CN1119928A - 骨和组织伸长装置 - Google Patents

骨和组织伸长装置 Download PDF

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CN1119928A
CN1119928A CN94116875A CN94116875A CN1119928A CN 1119928 A CN1119928 A CN 1119928A CN 94116875 A CN94116875 A CN 94116875A CN 94116875 A CN94116875 A CN 94116875A CN 1119928 A CN1119928 A CN 1119928A
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bone
nail
distal portions
hydraulic cylinder
fixed
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艾伦·R·斯皮瓦克
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Genesis Orthopedics
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Abstract

人或动物的骨伸长装置，逐渐增加地延伸骨分离部分之间距离，使骨分离部分之间连续生长。包括具有远端部分和近端部分的髓心内骨钉，均固定在骨髓通道内。一液压缸连接到近端部分，一活塞连接到远端部分。可植入的工作流体源与液压缸相通。在活塞和液压缸之间有棘齿机构限制它们的相对运动。减震机构允许活塞和液压缸之间有限的无效运动，采用棘齿释放装置使活塞和液压缸反向。有各种可互换的远端头部，以适应不同的骨和不同形状的骨髓通道。

Description

骨和组织伸长装置
本发明涉及用于延伸或伸长骨和用于骨折固定的装置，特别是用于伸长人的骨。在许多情况下存在着人的一个肢体(特别是腿)比另一个要短，这可能是先天的或者是由于意外事故造成的。
粉碎性骨折是骨折的一种，在这种骨折中，骨破碎成许多小块，有些是成彼此重叠的碎片形式。
业已发现有可能使变形的或缩短的肢体伸长，或使粉碎性骨折通过装置能痊愈，所说的装置延伸骨的近端部分，所说的骨已经被切断或从远端部分成碎片的。这种装置以小的增量移动骨的远端部分远离近端部分。它包括以大约每次1/4毫米的增量拉伸被切断的骨部分之间的间隙。当骨已被这样分开，新的骨组织在延伸的间隙内增长，同样还有骨周围的软组织。这就可能把骨(例如，股骨)在几个月内伸长10公分或更多。
一种这样的装置已在前苏联由Gavriil A.Ilizarov等研制出来，它实际上是一个可延伸的、围绕肢体的外面安装的支架，该支架的远端可以机械地从近端部分可逐渐增加地延伸。这种类型的装置存在的问题之一是要把多个骨钉通过肢体的肌肉插入骨的两个部分内。用骨钉把肢体的近端“固定”在支架上，力通过骨钉传输，以便拉伸远端部分远离固定部分。这样的装置在美国专利US-4615338中已经作了描述。由这种类型的装置产生的另一个问题是由于骨钉在肢体上产生许多切口，这就易于受感染，且这些骨钉在肌肉上连续地拉伸。还有一个缺点是支架穿戴要好几个月，因此，极大地限制了病人的活动。
许多其它的装置是使用伸长杆或骨钉，叫作髓心内杆或骨钉。这种装置插入骨的髓腔或骨髓通道内。这些杆通常是带细纹的并从骨髓腔内固定到骨上，用螺母或棘轮装置逐渐增加地移动，以便逐渐增加地连续分离骨部分。一种早期的这种装置由Avila在美国专利US-3986504中披露。带螺纹的杆的啮合或延伸是通过啮合机构或扳手由外部实现的。同样，这种类型的装置自身也会引起感染。
其它类型的装置也已由前苏联的Alexander Bliskunov研制出来，它使用棘齿装置，该装置植入体内并由患者自己操作，患者移动他身体的部分，以便促动棘齿机构。这种类型的装置存在的一个问题是意外的运动或过量的移动可能引起过大的骨分离，干扰生长的样式。
本发明的目的就是针对这些问题。另一个目的是提供一种整个可植入的液压操作机构，且把感染的机会尽可能减至几乎没有，这种装置在操作上是非常简单的。
至少有一种液压操作的装置已由Gotz和Schellmann揭示，见“通过髓心内稳定装置连续伸长股骨”(Archiv.OrthopadisheUnfall-Chirugie，82：305-310，J.F.Bergmann Pubilishing，Munich 1975)。
本发明所公开的是用于伸长人和动物的骨和组织的装置，它逐步增加地延伸骨分离部分之间的距离，以使各分离部分能连续生长。它包括一个具有远端部分和近端部分的髓心内骨钉。骨钉的近端部分固定在骨近端处的骨的髓心内通道内，而骨钉的远端部分固定在骨远端处的骨的髓心内通道内。液压缸连接到近端部分，而在液压缸内可移动的活塞连接到骨钉的远端。有一个与液压缸相通的工作流体源，所说的液压缸是可植入的或者外部的，而棘齿机构位于骨钉的近端部分和远端部分之间，亦即在活塞和液压缸之间，以便将它们的相对运动限制于一个方向。
然而，另一种变换的棘齿机构，当工作流体压力释放时，它允许骨钉的近端部分和远端部分(亦即活塞和液压缸)反向。
一个减震件夹在活塞和液压缸之间且与无效运动机构一起合作以便提供一个小的缓冲的无效运动的量，产生一个提高各骨分离部分之间生长的环境。
加压的液体贮放在储液器内，该储液器也可以是植入的或外部的，并由人工的或由外部信号装置或由可植入的电池控制的微机控制的内部泵泵入。
骨钉的远端部分可以做成可变外形的可拆卸的头部。这些头部可以通过例如螺纹连接直接固定到骨钉的远端部分，或者把一个弹性体可弯曲的连接件设置在骨钉的远端部分和可分离的头部之间。
头部可从它的自由端朝其远端开槽，这就为外科医生在为骨钉钻孔时带来自由度。
这种头部可以是直的也可以是弧形的，这取决于它要被插入的骨髓通道的形状。一种专用的胫骨骨钉也已公开，它具有活节连接的远端头部。
可以有多个孔或洞横向地通过头部，以便能使用一个以上的螺钉把它牢固地固定到骨上。
在头部上有一个槽，但它不能延伸出头部端点，以便为外科医生钻固定螺钉孔时带来自由度。
头部可以配有一对在槽的头部上枢轴转动的脚。它们通常是通过压缩弹簧从槽内向外推，这就使得当它们插入骨的远端部分时，脚啮合骨髓通道的内部，使头部锁紧就位。在插入时，脚将用一块可取下的带约束进入槽内。
应该理解，本装置虽然以伸长股骨为例说明的，但它可以作简单修改调整以伸长通常是细长的长骨。
本发明上述和其它特征，包括不同的和新的结构和零件组合的细节将结合附图和在权利要求书中所指出的作进一步的更详细的说明。应该理解，使用本发明对特定的骨和组织的伸长装置只是作为说明所示的，它决不意味着对本发明的限制。本发明的原理和特征可以用于各种不同的大量的实施例，但都没有脱离本发明的范围。
图1是实施本发明的骨伸长装置且是装在股骨中的剖面图；
图2是图1所示装置上面部分的详图；
图3是用于限制图1所示装置的运动的棘齿装置的沿图2中III-III剖面线的放大的详细剖面图；
图4、5和6是包含用于机构反向的装置的棘齿装置一个变换的实施例放大的详细剖面图；
图7是用于对装置供给加压工作流体的装置的详图；
图8是用于对装置供给加压工作流体的装置的又一个实施例；
图9是用于可释放地把选择的远端部分连接到活塞上的带螺纹的耦合装置；
图10到图13是供装置用的另一种远端头部；
图14是通过耦合装置把图10所示的头部连接到活塞上的视图；
图15是另一种变换的远端头部；
图16是又一种变换的远端头部；
图17是一种铰接的胫骨骨钉。
图1中所看到的是用于伸长人或其它动物的骨和软组织的装置，它通过逐渐增加地延伸骨或组织的分离部分之间的距离，使所说的两个部分之间骨和软组织连续生长。所示的装置是插入人的股骨2中，当然它也可以是人和动物的其它骨。首先，外科医生去掉在骨髓通道中软的髓样物质，以产生一个细长的开口。然后他如在3的位置上横向地切断骨，以便接受一般由4表示的髓腔内骨钉或杆。
杆包括一个远端部分6和一个近端部分8。近端部分具有在它里面形成的一个中心孔10，该孔通向一个液压缸12，该缸12具有上部圆拱形的液体室14。近端部分端接在标号为16的位置上。板18用螺钉20固定在股骨上。一个单向阀22用螺纹旋进板18中和/或近端部分8内，并用螺帽24在股骨的近端上固定。一根可弯曲的导管26从单向阀22引入可植入的贮液器30(图1)，贮液器30转而由泵32驱动，这两个元件将在后面详细介绍。髓心内骨钉的近端部分8通过螺钉34固定在股骨上。髓心内骨钉的远端部分6通过螺钉36固定在骨髓通道的远端部分中，且在其上端形成活塞9。棘齿40是在活塞9的管道42中形成。
一个环状套44用螺钉48固定在活塞上，且被接收在液压缸12中环形槽46内。一个挡块46被接纳在套44的槽49内，用于径向地相对于活塞向内和向外运动，挡块46具有与活塞9上形成的啮合齿42啮合的齿50。流体密封垫51装在活塞9的槽内并接合液压缸的内壁。一个环状的弹性体减震元件52在槽49的顶部55上与套44接触。
活塞12和液压缸4之间的无效运动发生在当病人的小腿移动时套44和槽49之间的间隙54的范围内，这样使股骨的下面切开部分相对于上面的切开部分稍微能移动或振动。换言之，活塞由于减震件52的缓冲允许相对于液压缸有少量的无效运动，该运动或振动对于骨生长有利。
挡块46由于装在套44内的压缩弹簧56的作用推向左边，如图3所示。当活塞9和骨的远端由于进入腔14的加压液体的作用而向下推时，挡块46如图3所示由于齿44的作用稍微向右移动。每个齿向下移动啮合下一个相邻的齿。这将限制骨钉的远端相对于近端部分朝一个方向移动。这样，活塞只可能在加压的液体流入在活塞头上的腔14时向缸外运动而不能反向运动。当骨增长完成时这可由外科医生来做。
弹性体活塞帽60(图2)通过螺钉62固定到活塞件9上。帽62的边对液压缸12的内壁64保持密封，它与环形密封51一起保证盐水工作流体不泄漏。
尽管，本发明考虑到外部工作流体源及外部或内部的泵这两个方面，而优选的实施例是可植入模式。
下面参照附图7，可以看出有一个可植入的装在弹性膜贮液器72内的盐水工作流体70的供应源是用缝合线74植入和固定在一般标号为76的病人的皮肤和肌肉内。一个铁磁圆盘78固定在膜贮液器上部圆拱形部分73上。通往液压缸的单向阀22的可植入导管26与在液体贮液器72内的开口80相通。
一个外部的泵激励件82与紧靠铁磁圆盘78的皮肤接触。它包括一个电磁铁84，一个电池86和一个触发器88，这就是使得外科医生或者甚至病人可以触发激励件，以便使铁磁圆盘78能朝着和离开电磁铁84脉动，以便压缩和松驰贮液器，使盐水流体经导管26穿过单向阀22流入在活塞顶部上的拱形贮液器14。
图8所示是一个变换的泵机构。贮液器72通过可弯曲的导管88连接到由可反向的带齿轮的电动机92控制的泵90。一个可编程序的微机94通过电池96向电动机92提供信号，以便从贮液器把液体经导管26泵入液压缸4的上部拱形部分14。可逆电动机90也可以把液体泵回贮液器72。
参照图4、5和6，现说明用于在液压缸12内的活塞9的反向机构。在活塞的顶部上的有一个反置的钟形密封件100，安装该密封件是用于在一对带铰链的啮合叶片102和104之间弯曲，所说的叶片具有能与液压缸内部上的啮合齿108啮合齿106。叶片102和104可以围绕活塞9的顶部上的孔接纳的杆112转动。活塞在114处开槽，以便容纳在螺旋弹簧116的控制下向下和向外转动的叶片的下端。
当需要逐渐增加地分离骨的近端部分和远端部分时，可植入的贮液器72外部地通过电磁铁82，或者优选地通过微机控制的泵(因为系统是可逆的)加压。这样使液体能流经可弯曲的导管26、穿过通道10进入液压缸的上部拱形部分14。加压的液体对密封件100起的作用是扩张它的上部圆环部分101，以便顶着液压缸的壁扩张，如在图4和图5中所示的。所述的压力驱使叶片102和104顶着弹簧116的力离开。齿106一对一地啮合在液压缸内壁上的齿108。连续的加压驱使活塞9向下运动，导致骨分离并使新的生长能够发生。
如果为了某些原因，骨部分已分离太大，或者要求终止骨生长，活塞之上液体的减压使螺旋弹簧116挤压密封件100在一起，如图6所示，与之同时，加压的盐水流体在管道10中反向流动回到贮液器72内。可反向的泵90控制液体反向流动。
在不使用泵90的情况下，在叶片102和104上的齿106与液压缸内壁上的齿108脱开，在骨远端上的压力，例如，由矫形外科医生施加的反向压力，可以使活塞9和骨远端稍稍抬起，闭合它和骨近端部分之间的间隙3。
现在说明各种不同的远端头部和适配器。
尽管，髓心内骨钉或杆4的远端部分或头部6已作为一个单件示出，但远端也可以是可拆卸的，且包含可替换的远端头部。
图14示出的远端部分6具有一个带内螺纹的部分120，该部分接纳耦合器124的外螺纹部分122，如图9所示。轴向上与外螺纹部分122相反处有内螺纹部分126。
图9所示的耦合器由于要求具有弯曲性能是采用弹性体材料，且是由任何合适的生物相容材料制成。
图10到图13示出了许多可替代的远端头部128到134。头部128是圆柱形的并具有一个轴向延伸的细长的槽136。头部130也是圆柱形的，它具有球形端138和细长的槽140，该槽轴向延伸并在未到端138处终止。头部132是圆柱体的，具有横向孔143。头部134是弧形的，但具有圆柱形截面和圆柱形的横向孔144。
槽136和140的目的是使在骨的远端的横向上所钻的孔能接纳骨钉36(图1)，而不需要在该骨的长度方向上精确定位。细长的槽136和138能够适配在沿它们长度方向位置上的螺钉或骨钉36。
开槽的头部的另一个目的，如在图10和11所示，是当活塞被推向骨的远端部分，也就是远离近端部分时，骨钉36(图1)紧靠槽136或140的上端142。因此，由元件51提供的无效运动开始起作用。槽10由于使槽的端部142远离固定在骨中的骨钉36运动，可以很容易地适应反向运动。此外，带槽的头部128可以在没有去掉骨钉36的情况下取下。使用图10和图11实施例的头部，元件51的振动效应或减震效应不起作用。另一方面，就图12和13所示的头部而言，骨钉36可以直接而又稳固地装入孔143或144中，可以使头部能往返运动。
图13所示头部的弧形结构是装在图1下面部分所示骨的扩大的髓心腔内。
轴向通道135位于头部内，以便当它们被粗心地留在骨内时，辅助外科医生用“钓鱼线”将其取出。
图15公开的一稍微加长的头部137，它具有两个用于接纳骨钉或螺钉36的横向孔146和148。
图16公开的是另一种能取下的头部140的实施例，它不需要在骨上钻接纳固定骨钉36的孔。一对脚150和152枢轴地连接在槽162的154和156处，它们由于压缩弹簧164和166从槽162向外推，这使得当它们插入骨的远端时，所说的脚连接到骨髓通道的内部，把头部锁紧就位。插入头部140时，脚通过可取下的带168固定就位，所说的带可由外科医生向上取下或滑出，以便使脚能偏离进入锁定位置。
图17公开了一种装置，它能用于固定或延伸胫骨的长度。如图1所示的装置，胫骨骨钉包括一个活塞9、螺钉20和34、可弯曲的导管26和棘齿机构42，并具有图1实施例的全部功能。活塞的下端170如图9所公开的耦合装置那样是可以拆卸的。远端头部172相对于活塞9是可铰连接的，这是通过球和承窝连接器174把头部172连接到活塞的下端170。它独特的形状将便于骨钉进入胫骨内。

Claims (21)

1、一种用于人或动物的伸长骨和组织和用于骨折固定的装置，它通过逐渐增加地延伸骨不连续的分离部分之间的距离，以便使各分离部分之间骨和组织能连续生长，其特征在于包括：
一个具有远端部分和近端部分的髓心内骨钉；
骨钉的近端部分可固定在骨近端处的骨的骨髓通道内；
骨钉的远端部分可固定在骨远端处的骨的骨髓通道内；
一个液压缸连接到骨钉的近端部分；
一个连接到骨钉的远端并在液压缸内可移动的活塞；
一个与液压缸相通的工作流体源；
在固定在骨部分上的活塞和液压缸之间的棘齿机构用于限制它们的相对运动和各骨部分的相对运动于一个方向。
2、一种用于人或动物的伸长骨和组织和用于骨折固定的装置，它通过逐步增加地延伸骨不连续的分离部分之间的距离，以便允许各分离部分之间的骨和组织能连续生长，其特征在于包括：
一个具有远端部分和近端部分的髓心内骨钉；
骨钉的近端部分可固定在骨近端处的骨的骨髓通道内；
骨钉的远端部分可固定在骨远端处的骨的骨髓通道内；
一个液压缸连接到骨钉的近端部分；
一个连接到骨钉的远端部分并在液压缸内可移动的活塞；
一个与液压缸相通的工作流体源；
一个减震元件，它可操作地与活塞和液压缸两者连接；和
在活塞运动方向上相对于减震元件允许活塞和液压缸之间有限的无效运动的装置，以便刺激在骨的各分离部分之间的骨生长。
3、一种用于人或动物的伸长骨和组织和用于骨折固定的装置，它通过逐步增加地延伸骨不连续的分离的骨部分之间的距离，以便使各分离部分之间的骨和组织能连续生长，其特征在于包括：
一个具有远端部分和近端部分的髓心内骨钉；
骨钉的近端部分可固定在骨近端处的骨的骨髓通道内；
骨钉的远端部分可固定在骨远端处的骨的骨髓通道内；
一个连接到骨钉的近端部分的液压缸；
一个连接到骨钉的远端部分并可在液压缸内可移动的活塞；
一个与液压缸相通的工作流体源；
在固定在骨部分上的活塞和液压缸之间的棘齿机构用于限制它们的相对运动和各骨部分的相对运动于一个方向；
当工作流体的压力释放时，用于使活塞能相对于液压缸反向的机构。
4、按照权利要求1所述的装置，其中可植入的工作流体源具有一个泵和用于激励所说的泵的外部装置。
5、按照权利要求2所述的装置，其中可植入的工作流体源具有一个泵和用于激励所说的泵的外部装置。
6、按照权利要求3所述的装置，其中可植入的工作流体源具有一个泵和用于激励所说的泵的外部装置。
7、按照权利要求1所述的装置，其中可固定在骨内的骨钉的远端部分是一个可取下的头部。
8、按照权利要求2所述的装置，其中可固定在骨内的骨钉的远端部分是一个可取下的头部。
9、按照权利要求3所述的装置，其中可固定在骨内的骨钉的远端部分是一个可取下的头部。
10、按照权利要求7所述的装置，其中一个可弯曲的耦合装置把可取下的头部连接到骨钉上。
11、按照权利要求8所述的装置，其中一个可弯曲的耦合装置把可取下的头部连接到骨钉上。
12、按照权利要求9所述的装置，其中一个可弯曲的耦合装置把可取下的头部连接到骨钉上。
13、按照权利要求1所述的装置，其中可固定在骨内的骨钉的远端部分是一个可取下的带槽的头部。
14、按照权利要求2所述的装置，其中可固定在骨内的骨钉的远端部分是一个可取下的带槽的头部。
15、按照权利要求3所述的装置，其中可固定在骨内的骨钉的远端部分是一个可取下的带槽的头部。
16、按照权利要求1所述的装置，其中骨钉的远端部分可固定在可取下的头部上，该头部具有一些用于连接骨髓通道的以弹簧为基的脚。
17、按照权利要求2所述的装置，其中骨钉的远端部分可固定在可取下的头部上，该头部具有一些用于连接骨髓通道的以弹簧为基的脚。
18、按照权利要求3所述的装置，其中骨钉的远端部分可固定在可取下的头部上，该头部具有一些用于连接骨髓通道的以弹簧为基的脚。
19、按照权利要求1所述的装置，其中可固定在骨内的骨钉的远端部分相对于液压缸是活节连接的。
20、按照权利要求2所述的装置，其中可固定在骨内的骨钉的远端部分相对于液压缸是活节连接的。
21、按照权利要求3所述的装置，其中可固定在骨内的骨钉的远端部分相对于液压缸是活节连接的。
CN94116875A 1994-02-22 1994-08-30 骨和组织伸长装置 Pending CN1119928A (zh)

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