CN111990063B - Efficient and mechanized sesame combined harvesting method - Google Patents
Efficient and mechanized sesame combined harvesting method Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method for harvesting sesame efficiently and mechanically, which comprises the following steps: acquiring sesame harvest characteristics, and judging whether the sesame harvest characteristics meet harvest standards; and harvesting the sesame with the sesame harvesting characteristics meeting the harvesting standard by using a combine harvester, and controlling the advancing speed of the combine harvester and the stubble height of the harvested sesame in the harvesting process. The sesame harvest obtained by the method has the sesame impurity content not higher than 10% and the kernel breakage rate not higher than 1%. The method provided by the invention adopts a plurality of harvesting indexes such as plant dryness, plant height, capsule opening width and the like, is easy to observe, has strong operability and practicability, and has the total kernel loss rate not higher than 15%.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of agricultural production, and particularly relates to a method for efficiently and mechanically harvesting sesame in a combined manner.
Background
Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is a plant of Pedaliaceae and herbaceous plants, and is mainly planted in Asia and Africa, and has high economic and nutritional values. The sesame has the cultivation history of 2700 years in China, is rich in functional health-care substances such as unsaturated fatty acid, vitamin E, sterol, sesamin and the like, has multiple purposes such as eating, medical health care, chemical industry and the like, and is particularly popular with consumers in China. The method develops sesame production in suitable regions and soil, and has wide economic and social prospects. With the trend of people to high-quality life, the annual demand of sesame in China is continuously increased and becomes the first consumer country and the imported country in the world, but the total sesame production and supply amount in China is only about 40% at present, and the improvement of the sesame self-supply rate is a problem to be solved urgently.
The traditional production mode of sesame is manual harvesting in the mature period, which comprises complex procedures of cutting, bundling, shelving, airing (about 20 days), threshing, cleaning, straw carrying and processing and the like, time and labor are wasted, 4-6 workers are needed, the labor cost is 400 plus 600 yuan/mu according to the current rural labor price of 100 yuan per person per day. Particularly, in the long airing process, once the sesame seeds are in continuous rainy days, the sesame seeds cannot be threshed, the sesame seeds are mildewed and deteriorated, even aflatoxin seriously exceeds the standard, the product quality is seriously influenced, and the problems of yield loss and food safety are caused. Therefore, the traditional manual harvesting of sesame becomes a bottleneck problem restricting the development of the sesame industry in China under the influences of shortage of labor force in rural areas, increasing of labor cost year by year, potential safety hazards of product quality and the like.
In recent years, the research and development of sesame mechanized production technology, selective breeding, mechanical variety matching, agricultural machinery matching and the like are hot spots for research of sesame researchers at home and abroad. For example, Sesaco corporation, Turkey, Israel agricultural research institute, and the like, in Texas, USA, have developed technical researches on the seed selection and mechanized harvesting of sesame seeds suitable for machine harvesting, and have made certain progress. In recent two years, when some farmers in China harvest sesame, the sesame is firstly cut down by adopting a cutter-rower, and the later links are operated manually, so that the problems that firstly, the cracked capsule seeds after cutting down are scattered on the ground, the loss is caused, and secondly, the later links still take labor and time. In a word, the research progress of the mechanical combined harvesting technology of the sesame at home and abroad is slow, and a plurality of link problems are not solved and mature technologies are lacked.
The mechanized combined harvest of sesame relates to the organic integration of suitable varieties, suitable harvesting methods, suitable planting methods, matched harvesters and the like, namely the integration of agricultural and agricultural machines, and has high complexity. Compared with the large crops such as wheat, rice, soybean, rape and the like, the research on the sesame mechanized harvesting technology is slow in development and can refer to the lack of related information, and the patent technology or non-patent literature publication or use of the related sesame mechanized combined harvesting is not found at home and abroad through literature retrieval.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to overcome the defects of the prior art and meet the urgent need of sesame mechanized production, the research and development team of the invention develops a high-efficiency and mechanized combined harvesting method of sesame for 6 years, and the method is demonstrated in various lands in the main sesame production area in China, including Hubei province, Xiangyang, Jianxia, Anhui province, Guangdong province, Shandong juneberry and the like, and achieves good effects, and is highly approved by popularization departments, sesame enterprises, planting households, cooperative society, same-row experts and the like at all levels. The invention establishes a high-efficiency and mechanical sesame combined harvesting method by taking the specified harvesting standards of simple and visual sesame maturity characteristic indexes such as plant dryness, erect characteristic, capsule opening size, anti-falling property and the like, taking high-quality control of various indexes of harvested products as key points and taking reduction of loss and guarantee of income increase of farmers as targets, and plays an important role in promoting transformation and upgrading of sesame production modes, realizing large-scale planting and cost saving and efficiency improvement. By using the method, the sesame straws are smashed and returned to the field in full quantity, soil organic matters are increased, the soil fertility is favorably cultivated, the application amount of the chemical fertilizer is reduced, the ecological benefit is remarkable, and the green and environment-friendly development requirements of modern agriculture in China are met.
The technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows:
a method for efficiently and mechanically harvesting sesame in a combined manner comprises the following steps:
s1, obtaining sesame harvest characteristics, and judging whether the sesame harvest characteristics meet harvest standards;
and S2, harvesting the sesame with the sesame harvesting characteristics meeting the harvesting standard by adopting a combine harvester, and controlling the advancing speed of the combine harvester and the stubble height of the harvested sesame in the harvesting process.
The sesame harvest harvested by the efficient and mechanized sesame combined harvesting method has the sesame impurity content not higher than 10% and the kernel breakage rate not higher than 1%.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the advantages that:
1. the method provided by the invention adopts a plurality of harvesting indexes such as plant withering state, plant height, capsule opening width and the like, is easy to observe, has strong operability and practicability, and has the total kernel loss rate not higher than 15%.
2. According to the sesame harvest obtained by the invention, the sesame impurity content of the sesame harvest is not higher than 10%, and the kernel breakage rate is not higher than 1%.
3. The method provided by the invention can obviously improve the sesame harvesting production efficiency, can harvest 5-6 mu of sesame in 1h by using the combine harvester, comprises the steps of harvesting, cleaning, separating and removing impurities, crushing and returning the straws to the field and the like, can be completed at one time, has the mechanical harvesting efficiency about 100 times of that of manual harvesting, obviously reduces the production cost, is favorable for cultivating the soil, and is green and environment-friendly.
4. The sesame straw harvested and separated by the method provided by the invention is completely returned to the field after being crushed, so that the method is beneficial to soil fertility improvement and has remarkable ecological benefit.
Drawings
FIG. 1 shows the opening of a sesame capsule satisfying the mechanized harvesting standards provided by the present invention example 1.
FIG. 2 shows the height (about 150 cm) of sesame satisfying the mechanized harvest standard provided in example 1 of the present invention.
Fig. 3 is a diagram of a mechanized combined harvesting sesame field operation entity provided in embodiment 1 of the present invention.
FIG. 4 shows the sesame harvest provided in example 2 of the present invention.
FIG. 5 shows the harvest provided by a comparative example of the present invention.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent, the present invention is described in further detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are merely illustrative of the invention and are not intended to limit the invention.
In order to establish a method for efficient and mechanized combined harvesting of sesame, promote the transformation and upgrade of sesame production modes, and realize large-scale planting and cost saving and efficiency improvement, the invention provides a method for efficient and mechanized combined harvesting of sesame, which comprises the following steps:
s1, obtaining sesame harvest characteristics, and judging whether the sesame harvest characteristics meet harvest standards;
And S2, harvesting the sesame with the sesame harvesting characteristics meeting the harvesting standard by adopting a combine harvester, and controlling the advancing speed of the combine harvester and the stubble height of the harvested sesame in the harvesting process.
Specifically, the sesame harvest characteristics comprise a plant withered state; the method for judging the plant withered state comprises a manual visual inspection method or a drying method;
the harvest standard of the manual visual inspection method is to visually inspect whether the whole plant is dry or not, and the harvest standard is met when the stalk is easily broken and crisp by hand; the drying method measures the water content of the plants by a machine, and the harvest standard is that the water content of the plants is 11-13%.
In a specific embodiment, the method for measuring the moisture content of the plant by the drying method comprises the following steps: randomly taking 5 points in a sesame field, continuously taking 5 plants per point, harvesting the whole plant, mixing, filling into a large self-sealing bag, immediately weighing (G1), then placing on a large enamel plate, drying in an oven at 105 ℃ to constant weight (G2), and obtaining the plant moisture content (%) (G1-G2)/G1 multiplied by 100%.
In a further embodiment, the sesame harvest characteristics further include plant height and plant branching status. The harvest standard of the plant height is that the average height of the plants is 130 cm-160 cm. The harvest criteria for the branching status of the plants were: the sesame plants are upright, and the branching angle of the whole branched sesame is less than 45 degrees.
The method for measuring the height of the plant comprises the following steps: randomly taking 5 points in the sesame field in a scattered manner, continuously taking 10 plants in each point, measuring the height from the top of each plant to the junction of the roots and the stems of the plants by using a ruler, and counting the average plant height;
the method for measuring the branching angle comprises the following steps: the angle between the sesame plant branch and the main stem is measured by a protractor, or the angle between the sesame plant branch and the main stem is visually observed.
In a further embodiment, the sesame harvest characteristics further comprise capsule opening and anti-shattering. The harvest criteria for capsule opening conditions include: when the withered state of the whole plant of the plant meets the harvest standard, the sesame capsule tip is slightly cracked, and the seam of the capsule shell is not cracked. Harvest criteria against shattering conditions included: the dry state of the whole plant of the plant accords with harvestWhen the standard time is reached, the natural number of sesame falling grains is less than 150 grains/m2。
The method for measuring the natural falling particle number comprises the following steps: and (3) when the dry state of the whole plant of the plant meets the harvest standard, randomly selecting 5 points in the sesame field in a scattered manner, measuring the area to be 1 square meter, and counting the average number of the sesame seeds naturally scattered on the ground.
Specifically, in step S2, the advancing speed of the combine harvester is controlled to be 0.5-0.8 m/S in the harvesting process, and the stubble height of the harvested sesame is 25 cm.
The high-efficiency mechanized combined sesame harvesting method provided by the invention has the advantages that the harvesting effect specifically comprises the harvesting efficiency, the kernel loss rate and the harvesting quality. (1) Harvesting efficiency: 5-6 mu can be harvested within 1 hour, the mechanical combine harvester can complete harvesting, cleaning, impurity removal, straw smashing and returning and the like at one time, the mechanical harvesting efficiency is about 100 times of that of manual harvesting, the production cost is obviously reduced, the sesame straw is smashed and returned to the field in total, the soil fertility is favorably cultured, and the green environmental protection is realized; (2) seed loss rate: namely the machine loss rate, the method can control the total loss rate of the seeds to be less than 15 percent; (3) the quality of the harvest: mainly comprises impurity rate and kernel breakage rate, the impurity content of the sesame harvested by the method is less than 10%, and the kernel breakage rate is lower than 1%.
Example 1
A method for efficiently and mechanically harvesting sesame seeds in a combined manner comprises the following steps:
(1) selecting sesame varieties suitable for mechanized harvesting: the planted sesame variety is 'Zhongzhi 78', the variety is compact in plant type, 150-160 cm in plant height, strong in disease resistance and stress resistance, good in yellowing property, capable of resisting falling grains, consistent in maturation period, 85-95 days in summer sowing growth period in Jianghuai river basin and about 100kg in average per mu yield in demonstration area (under artificial harvesting condition), and the mature and dried capsule is micro-split (as shown in figure 1). The method adopts mechanized combined direct seeding for sowing in 2 days in 6 months, the application amount of the base fertilizer is N15: P15: K15, the compound fertilizer is 25 kg/mu, the sowing amount is 300 g/mu, and the used preemergence herbicide is 'Jindouer'.
(2) Field management during sesame growth: thinning seedlings for 1 time in a true leaf stage 2 pairs after sesame emergence, and setting seedlings for a true leaf stage 4 pairs, wherein the density is 13200 plants/mu; spraying the high-efficiency grass-mulching weedicide for 1 time in the seedling stage, and combining artificial weeding to achieve no weed in the field; during the growth period, the compartment ditch and the surrounding ditch are dredged to keep smooth drainage, thus being beneficial to the drainage and waterlogging prevention.
(3) Before harvest, relevant indexes are observed: in the natural maturity and yellowing stage of sesame, the average height of sesame 78 plants is 153.5cm (shown in figure 2) through sampling measurement, the condition that stems are upright and no lodging exists is observed in a field, and the theoretical yield is calculated to be 83.5 kg per mu. After the sesame seeds are ripe and yellow, spraying a withering accelerating agent (120 ml of grain is harvested immediately, the consumption per mu is increased), observing that the whole sesame plants are withered after 5 days, and performing mechanized harvesting when the water content of the plants is reduced to about 12%.
(4) Mechanical combined harvesting: selecting clear weather, adopting a crawler-type combine harvester (such as a Xinsanwang 4LZY-2.5 self-propelled crawler-type rape combine harvester), and requiring the width of the harvesting width to be more than 20cm of the sowing width, the height of the stubble of the sesame plant to be about 25cm, the advancing speed of the harvester to be 0.5-0.8 m/s, and the harvesting efficiency to be 4-5 mu/h. The harvest was aired the same day below the required storage moisture index (< 9%), and then was put in storage neat (as shown in fig. 3).
(5) Mechanized combined harvest production efficiency: the yield of sesame harvested by the machine is 71.5 kilograms per mu, compared with the theoretical yield measured and calculated, the sesame yield lost by 12 kilograms per mu is 14.4 percent (in the actual production, the sesame is lost in the manual harvesting process, generally, the loss rate is about 3 percent, and therefore, the loss rate of the machine can be reduced by 3 percent). In this case, 12 kg sesame seeds lost per mu calculated as 11.3 yuan per kg are 135.6 yuan, and the machine charging operation cost is 80 yuan per mu, and the two items are 215.6 yuan. The sesame harvest by manpower needs 5 working hours, each working hour is 100 yuan, and each mu is 500 yuan. Therefore, compared with manual harvest, the method saves cost and increases the yield by 284.4 yuan per mu.
(6) The quality of the harvest: through sampling determination, the impurity content of the harvest is 9.6%, and the kernel breakage rate is 0.7%.
Example 2
A method for efficiently and mechanically harvesting sesame seeds in a combined manner comprises the following steps:
(1) selecting sesame varieties suitable for mechanized harvesting: the planted sesame variety is 'middle sesame 75', the variety is compact in plant type, about 150cm in plant height, strong in disease resistance and stress resistance, good in yellowing property, micro-cracked in mature and dried capsules, resistant to falling grains, consistent in maturation period, about 90 days in summer sowing growth period in Jianghuai river basin, and about 110kg of average per mu yield in a demonstration area (under the condition of manual harvesting). The mechanical combined direct seeding is carried out on the seeds at 27 days in 5 months, the application amount of the base fertilizer is 20 kg/mu of compound fertilizer N15: P15: K15, the seeding amount is 300 g/mu, and the used preemergence herbicide is 'Jindouer'.
(2) Field management during sesame growth: thinning the seedlings for 1 time in the true leaf stage 2 pairs after emergence of the sesame seedlings, and fixing the seedlings for 4 pairs in the true leaf stage, wherein the density is 16100 plants/mu; artificial weeding is carried out for 1 time in the seedling stage; and dredging the compartment ditch and the surrounding ditch during the growth period, draining water and preventing waterlogging.
(3) And (3) observing related indexes before harvesting: in the natural maturity and yellowing stage of sesame, the average height of 75 sesame plants is 146.5cm through sampling and measurement, the stem is observed to be upright in the field, the lodging is avoided, and the theoretical yield is calculated to be 102 kg per mu. After the sesame seeds are ripe and yellow, spraying a withering accelerating agent (120 ml of grain is harvested immediately and used per mu) by using an unmanned aerial vehicle, observing that the whole sesame plants are dry after 5 days, and performing mechanized harvesting when the water content of the plants is reduced to about 13%.
(4) Mechanized combined harvesting: selecting clear weather, adopting a crawler-type combine harvester, requiring the width of the harvesting width to be greater than 20cm of the sowing width, the height of the remaining stubble of the sesame plants to be about 25cm, the advancing speed of the harvester to be 0.5-0.8 m/s, and the harvesting efficiency to be 4-5 mu/h. The harvest is aired to be below the required storage moisture index (less than 9%) on the same day, and then is cleaned completely and put in storage.
(5) Mechanized combined harvest production efficiency: the sesame yield of the machine is 91 kg per mu, compared with the theoretical yield measured and calculated, the sesame yield loss per mu is 11 kg, and the machine loss rate is 10.8% (in the actual production, the loss is caused in the processes of manual harvesting, frame drying and threshing, generally, the loss rate is about 3%, so that the loss rate of the machine can be reduced by 3% in a computer). In the case, the loss of 11 kilograms of sesame seeds per mu is 124.3 yuan calculated according to 11.3 yuan per kilogram, the machine charging operation cost is 80 yuan per mu, and the two items are 204.3 yuan. The sesame harvest by manpower needs 5 working hours, each working hour is 100 yuan, and each mu is 500 yuan. Therefore, compared with the method for manually harvesting sesame, the method saves cost and increases the yield by 295.7 yuan per mu.
(6) Harvest quality: through sampling determination, the impurity content of the harvest is 9.1%, and the kernel breakage rate is 0.39% (as shown in fig. 4).
Comparative example
A method for harvesting sesame efficiently and mechanically comprises the following steps:
(1) selecting sesame varieties suitable for mechanized harvesting: the planted sesame is 'Zhongzhi 78', the variety has compact plant type, plant height of about 150cm, strong disease resistance and stress resistance, good yellowing property, crazing capsule resistance after ripening and drying, consistent ripening period, and summer sowing growth period of Jianghuai river basin of about 90 days. The mechanical combined direct seeding is carried out for 30 days in 5 months, the application amount of the base fertilizer is 25 kilograms/mu of compound fertilizer N15: P15: K15, the seeding amount is 300 grams/mu, and the used preemergence herbicide is 'Jindou'.
(2) Field management during sesame growth: thinning the seedlings for 1 time in the true leaf stage 2 pairs after the seedlings emerge from the sesame, and setting the seedlings for 4 pairs in the true leaf stage, wherein the density is 16100 plants/mu; artificial weeding is carried out for 1 time in the seedling stage; during the growth period, the compartment ditch and the surrounding ditch are dredged, and the waterlogging is prevented and drained.
(3) Before harvest, relevant indexes are observed: in the natural maturity and yellowing stage of sesame, the average height of sesame 78 plants is 159.3cm through sampling and measurement, the condition that stems are upright and no lodging exists is observed in the field, and the theoretical yield is calculated to be 91 kg per mu. After the plants are ripe and yellow, spraying a withering accelerator (120 ml of consumption per mu) by using an unmanned aerial vehicle, harvesting the plants on the 4 th day after spraying, and controlling the water content of the plants to be about 35%.
(4) Mechanized combined harvesting: selecting clear weather, and adopting a crawler-type combine harvester, wherein the width of a harvesting width is required to be larger than 20cm of a sowing width, the stubble remaining height of sesame plants is about 25cm, the advancing speed of the harvester is 0.5-0.8 m/s, and the harvesting efficiency is 4 mu per hour.
(5) Mechanized combined harvest production efficiency: the yield of the harvested sesame seeds of the machine is 55 kilograms per mu, compared with the theoretical yield measured and calculated, the loss of 36 kilograms per mu is achieved, and the machine loss rate is 39.6 percent (the moisture content of the sesame seeds is high during harvesting, the separation effect is poor, and the loss rate is over 30 percent). In this case, the loss of 36 kg sesame seeds per mu is 406.8 yuan calculated by 11.3 yuan per kg, the machine charging cost is 80 yuan per mu, and the two items total 486.8 yuan. The sesame harvesting manually needs 5 working hours, each working hour is 100 yuan, and each mu is 500 yuan. Therefore, compared with the manual sesame harvest, the cost is saved and the yield is increased by only 13.2 yuan per mu.
(6) The quality of the harvest: the impurity content of the harvest is more than 30% by sampling and determination, as shown in figure 5. The water content of the plants of the comparative example is not controlled within the range of 11-13%, the impurity content rate of the comparative example is far higher than that of the comparative example 1 and the comparative example 2, the loss rate cost of the comparative example is also higher than that of the comparative examples 1 and 2, and the cost per mu is also obviously reduced.
The above-described embodiments of the present invention should not be construed as limiting the scope of the present invention. Any other corresponding changes and modifications made according to the technical idea of the present invention should be included in the protection scope of the claims of the present invention.
Claims (5)
1. A method for efficiently and mechanically harvesting sesame in a combined manner is characterized by comprising the following steps:
s1, obtaining sesame harvest characteristics, and judging whether the sesame harvest characteristics meet mechanized harvest standards; the sesame harvest features include: plant withered state, plant height, plant branching state, capsule opening condition and anti-falling condition; wherein the content of the first and second substances,
the harvest standard of the plant in a dry state is that the water content of the plant is 11-13%;
the harvest criteria for the capsule opening situation include: when the plant withered state meets the harvest standard, the sesame capsule tip is slightly cracked, and the seam of the capsule shell is not cracked;
the harvest criteria for resistance to shattering conditions include: when the plant withered state meets the harvest standard, the natural number of sesame falling grains is less than 150 grains/m2(ii) a The method for measuring the natural falling particle number comprises the following steps: randomly selecting a plurality of points in a scattered manner in the sesame field when the plant withered state meets the harvest standard, wherein the measuring area of each point is 1 square meter, and counting the average number of sesame seeds naturally scattered on the ground;
S2, harvesting the sesame with the sesame harvesting characteristics meeting the harvesting standard by adopting a combine harvester, and controlling the advancing speed of the combine harvester and the stubble height of the harvested sesame in the harvesting process; the advancing speed of the combine harvester is controlled to be 0.5-0.8 m/s in the harvesting process, and the stubble height of the harvested sesame is 25 cm.
2. The method for harvesting sesame in a high-efficiency mechanized combined manner according to claim 1, wherein the method for judging the plant withered state comprises a manual visual inspection method and a drying method.
3. A method for high efficiency mechanized combined harvesting of sesame as claimed in claim 2, wherein the drying process comprises the steps of: randomly taking a plurality of points in a scattered manner in the sesame field, continuously harvesting a plurality of plants at each point, measuring the initial weight and the constant weight after drying, and calculating the water content of the plants;
wherein, the plant water content% = (G1-G2)/G1 × 100%, G1 is the initial weight, and G2 is the oven-dried red constant weight.
4. The method for harvesting sesame in a high-efficiency mechanized combined manner according to claim 1, wherein the harvest criteria for the plant height are: the average height of the plants is 130 cm-160 cm; the harvest standard of the plant branching state is as follows: the sesame plants are upright, and the branching angle of the whole branched sesame plants is less than 45 degrees.
5. A high-efficiency mechanized combined harvesting method of sesame according to claim 4,
the method for measuring the height of the plant comprises the following steps: randomly taking a plurality of points in a scattered manner in the sesame field, continuously measuring a plurality of plants at each point, measuring the height from the top of each plant to the junction of the roots and the stems of the plants by using a ruler, and counting the average plant height;
the method for measuring the branch angle comprises the following steps: the angle between the sesame plant branch and the main stem is measured by a protractor, or the angle between the sesame plant branch and the main stem is visually observed.
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