metal ions such as Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu and the like is improved to a great extent, so that the EC value of the pile body is continuously increased in the fermentation process.
TABLE 2 nutrient changes before and after fermentation of organic materials
As can be seen from the data in Table 2, N, P, K nutrients increased and organic matter content decreased after fermentation of the formulations in 3 examples. In the process of compost fermentation, the microorganisms need to consume carbon-containing organic matters in the materials to provide energy for the carbon-containing organic matters, so that the organic matters of the materials are reduced, and the inorganic nutrients in the materials are continuously accumulated, so that the nutrient content is relatively increased. Therefore, the fermentation method can quickly enter a high-temperature fermentation stage, and can accelerate the aerobic fermentation process. The high-temperature fermentation time is about 21 days, which is shortened by about 4 days compared with the traditional compost fermentation time.
(2) Effects on different soils
The test method comprises the following steps: selecting a field with sandy soil, loam and clay as soil to carry out a soil water holding capacity test, wherein the area of three test areas is 100m2Each block mentioned aboveThe test area is divided into two groups, namely a test group and a blank group, wherein the test group is fertilized once by 3 examples, the fertilizing amount is 50 kg/mu, the blank group is fertilized once by water, after one week, soil is adopted for simultaneously measuring the soil moisture capacity and the soil porosity in the test group and the blank group of three test areas, and the soil moisture capacity is measured according to NY/T1121.22-2010 soil detection part 22: determination of field water holding capacity of soil-ring cutting method, determination of soil porosity referring to chapter four of technical Specification for soil analysis (second edition): the specific gravity, volume weight and porosity of the soil are measured, and the test results are shown in the following table 1.
TABLE 3 Effect on different soils
As can be seen from Table 3, the application of the drought-resistant fermented cake fertilizer prepared in the embodiments 1-3 of the invention improves the water holding capacity and porosity of sandy soil, loam and clay to different degrees, reduces the water loss in the soil, improves the water holding capacity of the soil, and improves the utilization rate of the fertilizer in the soil; on the other hand, the porosity of the soil is increased, the air permeability and the water permeability of the soil are improved, and the growth of tobacco roots in the soil is promoted.
Example 5
By adopting the drought-resistant fermented cake fertilizers of the embodiments 1 to 3, under the supervision of the tobacco institute in Hubei province and soil fertilizer stations in various regions, a series of researches, experiments and demonstrations are carried out in the tobacco production base in Hubei province after 4 years (2012 to 2015), and the conclusion shows that: aiming at the cake fertilizers in the embodiments 1-3, 50kg of fermented cake fertilizers are applied per mu, so that the yield and the quality of tobacco leaves are improved, and the nitrogen and potassium accumulation rule of flue-cured tobacco is not influenced; the total amount of microorganisms in the tobacco field soil can be increased, particularly the number of actinomycetes in the soil is obviously higher than that of the conventional organic fertilizer, so that soil-borne diseases can be reduced and eliminated, and the development of the root system of flue-cured tobacco is promoted; increase the accumulation of dry matters on the upper part of the flue-cured tobacco land and improve the yield of the flue-cured tobacco.
The large-area demonstration results show that: the fermented cake fertilizers of the embodiments 1-3 are applied in combination with the special fertilizer for tobacco, and the yield increase, income increase and quality improvement benefits of tobacco leaves are obvious. Evaluation by the technical center of cigarette in Hubei: after the application, the chemical components of the tobacco leaves are more coordinated, nicotine is lower than the control by 0.5 percent, total sugar and reducing sugar are increased, the tobacco leaves have good aroma quality, better penetrability and clearness, lighter miscellaneous gas, less stimulation, clean and comfortable aftertaste, moderate strength, fine and soft smoke and improved comprehensive quality of flue-cured tobacco by 1-2 grades; under the condition of equal fertilizer input, the yield of each mu is increased by 17.7-19.1kg, and the yield of each mu of tobacco is increased by 173.5 yuan.
The accumulated popularization area is more than 15 ten thousand mu in 4 years, and the fermented cake fertilizer has more obvious advantages than the conventional organic fertilizer by being applied to large areas of tobacco planting fields of Enshi, Yichang and Xiangyang:
1. drought resistance and water retention: the multi-field investigation shows that the drought resisting and water retaining effects of the fermented cake fertilizer tobacco fields are better than those of the tobacco fields using conventional organic fertilizers, particularly in the drought-stricken year of 2013, the withering rate of the control group is as high as 70%, the drought resisting rate of the treatment group is only 20%, and the field water retaining effect is very obvious.
2. Disease resistance and prevention: the product is rich in a large number of beneficial enzyme floras, can competitively convert and utilize the effective components of the soil, and can secrete substances for inhibiting the growth of other harmful floras, thereby achieving the effects of activating the soil and inhibiting diseases. Wherein the incidence of the bacterial wilt is averagely reduced by 5 percent, the incidence of the virus disease is reduced by 8 percent, and the quality safety of the tobacco leaves is ensured.
3. The fertilizer efficiency is stable: the oriented nutrient fermentation technology is adopted, so that the nutrients of the tobacco can be uniformly supplied, the growth and development of tobacco plants are stably promoted, the effect of the oriented nutrient fermentation technology is obviously superior to that of the cake fertilizer fermented by the conventional accumulation method, the contradiction that the release of the nitrogen contained in the conventional cake fertilizer is not consistent with the nitrogen requirement rule of the growth and development of the tobacco can be better solved, and the oriented nutrient fermentation technology is high in applicability.
4. The use is convenient: the tobacco grower does not need to ferment after taking the fertilizer, directly puts the fertilizer into the field along with the base fertilizer in the third place, the application amount per mu is 50 kilograms, the use is convenient, and the labor cost is low.
The above description is only for the preferred embodiment of the present invention, but the scope of the present invention is not limited thereto, and any person skilled in the art should be considered to be within the technical scope of the present invention, and the technical solutions and the inventive concepts thereof according to the present invention should be equivalent or changed within the scope of the present invention.
Claims (9)
1. A preparation method of a drought-resistant fermented cake fertilizer for green cultivation of tobacco is characterized by comprising the following steps: the method comprises the following steps:
step 1: high-temperature aerobic fermentation: respectively mixing 50-70 parts of crushed rapeseed cake and 30-50 parts of soybean cake in parts by mass, adding 0.5-1.5% of compost decomposing agent into the obtained mixture material in percentage by mass, and spraying clear water to control the initial water content of the mixture material to be 45-50%; then high-temperature aerobic fermentation is carried out, when the temperature rises to 60-70 ℃, the first pile turning is carried out, then the pile turning is carried out for 1 time every day, and the intermittent ventilation and oxygen supply are carried out for 2-4 hours, when the pile turning is carried out for 4-5 times, fulvic acid type nitrogen fixing agent accounting for 2.5-3.5 percent of the total mass of the fermentation pile is added, and after the ventilation and oxygen supply and the pile turning are carried out for 20-22 days, the fermentation pile is transferred to an aging workshop for secondary fermentation and maturity;
step 2: secondary fermentation, decomposition and acid adjustment: adding 0.5-6.5% of acid regulating agent into the high-temperature aerobic fermented organic material by mass percent, carrying out aerobic fermentation for 10-15 days by adopting an intermittent oxygen supply mode, turning over for 2-3 times during the period, and obtaining rotten clinker when the water content is reduced to 30-35% and the temperature is stable and consistent with the normal temperature;
and step 3: adding a water-retaining agent: screening the decomposed materials in the step 2, adding 5.5-10.5% of water-retaining agent, mixing and stacking the materials for 5-7 days;
and 4, step 4: and (3) detection and packaging: and (4) sampling and detecting the materials in the step (3), weighing and packaging after meeting physicochemical indexes, and thus obtaining the drought-resistant fermented cake fertilizer.
2. The preparation method of the drought-resistant fermented cake fertilizer for green cultivation of tobacco as claimed in claim 1, wherein the drought-resistant fermented cake fertilizer comprises the following steps: the decomposing inoculant in the step 1 is a composite leaven which has effective viable count (cfu) more than 5 hundred million/g, cellulase activity more than 35u/g, protease activity more than 20u/g, amylase activity more than 15u/g, pH5.5-6.0 and water content less than 5% and takes corn flour as a carrier.
3. The preparation method of the drought-resistant fermented cake fertilizer for green cultivation of tobacco as claimed in claim 1, wherein the drought-resistant fermented cake fertilizer comprises the following steps: the nitrogen fixing agent in the step 1 comprises 37.5 parts of calcium superphosphate, 20 parts of magnesium hydroxide and 42.5 parts of potassium fulvate by mass.
4. The preparation method of the drought-resistant fermented cake fertilizer for green cultivation of tobacco as claimed in claim 1, wherein the drought-resistant fermented cake fertilizer comprises the following steps: the high-temperature aerobic fermentation device in the step 1 is a solar compost fermentation device.
5. The preparation method of the drought-resistant fermented cake fertilizer for green cultivation of tobacco as claimed in claim 1, wherein the drought-resistant fermented cake fertilizer comprises the following steps: the conditions of the high-temperature aerobic fermentation in the step 1 are as follows: the temperature raising stage is controlled for 2-3 days at 45-50 deg.C, the high temperature stage is maintained for 10-15 days at 55-70 deg.C, the temperature lowering stage is maintained for 2-3 days at 40-45 deg.C, and the cooling stage is controlled for 1-2 days, during which the pile is turned for 7-10 times.
6. The preparation method of the drought-resistant fermented cake fertilizer for green cultivation of tobacco as claimed in claim 1, wherein the drought-resistant fermented cake fertilizer comprises the following steps: the acid regulating agent in the step 2 is a composite acid regulating agent consisting of 0.5-2.5 parts of sulfur, 0.8-3.0 parts of gypsum and 2-5.5 parts of ordinary superphosphate by mass.
7. The preparation method of the drought-resistant fermented cake fertilizer for green cultivation of tobacco as claimed in claim 1, wherein the drought-resistant fermented cake fertilizer comprises the following steps: the water-retaining agent in the step 3 is a mixed material composed of 15-35 parts of polyacrylamide and 65-85 parts of vermiculite.
8. The preparation method of the drought-resistant fermented cake fertilizer for green cultivation of tobacco as claimed in claim 1, wherein the drought-resistant fermented cake fertilizer comprises the following steps: the physical and chemical indexes detected in the step 4 meet the industrial standard (NY 525-201)2) The physical and chemical indexes are as follows: total nutrient (N + P)2O5+KO2) Not less than 8 percent, pH value of 5.5-7.0, organic matter not less than 70 percent and Fulvic Acid (FA) not less than 7 percent.
9. A drought-resistant fermented cake fertilizer for green cultivation of tobacco, which is prepared by using the preparation method of the drought-resistant fermented cake fertilizer for green cultivation of tobacco as claimed in any one of claims 1-8.
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| CN115505403A (en) * | 2022-10-20 | 2022-12-23 | 山东农业大学 | Improvement material for rapidly improving soil fertility of supplementary cultivated land and preparation method thereof |
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| CN115505403A (en) * | 2022-10-20 | 2022-12-23 | 山东农业大学 | Improvement material for rapidly improving soil fertility of supplementary cultivated land and preparation method thereof |
| CN115505403B (en) * | 2022-10-20 | 2024-02-23 | 山东农业大学 | Improved material for rapidly improving soil fertility of supplementary farmland and preparation method thereof |
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