CN111920705A - 一种v′rg-i在化妆品中的应用 - Google Patents
一种v′rg-i在化妆品中的应用 Download PDFInfo
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- CN111920705A CN111920705A CN202010853514.7A CN202010853514A CN111920705A CN 111920705 A CN111920705 A CN 111920705A CN 202010853514 A CN202010853514 A CN 202010853514A CN 111920705 A CN111920705 A CN 111920705A
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- vitamin
- skin
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- pectin
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Abstract
本发明公开一种V′RG‑I在化妆品中的应用,所述V′RG‑I是从柑橘类水果中提取的支链果胶柑橘黄酮和维生素的复合物,所述V′RG‑I应用于皮肤涂抹的化妆品中。有益效果:具有良好的吸湿保湿效果;具有良好的排毒作用;具有预防痤疮黄褐斑等功效;具有良好的抗衰老功能;具有良好的血管美容作用;具有良好的的调节血压血脂作用,能够有效阻止黄褐斑的产生;具有良好的修复皮肤组织功能;具有良好的美白作用;具有良好的抑菌作用,具有较好的祛粉刺效果;能够良好的修补皮肤损伤;具有良好的对皮肤光损伤的保护机制;具有良好的抗氧化机制;具有减少DNA损伤的机制;能够维持正常的皮肤细胞外基质的合成与降解。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及化妆品技术领域,具体涉及一种V′RG-I在化妆品中的应用。
背景技术
化妆品是指以涂抹、喷洒或者其他类似方法,散布于人体表面的任何部位,如皮肤、毛发、指趾甲、唇齿等,以达到清洁、保养、美容、修饰和改变外观,或者修正人体气味,保持良好状态为目的的化学工业品或精细化工产品。现在市面上的化妆品种类繁多,但是现有的化妆品的护肤效果并不理想。如不具有良好的吸湿保湿效果;不具有良好的排毒作用;不具有良好的抗衰老功能;不具有良好的血管美容作用;不具有良好的调节血压血脂作用;不具有良好的修复皮肤组织功能;不具有良好的美白作用;不具有良好的抑菌作用;不能够有效修补皮肤损伤;不具有良好的保护机制;不具有良好的抗氧化机制;不具有减少DNA损伤的机制,因此亟需一种能够解决上述问题的化妆品。
发明内容
为全面解决上述问题,尤其是针对现有技术所存在的不足,本发明提供了一种V′RG-I在化妆品中的应用能够全面解决上述问题。
为实现上述目的,本发明采用以下技术手段:
一种V′RG-I在化妆品中的应用,所述V′RG-I是从柑橘类水果中提取的支链果胶柑橘黄酮和维生素的复合物,所述V′RG-I应用于皮肤涂抹的化妆品中。
优选的,所述支链果胶主要是一类以D-半乳糖醛酸(D-Galacturonic Acids,D-Gal-A)由α-1,4-糖苷键连接组成的酸性杂多糖。
优选的,所述支链果胶内除含有D-Gal-A外,还含有L-鼠李糖、D-半乳糖、D-阿拉伯糖。
优选的,所述支链果胶内还有少量的D-甘露糖和、L-岩藻糖。
优选的,所述支链果胶的原料为柑橘、柠檬、向日葵和苹果皮渣。
优选的,所述柑橘簧酮上200多种柑橘簧酮中筛选的10几种
优选的,所述维生素为:维生素A、维生素B、维生素C、维生素D、维生素E、、维生素P、维生素PP。
本发明的有益效果:
1、本发明具有良好的吸湿保湿效果
V′RG-I所含的果胶分子中的羟基、羧基和其它极性基团可与水分子形成氢键而结合大量的水分,同时,果胶分子链还相互交织成网状,加之与水的氢键结合,从而起到很强的保水作用,此外,在胞外基质中,果胶与皮肤中的其它多糖组分及纤维状蛋白质共同组成含大量水分的胞外胶状基质,为皮肤提供水分。
另一方面,果胶具有良好的成膜性能,可在皮肤表面形成一层均匀的薄膜覆盖皮肤,减少皮肤表面的水分蒸发,使得水分从基底组织弥散到角质层,诱导角质层进一步水化,保存皮肤自身的水分,而完成润肤作用。因此,果胶的高度吸水性和良好的成膜性完美地结合,能为皮肤提供很好的保湿效果。因此果胶外用也是一种良好的保湿产品。
2、本发明具有良好的排毒作用具有预防痤疮黄褐斑等功效
重金属、化学药品等各种毒素存留于体内,阻碍人体气血的正常运行,耗气伤津,甚至能通过皮肤向外渗溢,使皮肤变得粗糙,失去光泽,或出现痤疮、雀斑、黑斑等。各种毒还会作用于下丘脑――垂体――肾上腺轴,导致促皮质激素增多,产生老年斑、黄褐斑等。因此,痤疮、雀斑、黑斑、老年斑、黄褐斑、口臭、肥胖等损容问题都与毒积体内相关。
另外,机体在新陈代谢过程中所产生的乳酸和尿素等有害酸性物质,一旦随汗液分泌到皮肤表层,就会使皮肤失去活力和弹性,尤其是面部皮肤会因此而为得松弦无力,遇冷或经日光暴晒后容易龟裂或发炎。由于果胶的螯合作用以及抗氧化作用对人体起到排毒作用与促进新陈代谢作用,有利人体防病保健、健美肌肤。
3、本发明具有良好的抗衰老功能
果胶的抗氧化作用已有较多的研究报道,抗氧化作用机理尚未有明确的解释,但研究发现,果胶衍生物中随着取代度的增加,即糖环上游离轻基数目减少,果胶衍生物捕获或淬灭自由基的能力降低,这表明,果胶结构中的还原性羟基可以捕捉脂质过氧化链式反应中产生的活性氧ROS,减少脂质过氧化反应链长度,因此,可以阻断或减缓脂质过氧化的进行,起到抗氧化的作用。
也有研究认为,果胶环上的OH可与产生OH·等所必需的金属离子(如Fe2+、Cu2+等)络合,使其不能产生启动脂质过氧化的轻基自由基或使其不能分解脂质过氧化产生的脂过氧化氢,从而抑制ROS的产生。另外,果胶可通过提高SOD、CAT、GSH-Px等抗氧化酶的活性,从而发挥抗氧化的作用。
因此,专家预测,对生物膜如线粒体膜等预先以果胶进行保护,就可能防止自由基(如Fe2+-V it C体系产生的·OH)直接损伤生物膜,从而起到保护作用。另外,人体衰老的另一重要原因是肠原性毒素进入血液,破坏组织器官功能所致。这些肠原性毒素多数由大肠杆菌分解食物中的某些成分造成,被称为青春之大敌,果胶可以吸附肠内毒素,达到抗衰老的目的。
4、本发明具有良好的血管美容作用
外界环境污染、紫外照射以及体内微环境的改变都会引起面部微循环中的纤维蛋白高于正常水平,阻塞血管,导致气滞血放,无法带给肌肤细胞正常的养分,最终导致色素沉淀、皮肤黯淡、缺乏营养。促进微血管的血液循环,可加速皮肤细胞的新陈代谢,使僵化的血管壁恢复弹性,从而使养分、水分及氧气等营养物质能充分到达弹力纤维和胶原纤维,保持这些纤维的正常功能,使细胞活跃起来,恢复肌肤的亮丽光泽和弹性。也就是说美丽的肌肤在于血管的健康状态,因此,现在正在世界前沿流行血管美容方式。
果胶具有抗凝血和溶血栓作用,这与果胶中带负电荷的基团与血液中的凝血因子特异性相互作用,从而抑制凝血酶的活性有关。添加到化妆品中的抗凝血果胶经过皮肤吸收,进入皮下微血管,与微血管中的凝血因子结合,降低血管中纤维蛋白水平,畅通血管,加速营养物质随着微循环进入肌肤,从而改善皮肤新陈代谢。
5、本发明具有良好的的调节血压血脂作用,能够有效阻止黄褐斑的产生
人体内血脂和血胆固醇过高,从而诱发脂溢性皮炎、眼睑黄瘤及脂质沉着症等损容性皮肤病。医学研究表明,果胶能与肠腔内的胆汁相结合,促使胆汁酸排泄,从而加速血脂、血胆固醇在肝脏中的降解,使血浆中的血脂胆固醇浓度降低,从而达到预防上述皮肤病的发生。如果血压过高,动脉血管发生粥样硬化,那么体表的毛细血管功能也会发生障碍,使皮肤血氧供应不足而发生皮肤衰老现象,皮肤变得干操、粗糙、无光泽。
患有糖尿病的人,不仅皮肤干操、痰痒,而且可发生过度色素沉着或萎缩性疤痕。果胶能吸附胆固醇,并将其带出体外,降低血中胆固醇浓度,有利于维持心血管系统的功能,使血管富有弹性,保障皮肤营养的正常供应。
6、本发明具有良好的修复皮肤组织功能
皮肤的弹性、光滑等外观一定程度上由构成皮肤不同组分的细胞的增殖和分裂功能所决定,而这一过程受皮肤内各种细胞因子的综合调节,例如,表皮生长因子(EGF)能促进皮肤表皮细胞的新陈代谢,碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(bFGF)能促进成纤维细胞和表皮细胞代谢、增殖、生长和分化,促进弹性纤维细胞的发育及增强其功能。果胶有助于产生各类细胞生长因子,通过激活细胞生长因子而修复皮肤组织。
7、本发明具有良好的美白作用
决定皮肤色调的主要因素是皮肤内的黑色素,肤色的深浅主要决定于黑色素细胞合成黑色素的能力,现代分子生物学对黑色素的研究认为,黑色素的生成与酪氨酸酶、多巴醌互变异构酶和5,6-二羟基吲哚-2-羧酸氧化酶的作用有关,即三酶理论。研究还发现,致使肤色变黑的物理因素是紫外线的辐射。
针对黑色素生成的机理,果胶对皮肤美白的作用机理表现在两方面:其一,抑制5,6-二羟基吲哚-2-羧酸氧化酶的氧化反应,这与果胶的抗氧化机制有关,此外,果胶还能抑制人体内不饱和脂肪酸的过氧化作用,减少不饱和脂肪酸过氧化产物——脂褐素的产生,而脂褐素含量增多会引起色素沉积,形成色斑。其二,果胶的美白作用与其吸收紫外线的特性有关,能吸收多个波段的紫外线辐射。因此,可以用作防晒化妆品的添加剂。
8、本发明具有良好的抑菌作用,具有较好的祛粉刺效果
粉刺是由于在生长发育时期,新陈代谢旺盛,油脂分泌增多,且未能经常清除死亡的表皮、聚积的污垢、分泌出来的皮脂残留物,使毛孔堵塞和皮脂的排出不畅而引起细菌感染而形成的。针对粉刺的形成过程,抗菌是抑制粉刺恶化的关键因素之一。
现在很多祛粉刺的化妆品以化学药品作为抑菌添加剂,但化学药物容易损伤皮肤,且易使细菌产生耐药性。果胶的抑菌作用机制在于增强溶菌酶的抗菌性能,果胶具有良好的表面活性,能溶解细菌外膜,从而促进溶菌酶对细菌(尤其是革兰氏阴性细菌)的破坏,因此,果胶的抑菌作用是广谱性的,能同时抑制革兰氏阳性细菌和革兰氏阴性细菌。
9、本发明能够良好的修补皮肤损伤
(1)急性炎症反应;
(2)氧化应激;
(3)DNA的损伤;
(4)皮肤细胞外基质的合成和降解。
10、本发明具有良好的对皮肤光损伤的保护机制
(1)V′RG-I含有的黄酮类化合物具有多的生物活性;
(2)V′RG-I黄酮类化合物可以减少UVB诱导皮肤炎症的发生。
11、本发明具有良好的抗氧化机制
黄酮类化合物可以通过吸收紫外线、清除自由基、恢复抗氧化酶活性以及通过调节Nrf2/HO-1/NQ-O1来达到抗紫外线诱导的氧化应激的作用。黄酮类化合物抗氧化的机制。
12、本发明具有减少DNA损伤的机制
V′RG-I黄酮类化合物可以通过吸收紫外线、加速去除CPDs和抑制8-OHdG的形成,提高p53的表达,以激活NER途径以及增加GADD45α的表达,进而对损伤的DNA进行修复,从而减少紫外线对DNA的损伤。黄酮类化合物对皮肤DNA的保护机制。
13、本发明能够维持正常的皮肤细胞外基质的合成与降解
V′RG-I黄酮类化合物可以通过调节MAPK/AP-1、TGF-β/Smad、NF-κB/I-κB等信号通路来抑制MMPs的表达和增加I型前胶原的含量,从而维持正常的细胞外基质的合成和降解,进而达到抗光老化的效果。黄酮类化合物对皮肤光老化的保护机制。
具体实施方式
下面将对本发明的技术方案进行清楚、完整地描述,显然,所描述的实施例是本发明一部分实施例,而不是全部的实施例。基于本发明中的实施例,本领域普通技术人员在没有做出创造性劳动前提下所获得的所有其他实施例,都属于本发明保护的范围。
一种V′RG-I在化妆品中的应用,所述V′RG-I是从柑橘类水果中提取的支链果胶柑橘簧酮和维生素的复合物,是从200多种的柑橘黄酮中甄选的10几种黄酮和不同的维生素组合的专有物质,所述V′RG-I应用于皮肤涂抹的化妆品中。
果胶
果胶是一类广泛存在于植物细胞壁的初生壁和细胞中间片层的杂多糖,果胶主要是一类以D-半乳糖醛酸(D-Galacturonic Acids,D-Gal-A)由α-1,4-糖苷键连接组成的酸性杂多糖,除D-Gal-A外,还含有L-鼠李糖、D-半乳糖、D-阿拉伯糖等中性糖,此外还含有D-甘露糖、L-岩藻糖等多达12种的单糖,不过这些单糖在果胶中的含量很少。
虽然果胶被发现近200年,但目前对于其组成和结构并没有彻底弄清楚。果胶结构非常难解析的原因在于其结构和组成随着植物的种类、储藏期和加工工艺的不同而不同。此外,果胶中还存在一些杂质。根据果胶分子主链和支链结构的不同,将其分为4类:同型半乳糖醛酸聚糖(Homogalacturonan,HG)、鼠李半乳糖醛酸聚糖I(Rhamngalacturonan I,RGI)、鼠李半乳糖醛酸聚糖II(Rhamngalacturonan II,RGII)和木糖半乳糖醛酸聚糖(Xylogalacturonan,XG)。
HG是长而连续、平滑的α-1,4糖苷键连接的半乳糖醛酸聚合体,约占果胶的65%,半乳糖醛酸的C6可被甲酯化或酰胺化,在一些植物中,C2或C3可被乙酰化。也有研究发现HG中半乳糖醛酸残基的O-3或O-4被木糖取代,形成XG。
RGI(20%~35%)是一个具有侧链区域的骨架,是由几十甚至超过100个重复鼠李半乳糖醛酸二糖构成。通常RGI中的鼠李糖残基有20%~80%被中性糖支链取代,取代位置通常在C4位,而RGI的支链长度和种类与果胶原料来源和提取方式有关。这些支链可分为3种多聚体:阿拉伯聚糖、阿拉伯半乳聚糖I和阿拉伯半乳聚糖II。
阿拉伯半乳聚糖I由(1,4)-α-D-Gal-(1,5)-α-L-Ara组成,通过(1,4)-α-L-Ara与主链相连;阿拉伯半乳聚糖II是高度分枝的半乳聚糖,侧链的主链由(1,3)-α-D-Gal组成,该主链被(1,6)-α-D-Gal取代成分枝,而该分枝则被(1,3)-α-L-Ara取代。
RGII(约10%)的结构非常复杂,其骨架是带有4个不同侧链的短而伸长的HG,而非鼠李半乳糖醛酸聚糖,RGII由至少12种单糖以多于20种的键合方式连接。在植物中,RGII可与硼酸盐发生交联。
果胶的用途
果胶作为一种高档的天然食品添加剂和保健品,可广泛应用于食品、医药保健品和一些化妆品中。
果胶作为一种食品添加剂或配料应用于食品工业中,主要起到胶凝、增稠、改善质构、乳化和稳定的作用。广泛的应用在酸奶制品,果酱,面包,饮料等。
果胶是一种多糖物质,有助于控制血糖和血脂。目前,在国内药品和保健品中已有使用果胶保健食品和药品。
果胶的原料
果胶存在于所有的高等植物中。在植物细胞壁中,果胶主要与纤维素、半纤维素、木质素等共价结合,形成原果胶,它是植物的一种结构物质,对维持植物的结构和硬度起着至关重要的作用。
除此之外,果胶能够调节细胞的渗透性及pH。果胶在植物细胞壁中含量最高,在双子叶植物中,主要存在于植物细胞壁的初生细胞壁和中间片层中占30%~35%。
目前,用于生产商品果胶的原料主要是柑橘、柠檬、向日葵和苹果皮渣。此外,有大量研究从豆腐柴叶、香蕉皮、甘薯及薜荔仔等副产物中提取果胶,不过这些原料的研究目前还仅限于实验室的基础研究中。不同原料中果胶含量相差较大。
理化特性
由于原料的种类、生长期、采割期、保存时间及提取方法等因素的影响,果胶的自身组成和理化性质有很大的差异,所以对果胶理化性质的测定对于果胶的表征及质量判定具有非常重要的意义。果胶的理化性质主要有溶解性、酯化度(Degree of Esterfication,DE)、Gal-A含量(半乳糖醛酸)、单糖组成、相对分子质量(Molecular Weight,Mw)、流变及凝胶特性,其中决定果胶的应用范围和经济价值,评价果胶品质的3个较重要的参数为DE、胶凝度和Gal-A含量。
支链果胶
支链果胶由于其本身的分子量远远小于HG长链果胶,是果胶中的一部分约站20%~35%左右,分子量5万以下具有广泛的食用和药用价值。
维生素
维生素是人和动物为维持正常的生理功能而必须从食物中获得的一类微量有机物质,在人体生长、代谢、发育过程中发挥着重要的作用。维生素神经体既不参与构成人体细胞,也不为人体提供能量。
维生素是维持身体健康所必需的一类有机化合物。这类物质在体内既不是构成身体组织的原料,也不是能量的来源,而是一类调节物质,在物质代谢中起重要作用。这类物质由于体内不能合成或合成量不足,所以虽然需要量很少,但必须经常由食物供给。
维生素又名维他命,通俗来讲,即维持生命的物质,是维持人体生命活动必须的一类有机物质,也是保持人体健康的重要活性物质。维生素在体内的含量很少,但不可或缺。各种维生素的化学结构以及性质虽然不同,但它们却有着以下共同点。
(1)维生素均以维生素原的形式存在于食物中;
(2)维生素不是构成机体组织和细胞的组成成分,它也不会产生能量,它的作用主要是参与机体代谢的调节;
(3)大多数的维生素,机体不能合成或合成量不足,不能满足机体的需要,必须经常通过食物中获得;
(4)人体对维生素的需要量很小,日需要量常以毫克或微克计算,但一旦缺乏就会引发相应的维生素缺乏症,对人体健康造成损害。
维生素与碳水化合物、脂肪和蛋白质3大物质不同,在天然食物中仅占极少比例,但又为人体所必需。有些维生素如B6、K等能由动物肠道内的细菌合成,合成量可满足动物的需要。动物细胞可将色氨酸转变成烟酸(一种B族维生素),但生成量不符需要;维生素C除灵长类及豚鼠以外,其他动物都可以自身合成。植物和多数微生物都能自己合成维生素,不必由体外供给。许多维生素是辅基或辅酶的组成部分。
维生素是人和动物营养、生长所必需的某些少量有机化合物,对机体的新陈代谢、生长、发育、健康有极重要作用。如果长期缺乏某种维生素,就会引起生理机能障碍而发生某种疾病。一般由食物中取得。现阶段发现的有几十种,如维生素A、维生素B、维生素C等。
维生素是人体代谢中必不可少的有机化合物。人体犹如一座极为复杂的化工厂,不断地进行着各种生化反应。其反应与酶的催化作用有密切关系。酶要产生活性,必须有辅酶参加。已知许多维生素是酶的辅酶或者是辅酶的组成分子。因此,维生素是维持和调节机体正常代谢的重要物质。可以认为,最好的维生素是以“生物活性物质”的形式,存在于人体组织中。
维生素A
不饱和的一元醇类,属脂溶性维生素。由于人体或哺乳动物缺乏维生素A时易出现干眼病,故又称为抗干眼醇。已知维生素A有A1和A2两种,A1存在于动物肝脏、血液和眼球的视网膜中,又称为视黄醇,天然维生素A主要以此形式存在。A2主要存在于淡水鱼的肝脏中。维生素A1是一种脂溶性淡黄色片状结晶,熔点64℃,维生素A2熔点17~19℃,通常为金黄色油状物。维生素A是含有β-白芷酮环的多烯醇。
维生素A2的化学结构与A1的区别只是在β-白芷酮环的3.4位上多一个双键。维生素A分子中有不饱和键,化学性质活泼,在空气中易被氧化,或受紫外线照射而破坏,失去生理作用,故维生素A的制剂应装在棕色瓶内避光保存。不论是A1或A2,都能与三氯化锑作用,呈现深蓝色,这种性质可作为定量测定维生素A的依据。许多植物如胡萝卜、番茄、绿叶蔬菜、玉米含类胡萝卜素物质,如α、β、γ-胡萝卜素、隐黄质、叶黄素等。
其中有些类胡萝卜素具有与维生素A1相同的环结构,在体内可转变为维生素A,故称为维生素A原,β-胡萝卜素含有两个维生素A1的环结构,转换率最高。一分子β胡萝卜素,加两分子水可生成两分子维生素A1。在动物体内,这种加水氧化过程由β胡萝卡素-15,15′-加氧酶催化,主要在动物小肠粘膜内进行。食物中,或由β-胡萝卜素裂解生成的维生素A在小肠粘膜细胞内与脂肪酸结合成酯,然后掺入乳糜微粒,通过淋巴吸收进入体内。动物的肝脏为储存维生素A的主要场所。当机体需要时,再释放入血。在血液中,视黄醇(R)与视黄醇结合蛋白(RBP)以及血浆前清蛋白(PA)结合,生成R-RBP-PA复合物而转运至各组织。
它是1913年美利坚合众国化学家台维斯从鳕鱼肝中提取得到的。它是黄色粉末,不溶于水,易溶于脂肪、油等有机溶剂。化学性质比较稳定,但易为紫外线破坏,应贮存在棕色瓶中。维生素A是眼睛中视紫质的原料,也是皮肤组织必需的材料,人缺少它会得干眼病、夜盲症等。
生理功能
维生素A是复杂机体必需的一种营养素,它以不同方式几乎影响机体的一切组织细胞。尽管是一种最早发现的维生素,但有关它的生理功能至今尚末完全揭开。
维生素A最主要是生理功能包括:
维持视觉
维生素A可促进视觉细胞内感光色素的形成。全反式视黄醇可以被视黄醇异构酶催化为11-顺-视黄醇,进而氧化成11-顺-视黄醛,11-顺-视黄醛可以和视蛋白结合成为视紫红质。视紫红质遇光后其中的11-顺-视黄醛变为全反视黄醛,因为构像的变化,视紫红质是一种G蛋白偶联受体,通过信号转导机制,引起对视神经的刺激作用,引发视觉。
而遇光后的视紫红质不稳定,迅速分解为视蛋白和全反视黄醛,并在还原酶的作用下还原为全反式视黄醇,重新开始整个循环过程。维生素A可调试眼睛适应外界光线的强弱的能力,以降低夜盲症和视力减退的发生,维持正常的视觉反应,有助于对多种眼疾。维生素A对视力的作用是被最早发现的、也是被了解最多的功能。
促进生长发育
与视黄醇对基因的调控有关。视黄醇也具有相当于类固醇激素的作用,可促进糖蛋白的合成。促进生长、发育,强壮骨骼,维护头发、牙齿和牙床的健康。维持上皮结构的完整与健全。
视黄醇和视黄酸可以调控基因表达,减弱上皮细胞向鳞片状的分化,增加上皮生长因子受体的数量。
因此,维生素A可以调节上皮组织细胞的生长,维持上皮组织的正常形态与功能。保持皮肤湿润,防止皮肤黏膜干燥角质化,不易受细菌伤害,有助于对粉刺、脓包、疖疮,皮肤表面溃疡等症的治疗;有助于祛除老年斑;能保持组织或器官表层的健康。缺乏维生素A,会使上皮细胞的功能减退,导致皮肤弹性下降,干燥粗糙,失去光泽。
加强免疫能力
维生素A有助于维持免疫系统功能正常,能加强对传染病特别是呼吸道感染及寄生虫感染的身体抵抗力;有助于对肺气肿、甲状腺机能亢进症的治疗。
清除自由基
维生素A也有一定的抗氧化作用,可以中和有害的自由基。
另外,许多研究显示皮肤癌、肺癌、喉癌、膀胱癌和食道癌都跟维生素A的摄取量有关;不过这些研究仍待临床更进一步的证实其可靠性。
维生素B
维生素B1
B1是最早被人们提纯的维生素,1896年荷兰王国科学家伊克曼首先发现,1910年为波兰化学家丰克从米糠中提取和提纯。它是白色粉末,易溶于水,遇碱易分解。它的生理功能是能增进食欲,维持神经正常活动等,缺少它会得脚气病、神经性皮炎等。成人每天需摄入2mg。它广泛存在于米糠、蛋黄、牛奶、番茄等食物中,现阶段已能由人工合成。
因其分子中含有硫及氨基,故称为硫胺素,又称抗脚气病维生素。提取到的维生素B1盐酸盐为单斜片晶;维生素B1硝酸盐则为无色三斜晶体,无吸湿性。维生素B1易溶于水,在食物清洗过程中可随水大量流失,经加热后菜中B1主要存在于汤中。如菜类加工过细、烹调不当或制成罐头食品,维生素会大量丢失或破坏。维生素B1在碱性溶液中加热极易被破坏,后者在紫外光下可呈现蓝色荧光,利用这一特性可对维生素B1进行检测及定量。维生素B1在体内转变成硫胺素焦磷酸(又称辅羧化酶),参与糖在体内的代谢。
因此维生素B1缺乏时,糖在组织内的氧化受到影响。它还有抑制胆碱酯酶活性的作用,缺乏维生素B1时此酶活性过高,乙酰胆碱(神经递质之一)大量破坏使神经传导受到影响,可造成胃肠蠕动缓慢,消化道分泌减少,食欲不振、消化不良等障碍。维持人体的正常新陈代谢,以及神经系统的正常生理功能。缺乏症为脚气病
维生素B2
与能量的产生直接有关,促进生长发育和细胞的再生,增进视力。B2又名核黄素。1879年大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国化学家布鲁斯首先从乳清中发现,1933年美利坚合众国化学家哥尔倍格从牛奶中提取,1935年德国化学家柯恩合成了它。维生素B2是橙黄色针状晶体,味微苦,水溶液有黄绿色荧光,在碱性或光照条件下极易分解。熬粥不放碱就是这个道理。人体缺少它易患口腔炎、皮炎、微血管增生症等。成年人每天应摄入2~4mg,它大量存在于谷物、蔬菜、牛乳和鱼等食品中。
维生素B3
维生素B3,又称为烟酸,是B族维生素中人体需要量最多者。它不但是维持消化系统健康的维生素,也是性荷尔蒙合成不可缺少的物质。对生活充满压力的现代人来说,烟酸维系神经系统健康和脑机能正常运作的功效,也绝对不可以忽视。
维生素B5
B5又称泛酸。抗应激、抗寒冷、抗感染、防止某些抗生素的毒性,消除术后腹胀。
维生素B6
维生素B6帮助分解蛋白质,脂肪和碳水化合物。它有抑制呕吐、促进发育等功能,缺少它会引起呕吐、抽筋等症状。包括三种物质,即吡哆醇、吡哆醛及吡哆胺。吡哆醇在体内转变成吡哆醛,吡哆醛与吡哆胺可相互转变。酵母、肝、瘦肉及谷物、卷心菜等食物中均含有丰富的维生素B6。
维生素B6易溶于水和酒精,稍溶于脂肪溶剂;遇光和碱易被破坏,不耐高温。维生素B6在体内与磷酸结合成为磷酸吡哆醛或磷酸吡哆胺。它们是许多种有关氨基酸代谢酶的辅酶,故对氨基酸代谢十分重要。
维生素B7
维生素B7(也称为生物素)是B族复合维生素的一部分。B7的主要作用是帮助人体细胞把碳水化合物,脂肪和蛋白质转换成它们可以使用的能量。
维生素B9
又称叶酸。在细胞中有多种辅酶形式,负责单碳代谢利用,用于合成嘌呤和胸腺嘧啶,于细胞增生时作为DNA复制的原料,提供甲基使半同胱胺酸合成甲硫胺酸,协助多种胺基酸之间的转换。因此叶酸参与细胞增生、生殖、血红素合成等作用,对血球的分化成熟,胎儿的发育(血球增生与胎儿神经发育)有重大的影响。避免半同胱胺酸堆积可以保护心脏血管,还可能减缓老年痴呆症的发生。
维生素B12
保持健康的神经系统,用于红细胞的形成。缺乏症为巨幼红细胞性贫血。维生素B12,即抗恶性贫血维生素,又称钴胺素,含有金属元素钴,是维生素中唯一含有金属元素的,抗脂肪肝,促进维生素A在肝中的贮存;促进细胞发育成熟和机体代谢。它与其他B族维生素不同,一般植物中含量极少,而仅由某些细菌及土壤中的细菌生成。须先与胃幽门部分泌的一种糖蛋白(亦称内因子)结合,才能被吸收。因缺乏“内因子”而导致的B12缺乏,治疗应采用注射剂。
脱氧腺苷钴胺素是维生素B12在体内主要存在形式。它是一些催化相邻两碳原子上氢原子、烷基、羰基或氨基相互交换的酶的辅酶。体内另一种辅酶形式为甲基钴胺素,它参与甲基的转运,和叶酸的作用常互相关联,它可以增加叶酸的利用率来影响核酸与蛋白质生物合成,从而促进红细胞的发育和成熟。
维生素B15(潘氨酸)
主要用于抗脂肪肝,提高组织的氧气代谢率。有时用来治疗冠心病和慢性酒精中毒。
维生素B17
剧毒。有人认为有控制及预防癌症的作用。
除此之外,胆碱和肌醇也往往归于必需维生素类,它们俩是维生素B族的成员。
维生素C
维生素C又叫L-抗坏血酸,是一种水溶性维生素,能够治疗坏血病并且具有酸性,所以称作抗坏血酸。在柠檬汁、绿色植物及番茄中含量很高。抗坏血酸是单斜片晶或针晶,容易被氧化而生成脱氢坏血酸,脱氢坏血酸仍具有维生素C的作用。在碱性溶液中,脱氢坏血酸分子中的内酯环容易被水解成二酮古洛酸。这种化合物在动物体内不能变成内酯型结构。在人体内最后生成草酸或与硫酸结合成的硫酸酯,从尿中排出。因此,二酮古洛酸不再具有生理活性。
1907年挪威化学家霍尔斯特在柠檬汁中发现,1934年才获得纯品,现已可人工合成。维生素C是最不稳定的一种维生素,由于它容易被氧化,在食物贮藏或烹调过程中,甚至切碎新鲜蔬菜时维生素C都能被破坏。微量的铜、铁离子可加快破坏的速度。因此,只有新鲜的蔬菜、水果或生拌菜才是维生素C的丰富来源。它是无色晶体,熔点190~192℃,易溶于水,水溶液呈酸性,化学性质较活泼,遇热、碱和重金属离子容易分解,所以炒菜不可用铜锅和加热过久。
植物及绝大多数动物均可在自身体内合成维生素C。可是人、灵长类及豚鼠则因缺乏将L-古洛酸转变成为维生素C的酶类,不能合成维生素C,故必须从食物中摄取,如果在食物中缺乏维生素C时,则会发生坏血病。
这时由于细胞间质生成障碍而出现出血,牙齿松动、伤口不易愈合,易骨折等症状。由于维生素C在人体内的半衰期较长(大约16天),所以食用不含维生素C的食物3~4个月后才会出现坏血病。因为维生素C易被氧化还原,故一般认为其天然作用应与此特性有关。维生素C与胶原的正常合成、体内酪氨酸代谢及铁的吸收有直接关系。维生素C的主要功能是帮助人体完成氧化还原反应,从而使脑力好转,智力提高。据诺贝尔奖获得者鲍林研究,服大剂量维生素C对预防感冒和抗癌有一定作用。但有人提出,有亚铁离子(Fe2+)存在时维生素C可促进自由基的生成,因而认为应用大量是不安全的。
功效:
(1)维生素C能够捕获自由基,在此能预防像癌症、动脉硬化、风湿病等疾病。此外,它还能增强免疫和,对皮肤、牙龈和神经也有好处。
(2)补充维生素C预防白内障。白内障是现阶段老人常见的眼部疾患,严重时可致完全失明,障碍阅读,影响日常生活。由于臭氧层破坏程度还在不断加重,据统计白内障发病率正呈上升趋势。
维生素D
为类固醇衍生物,属脂溶性维生素。维生素D与动物骨骼的钙化有关,故又称为钙化醇。它具有抗佝偻病的作用,在动物的肝、奶及蛋黄中含量较多,尤以鱼肝油含量最丰富。天然的维生素D有两种,麦角钙化醇(D2)和胆钙化醇(D3)。植物油或酵母中所含的麦角固醇(24-甲基-22脱氢-7-脱氢胆固醇),经紫外线激活后可转化为维生素D2。在动物皮下的7-脱氢胆固醇,经紫外线照射也可以转化为维生素D3,因此麦角固醇和7-脱氢胆固醇常被称作维生素D原。
在动物体内,它们必须在动物体内进行一系列的代谢转变,才能成为具有活性的物质。这一转变主要是在肝脏及肾脏中进行的羟化反应,首先在肝脏羟化成25-羟维生素D3,然后在肾脏进一步羟化成为1,25-(OH)2-D3,后者是维生素D3在体内的活性形式。1,25-二羟维生素D3具有显著的调节钙、磷代谢的活性。它促进小肠粘膜对磷的吸收和转运,同时也促进肾小管对钙和磷的重吸收。
在骨骼中,它既有助于新骨的钙化,又能促进钙由老骨髓质游离出来,从而使骨质不断更新,同时,又能维持血钙的平衡。由于1,25-二羟维生素D3在肾脏合成后转入血液循环,作用于小肠、肾小管、骨组织等远距离的靶组织,基本上符合激素的特点,故有人将维生素D归入激素类物质。维生素D有调节钙的作用,所以是骨及牙齿正常发育所必需。特别在孕妇、婴儿及青少年需要量大。
如果此时维生素D量不足,则血中钙与磷低于正常值,会出现骨骼变软及畸形:发生在儿童身上称为佝偻病;在孕妇身上为骨质软化症。1克维生素D为40000000国际单位。婴儿、青少年、孕妇及喂乳者每日需要量为400~800单位。
维生素E
维生素E是所有具有α-生育酚活性的生育酚和生育三烯酚及其衍生物的总称,又名生育酚,是一种脂溶性维生素,主要存在于蔬菜、豆类之中,在麦胚油中含量最丰富。天然存在的维生素E有8种,均为苯骈二氢吡喃的衍生物,根据其化学结构可分为生育酚及生育三烯酚二类,每类又可根据甲基的数目和位置不同,分为α-、β-、γ-和δ-四种。商品维生素E以α-生育酚生理活性最高。β-及γ-生育酚和α-三烯生育酚的生理活性仅为α-的40%、8%和20%。
天然α-生育酚是右旋型,即d-α-生育酚。它是生物活性最高的维生素E形式。1克d-α-生育酚的生物活性为1490IU,所以称其为1490型维生素E。另外,d-α-生育酚醋酸酯,d-α-生育酚琥珀酸酯等衍生物经常用在维生素E补充剂中。由于1克d-α-生育酚醋酸酯的生物活性仅为1360IU所以称其1360型维生素E,而且d-α-生育酚醋酸酯和琥珀酸酯在吸收前需先经胰脂酶和肠粘膜脂酶的水解成具生物活性的游离生育酚即α-生育酚时才能被人体吸收,起到抗氧化作用,因此外用不能起到抗氧化作用。在外用时,d-α-生育酚醋酸酯只能起到保湿的作用,而d-α生育酚具有保湿和抗氧化双重作用。
维生素E为微带粘性的淡黄色油状物,在无氧条件下较为稳定,甚至加热至200℃以上也不被破坏。但在空气中维生素E极易被氧化,颜色变深。维生素E易于氧化。故能保护其他易被氧化的物质(如维生素A及不饱和脂肪酸等)不被破坏。
柑橘黄酮
功效:
黄酮的功效是多方面的,它是一种很强的抗氧剂,可有效清除体内的氧自由基,如花青素可以抑制油脂性过氧化物的全阶段溢出,这种阻止氧化的能力是维生素E的十倍以上,这种抗氧化作用可以阻止细胞的退化、衰老,也可阻止癌症的发生。
黄酮可以改善血液循环,可以降低胆固醇,向天果中的黄酮还含有一种PAF抗凝因子,这些作用大大降低了心脑血管疾病的发病率,也可改善心脑血管疾病的症状。
被称为花色苷酸的黄酮化合物在动物实验中被证明可以降低26%的血糖和39%的三元脂肪酸丙酯,这种降低血糖的功效是很神奇的,但更重要的是它对稳定胶原质的作用,因此它对糖尿病引起的视网膜病及毛细血管脆化有很好的作用。
黄酮可以抑制炎性生物酶的渗出,可以增进伤口愈合和止痛,栎素由于具有强抗组织胺性,可以用于各类敏感症。
V′RG-I的来源和作用
V′RG-I是从众多的新鲜水果中筛选的,并采用特殊的生产工艺生产的富含Vc,Vp(黄酮)和支链果胶。Vp是从200多种柑橘黄酮中筛选的10几种,它们具有特殊的食用和外用价值
V′RG-I具有良好的吸湿保湿效果
V′RG-I所含的果胶分子中的羟基、羧基和其它极性基团可与水分子形成氢键而结合大量的水分,同时,果胶分子链还相互交织成网状,加之与水的氢键结合,从而起到很强的保水作用,此外,在胞外基质中,果胶与皮肤中的其它多糖组分及纤维状蛋白质共同组成含大量水分的胞外胶状基质,为皮肤提供水分;
另一方面,果胶具有良好的成膜性能,可在皮肤表面形成一层均匀的薄膜覆盖皮肤,减少皮肤表面的水分蒸发,使得水分从基底组织弥散到角质层,诱导角质层进一步水化,保存皮肤自身的水分,而完成润肤作用。因此,果胶的高度吸水性和良好的成膜性完美地结合,能为皮肤提供很好的保湿效果。因此果胶外用也是一种良好的保湿产品。
V′RG-I良好的排毒作用具有预防痤疮黄褐斑等功效
重金属、化学药品等各种毒素存留于体内,阻碍人体气血的正常运行,耗气伤津,甚至能通过皮肤向外渗溢,使皮肤变得粗糙,失去光泽,或出现痤疮、雀斑、黑斑等。各种毒还会作用于下丘脑――垂体――肾上腺轴,导致促皮质激素增多,产生老年斑、黄褐斑等。因此,痤疮、雀斑、黑斑、老年斑、黄褐斑、口臭、肥胖等损容问题都与毒积体内相关。
另外,机体在新陈代谢过程中所产生的乳酸和尿素等有害酸性物质,一旦随汗液分泌到皮肤表层,就会使皮肤失去活力和弹性,尤其是面部皮肤会因此而为得松弦无力,遇冷或经日光暴晒后容易龟裂或发炎。由于果胶的螯合作用以及抗氧化作用对人体起到排毒作用与促进新陈代谢作用,有利人体防病保健、健美肌肤。
V′RG-I具有抗衰老功能
果胶的抗氧化作用已有较多的研究报道,抗氧化作用机理尚未有明确的解释,但研究发现,果胶衍生物中随着取代度的增加,即糖环上游离轻基数目减少,果胶衍生物捕获或淬灭自由基的能力降低,这表明,果胶结构中的还原性羟基可以捕捉脂质过氧化链式反应中产生的活性氧ROS,减少脂质过氧化反应链长度,因此,可以阻断或减缓脂质过氧化的进行,起到抗氧化的作用。
也有研究认为,果胶环上的OH可与产生OH·等所必需的金属离子(如Fe2+、Cu2+等)络合,使其不能产生启动脂质过氧化的轻基自由基或使其不能分解脂质过氧化产生的脂过氧化氢,从而抑制ROS的产生。另外,果胶可通过提高SOD、CAT、GSH-Px等抗氧化酶的活性,从而发挥抗氧化的作用。
因此,专家预测,对生物膜如线粒体膜等预先以果胶进行保护,就可能防止自由基(如Fe2+-V it C体系产生的·OH)直接损伤生物膜,从而起到保护作用。另外,人体衰老的另一重要原因是肠原性毒素进入血液,破坏组织器官功能所致。这些肠原性毒素多数由大肠杆菌分解食物中的某些成分造成,被称为青春之大敌,果胶可以吸附肠内毒素,达到抗衰老的目的。
V′RG-I具有血管美容作用
外界环境污染、紫外照射以及体内微环境的改变都会引起面部微循环中的纤维蛋白高于正常水平,阻塞血管,导致气滞血放,无法带给肌肤细胞正常的养分,最终导致色素沉淀、皮肤黯淡、缺乏营养。促进微血管的血液循环,可加速皮肤细胞的新陈代谢,使僵化的血管壁恢复弹性,从而使养分、水分及氧气等营养物质能充分到达弹力纤维和胶原纤维,保持这些纤维的正常功能,使细胞活跃起来,恢复肌肤的亮丽光泽和弹性。也就是说美丽的肌肤在于血管的健康状态,因此,现在正在世界前沿流行血管美容方式。
果胶具有抗凝血和溶血栓作用,这与果胶中带负电荷的基团与血液中的凝血因子特异性相互作用,从而抑制凝血酶的活性有关。添加到化妆品中的抗凝血果胶经过皮肤吸收,进入皮下微血管,与微血管中的凝血因子结合,降低血管中纤维蛋白水平,畅通血管,加速营养物质随着微循环进入肌肤,从而改善皮肤新陈代谢。
V′RG-I的调节血压血脂作用阻止黄褐斑的产生
人体内血脂和血胆固醇过高,从而诱发脂溢性皮炎、眼睑黄瘤及脂质沉着症等损容性皮肤病。医学研究表明,果胶能与肠腔内的胆汁相结合,促使胆汁酸排泄,从而加速血脂、血胆固醇在肝脏中的降解,使血浆中的血脂胆固醇浓度降低,从而达到预防上述皮肤病的发生。如果血压过高,动脉血管发生粥样硬化,那么体表的毛细血管功能也会发生障碍,使皮肤血氧供应不足而发生皮肤衰老现象,皮肤变得干操、粗糙、无光泽。
患有糖尿病的人,不仅皮肤干操、痰痒,而且可发生过度色素沉着或萎缩性疤痕。果胶能吸附胆固醇,并将其带出体外,降低血中胆固醇浓度,有利于维持心血管系统的功能,使血管富有弹性,保障皮肤营养的正常供应。
V′RG-I具有修复皮肤组织功能
皮肤的弹性、光滑等外观一定程度上由构成皮肤不同组分的细胞的增殖和分裂功能所决定,而这一过程受皮肤内各种细胞因子的综合调节,例如,表皮生长因子(EGF)能促进皮肤表皮细胞的新陈代谢,碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(bFGF)能促进成纤维细胞和表皮细胞代谢、增殖、生长和分化,促进弹性纤维细胞的发育及增强其功能。果胶有助于产生各类细胞生长因子,通过激活细胞生长因子而修复皮肤组织。
V′RG-I美白作用
决定皮肤色调的主要因素是皮肤内的黑色素,肤色的深浅主要决定于黑色素细胞合成黑色素的能力,现代分子生物学对黑色素的研究认为,黑色素的生成与酪氨酸酶、多巴醌互变异构酶和5,6-二羟基吲哚-2-羧酸氧化酶的作用有关,即三酶理论。研究还发现,致使肤色变黑的物理因素是紫外线的辐射。
针对黑色素生成的机理,果胶对皮肤美白的作用机理表现在两方面:其一,抑制5,6-二羟基吲哚-2-羧酸氧化酶的氧化反应,这与果胶的抗氧化机制有关,此外,果胶还能抑制人体内不饱和脂肪酸的过氧化作用,减少不饱和脂肪酸过氧化产物——脂褐素的产生,而脂褐素含量增多会引起色素沉积,形成色斑。其二,果胶的美白作用与其吸收紫外线的特性有关,能吸收多个波段的紫外线辐射。因此,可以用作防晒化妆品的添加剂。
V′RG-I抑菌作用具有祛粉刺效果
粉刺是由于在生长发育时期,新陈代谢旺盛,油脂分泌增多,且未能经常清除死亡的表皮、聚积的污垢、分泌出来的皮脂残留物,使毛孔堵塞和皮脂的排出不畅而引起细菌感染而形成的。针对粉刺的形成过程,抗菌是抑制粉刺恶化的关键因素之一。
现在很多祛粉刺的化妆品以化学药品作为抑菌添加剂,但化学药物容易损伤皮肤,且易使细菌产生耐药性。果胶的抑菌作用机制在于增强溶菌酶的抗菌性能,果胶具有良好的表面活性,能溶解细菌外膜,从而促进溶菌酶对细菌(尤其是革兰氏阴性细菌)的破坏,因此,果胶的抑菌作用是广谱性的,能同时抑制革兰氏阳性细菌和革兰氏阴性细菌。
V′RG-I黄酮类物质有效修补皮肤损伤
(1)急性炎症反应;
(2)氧化应激;
(3)DNA的损伤;
(4)皮肤细胞外基质的合成和降解。
V′RG-I黄酮类物质对皮肤光损伤的保护机制
(1)V′RG-I含有的黄酮类化合物具有多的生物活性;
(2)V′RG-I黄酮类化合物可以减少UVB诱导皮肤炎症的发生。
V′RG-I黄酮类物质的抗氧化机制
黄酮类化合物可以通过吸收紫外线、清除自由基、恢复抗氧化酶活性以及通过调节Nrf2/HO-1/NQ-O1来达到抗紫外线诱导的氧化应激的作用。黄酮类化合物抗氧化的机制。
V′RG-I黄酮类物质减少DNA损伤的机制
V′RG-I黄酮类化合物可以通过吸收紫外线、加速去除CPDs和抑制8-OHdG的形成,提高p53的表达,以激活NER途径以及增加GADD45α的表达,进而对损伤的DNA进行修复,从而减少紫外线对DNA的损伤。黄酮类化合物对皮肤DNA的保护机制
V′RG-I黄酮类物质维持正常的皮肤细胞外基质的合成与降解
V′RG-I黄酮类化合物可以通过调节MAPK/AP-1、TGF-β/Smad、NF-κB/I-κB等信号通路来抑制MMPs的表达和增加I型前胶原的含量,从而维持正常的细胞外基质的合成和降解,进而达到抗光老化的效果。黄酮类化合物对皮肤光老化的保护机制。
本发明所作的举例,而并非对实施方式的限定。对于所属领域的普通技术人员来说,在上述说明的基础上还可以做出其它不同形式的变化或变动,这里无需也无法对所有的实施方式予以穷举,而由此所引申出的显而易见的变化或变动仍处于本发明的保护范围中。
Claims (7)
1.一种V′RG-I在化妆品中的应用,其特征在于,所述V′RG-I是从柑橘类水果中提取的支链果胶柑橘黄酮和维生素的复合物,所述V′RG-I应用于皮肤涂抹的化妆品中。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种V′RG-I在化妆品中的应用,其特征在于,所述支链果胶主要是以D-半乳糖醛酸(D-Galacturonic Acids,D-Gal-A)由α-1,4-糖苷键连接组成的酸性杂多糖。
3.根据权利要求2所述的一种V′RG-I在化妆品中的应用,其特征在于,所述支链果胶内除含有D-Gal-A外,还含有L-鼠李糖、D-半乳糖、D-阿拉伯糖。
4.根据权利要求3所述的一种V′RG-I在化妆品中的应用,其特征在于,所述支链果胶内还有少量的D-甘露糖和、L-岩藻糖。
5.根据权利要求1~4任意一项所述的一种V′RG-I在化妆品中的应用,其特征在于,所述支链果胶的原料为柑橘、柠檬、向日葵和苹果皮渣。
6.根据权利要求1所述的一种V′RG-I在化妆品中的应用,其特征在于,所述柑橘黄酮是200多种柑橘黄酮中提取的10几种。
7.根据权利要求1所述的一种V′RG-I在化妆品中的应用,其特征在于,所述维生素为:维生素A、维生素B、维生素C、维生素D、维生素E、维生素P、维生素PP。
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