Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the technical problem of providing an under-forest ecological planting method for the seedlings of the red fruit ginseng.
The technical problem to be solved by the invention is as follows:
an under-forest ecological planting method for red fruit ginseng seeds specifically comprises the following steps:
step S1: screening wild high-quality red fruit ginseng fruits to obtain stock seeds; establishing an improved variety breeding garden;
step S2: collecting seeds of an improved breeding garden;
step S3: seedling and transplanting to the forest or directly seeding in the forest by adopting dry seeds;
step S4: and (4) performing field management and comprehensive pest control, and harvesting after the fruits are ripe.
Further, the seedling raising and transplanting in the step S3 to the forest specifically includes the following steps:
step 3a 1: culturing seedlings in a plastic greenhouse or an under-forest arched shed, deeply ploughing soil, removing impurities, applying 1500-2000kg of decomposed farmyard manure or 20kg of potassium sulfate type compound fertilizer with the total nutrient content of more than or equal to 45 percent to each mu as base fertilizer, and flattening a seedbed to prepare for culturing the seedlings;
step 3a 2: 3 in the middle of the month to 4 in the last ten days of the month, selecting fruits with the diameter of more than or equal to 1.0cm and the weight of more than or equal to 0.9g as seed sources to sow, uniformly mixing the seed sources with fine soil which is sieved by an 8-mesh sieve, and sowing the seed sources on a seedbed, wherein the sowing amount is 0.2-0.4g/m2(ii) a Wherein the weight ratio of the seed source to the fine soil is 1: 200-300;
step 3a 3: after emergence, weeds are removed, plant diseases and insect pests are controlled, seedlings are thinned in time, and the density of the reserved seedlings is controlled to be 800-2。
Step 3a 4: selecting seedlings with the seedling height of 15-20cm, 3-5 single leaves and the fibrous root number of more than or equal to 45 from the first ten days of 5 months to the middle of 6 months, transplanting and planting the seedlings under the forest; wherein the row spacing of the plants is 1m multiplied by 2m, and the seedling consumption per mu is 250-350 plants;
further, the under-forest direct seeding of the dry seeds in the step S3 specifically includes the following steps:
step 3B 1: selecting fruits with diameter larger than 2.0cm and weight larger than 2.1g as seed sources; uniformly mixing seed sources with fine soil sieved by an 8-mesh sieve, and performing hole sowing; wherein the planting density is 1m multiplied by 2m of plant row spacing, the planting is carried out in 350 holes of 250-;
step 3B 2: after sowing, covering fine soil with the thickness of 0.5-1.5 cm;
further, the field management in the step S4 includes timely thinning or replanting, leaving 1-2 healthy seedlings per hole, intertillage weeding, watering for drought control, draining water for waterlogging control, and topdressing.
Further, the top dressing is carried out twice, wherein 6-8kg of decomposed farmyard manure or 10-15g of urea is applied to each hole in 7 months, and 1.5-2.5kg of monopotassium phosphate is applied to each mu in late 8 months.
Further, the step S2 specifically includes the following steps:
step S21: in an improved variety breeding garden, batch harvesting is adopted according to the mature condition of fruits, the fruit harvesting is carried out from 11 months to 1 month, and screening is carried out; stacking the screened fruits in a ventilated and cool room for after-ripening for 7-10 days;
step S22: mashing fruits, wrapping with gauze, washing with water, filtering, and settling seeds in the fruits; removing pericarp, pulp, unsaturated or defective seeds and floating impurities;
step S22: spreading and drying clean seeds to be dry, cleaning and selecting, and storing the cleaned seeds at the temperature of 0-15 ℃ under the condition of ventilation;
furthermore, in order to obtain better mouthfeel, the soil of the underground plot is slightly acidic or neutral lime soil.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
the method can effectively improve the survival rate of the planting of the red ginseng, so that the yield is improved, and simultaneously, the components of the obtained fruit are superior to those of the wild fruit; so that the utility model can effectively meet the market demand.
Detailed Description
The invention is realized by the following technical scheme.
Example 1:
an under-forest ecological planting method for red fruit ginseng seeds specifically comprises the following steps:
step S1: the method comprises the steps of breeding wild red fruit ginseng in Tan dam village in the Bay area of Leshan City in Sichuan province, selecting the wild red fruit ginseng as a stock seed, wherein the wild red fruit ginseng has good taste, large fruit grains, high single plant yield, good introduction and cultivation growth vigor and high-quality seed source after introduction and cultivation, namely breeding the wild red fruit ginseng from the Tan dam village in the Bay area of Leshan City in Sichuan province; establishing an improved variety breeding garden; the method specifically comprises the following steps:
seedling culture: and 3, in 3 to 4 months, the conventional seedling raising method is adopted, original seeds are used for raising seedlings, an independent seedling raising area is built, the underground plot is taken as an isolation area, and dense trees around the breeding area isolate the breeding area to prevent mixing and powder stringing.
Transplanting and field planting: and when transplanting is carried out in the middle ten days of 5-6 months, applying rotten farmyard manure of 2000 kg/mu or compound fertilizer of 25 kg/mu as base fertilizer, deeply ploughing on a bed surface which is arranged by 25-30cm, wherein the furrow width is 40 cm and the furrow depth is 10cm, selecting robust seedlings with soil and more than 5 single leaves for transplanting, and pulling ropes for field planting according to the plant-row spacing of 1m multiplied by 2m to thoroughly pour root fixing water.
Field management: the breeding area must be enhanced in field management. 1) And (5) timely searching seedlings: the seedling condition is checked once every 5 days, the diseased seedlings are immediately cleared, and the observation record is made. 2) The weeds in the field can be removed at any time. 3) Drought and waterlogging prevention, continuous rainy days, dredging of furrow, continuous high-temperature drought, drought resistance and seedling protection. 4) Attention is paid to the maintenance of the isolation zone, avoiding mechanical and biological complications as much as possible.
Step S2: collecting seeds of an improved breeding garden; the step S2 specifically includes the following steps:
step S21: in an improved variety breeding garden, batch harvesting is adopted according to the mature condition of fruits, the fruit harvesting is carried out from 11 months to 1 month, and screening is carried out; stacking the screened fruits in a ventilated and cool room for after-ripening for 7-10 days;
step S22: mashing fruits, wrapping with gauze, washing with water, filtering, and settling seeds in the fruits; removing pericarp, pulp, unsaturated or defective seeds and floating impurities;
step S22: spreading and drying clean seeds to be dry, cleaning and selecting, and storing the cleaned seeds at the temperature of 0-15 ℃ under the condition of ventilation;
seed harvesting and processing: after transplanting, in a squatting stage of about 15-20 days, plants grow rapidly, harvesting is carried out from 11 months in the current year to 3 months in the next year, and the harvested fruits are piled in a ventilated and shady room for after-ripening for 7-9 days; mashing the fruits, wrapping the crushed fruits with gauze, washing with water, filtering, and settling seeds in the fruits; removing floating impurities such as pericarp, pulp, and unsaturated and defective seeds; and (4) continuing spreading and airing the clean seeds until the seeds are dry and cleaned, and selecting the cleaned seeds according to the quality standard of the red ginseng seeds. Preferably, the storage environment of the seeds is shady and cool (0-15 ℃) and is stored under ventilation conditions, preferably at the temperature of 2-8 ℃, the seeds are classified and then are subpackaged into cloth bags, the packaging specification is 1 kg/bag, the cloth bags are placed in shady and cool dry ventilation places, and the seeds are protected from moisture, rats and insects for later use.
Step S3: adopting the seeds obtained in the step S2 to carry out forest direct seeding;
further, the under-forest direct seeding of the dry seeds in the step S3 specifically includes the following steps:
step 3B 1: selecting fruits with diameter larger than 2.0cm and weight larger than 2.1g as seed sources; uniformly mixing seed sources with fine soil sieved by an 8-mesh sieve, and performing hole sowing; wherein the planting density is 1m multiplied by 2m of plant row spacing, the planting is carried out in 350 holes of 250-;
step 3B 2: after sowing, covering fine soil with the thickness of 0.5-1.5 cm;
further, the field management in the step S4 includes timely thinning or replanting, leaving 1-2 healthy seedlings per hole, intertillage weeding, watering for drought control, draining water for waterlogging control, and topdressing.
Further, the top dressing is carried out twice, wherein 6-8kg of decomposed farmyard manure or 10-15g of urea is applied to each hole in 7 months, and 1.5-2.5kg of monopotassium phosphate is applied to each mu in late 8 months.
Wherein, after 2-3 true leaves grow on the seedling, thinning and replanting are carried out in combination with weeding. Looking up the seedling condition every day, timely supplementing the seedling shortage, and keeping each nest having single plant healthy and strong seedlings.
Step S4: performing field management and comprehensive pest control, and harvesting after fruits are ripe; the field management comprises timely thinning or replanting, reserving 1-2 plants per hole to strengthen the seedling, intertillage weeding, watering to prevent drought, draining water to prevent waterlogging and topdressing; the top dressing is carried out twice, wherein 6-8kg of decomposed farmyard manure or 10-15g of urea is applied to each hole in 7 months, and 1.5-2.5kg of monopotassium phosphate is applied to each mu in late 8 months.
Furthermore, in order to obtain better mouthfeel, the soil of the underground plot is slightly acidic or neutral lime soil.
Example 2:
an under-forest ecological planting method for red fruit ginseng seeds specifically comprises the following steps:
step S1: breeding the wild red fruit ginseng in Tan dam village in Bay district of le mountain city, Sichuan province as stock seeds; establishing an improved variety breeding garden; the method specifically comprises the following steps:
seedling culture: and 3, in 3 to 4 months, the conventional seedling raising method is adopted, the original seeds are used for raising seedlings, an independent seedling raising area is built, the underground plot is taken as an isolation area, and dense trees around the breeding area isolate the breeding area to prevent mixing and powder stringing.
Transplanting and field planting: and when transplanting is carried out in the middle ten days of 5-6 months, applying rotten farmyard manure of 2000 kg/mu or compound fertilizer of 25 kg/mu as base fertilizer, deeply ploughing on a bed surface which is arranged by 25-30cm, wherein the furrow width is 40 cm and the furrow depth is 10cm, selecting robust seedlings with soil and more than 5 single leaves for transplanting, and pulling ropes for field planting according to the plant-row spacing of 1m multiplied by 2m to thoroughly pour root fixing water.
Field management: the breeding area must be enhanced in field management. 1) And (5) timely searching seedlings: the seedling condition is checked once every 5 days, the diseased seedlings are immediately cleared, and the observation record is made. 2) The weeds in the field can be removed at any time. 3) Drought and waterlogging prevention, continuous rainy days, dredging of furrow, continuous high-temperature drought, drought resistance and seedling protection. 4) Attention is paid to the maintenance of the isolation zone, avoiding mechanical and biological complications as much as possible.
Step S2: collecting seeds of an improved breeding garden; the step S2 specifically includes the following steps:
step S21: in an improved variety breeding garden, batch harvesting is adopted according to the mature condition of fruits, the fruit harvesting is carried out from 11 months to 1 month, and screening is carried out; stacking the screened fruits in a ventilated and cool room for after-ripening for 7-10 days;
step S22: mashing fruits, wrapping with gauze, washing with water, filtering, and settling seeds in the fruits; removing pericarp, pulp, unsaturated or defective seeds and floating impurities;
step S22: spreading and drying clean seeds to be dry, cleaning and selecting, and storing the cleaned seeds at the temperature of 0-15 ℃ under the condition of ventilation; preferably, storage is carried out at 2-8 ℃.
Seed harvesting and processing: after transplanting, in a squatting stage of about 15-20 days, plants grow rapidly, harvesting is carried out from 11 months in the current year to 3 months in the next year, and the harvested fruits are piled in a ventilated and shady room for after-ripening for 7-9 days; mashing the fruits, wrapping the crushed fruits with gauze, washing with water, filtering, and settling seeds in the fruits; removing floating impurities such as pericarp, pulp, and unsaturated and defective seeds; and (4) continuing spreading and airing the clean seeds until the seeds are dry and cleaned, and selecting the cleaned seeds according to the quality standard of the red ginseng seeds. Preferably, the storage environment of the seeds is 0-15 ℃ in a shady and cool environment and the seeds are stored under a ventilation condition; preferably, the materials are preserved at the temperature of 2-8 ℃, classified and then subpackaged into cloth bags, the packaging specification is 1 kg/bag, and the cloth bags are placed in a cool, dry and ventilated place, and are protected from moisture, rats and insects for later use.
Step S3: seedling and transplanting to the forest;
further, the seedling raising and transplanting in the step S3 to the forest specifically includes the following steps:
step 3a 1: culturing seedlings in a plastic greenhouse or an under-forest arched shed, deeply ploughing soil, removing impurities, applying 1500-2000kg of decomposed farmyard manure or 20kg of potassium sulfate type compound fertilizer with the total nutrient content of more than or equal to 45 percent to each mu as base fertilizer, and flattening a seedbed to prepare for culturing the seedlings;
wherein, the inside of the sunshade greenhouse is bricked into a seedling bed with the width of 8m, the height of 2m and the length of the greenhouse. The method comprises the steps of filling fine and mature soil with the thickness of 15 cm in a seedbed, then uniformly scattering 1500 & ltSUB & gt & lt 2000 & gtkg of decomposed farmyard manure or 20kg of potassium sulfate with the nutrient content being more than or equal to 45% as base fertilizer per mu, uniformly stirring with bed soil, and then scraping the bed surface by using a scraper.
Step 3a 2: culturing seedling in 3-4 late of the month, selecting fruit with diameter of 1.0cm or more and weight of 0.9g or more as seed source, sowing, mixing with fine soil of 8 mesh sieve, and sowing in seedbed at sowing amount of 0.2-0.4g/m2(ii) a Wherein the weight ratio of the seed source to the fine soil is 1: 200-300;
preferably, selecting fruits with the diameter of more than or equal to 2.0cm and the weight of more than or equal to 2.0g as seed sources for sowing;
the sowing method comprises the following steps: spraying the seedbed thoroughly with water, the weight of the seeds is 0.2-0.4g/m2Weighing seeds, and mixing the seeds with moist fine soil which is sieved by a sieve of 8 meshes according to the weight ratio of the seeds to the fine soil of 1:200 (the proportion of the seed is mixed evenly, the seed is evenly scattered on the surface of the compartment by hands which are about 30cm away from the ground when the seed is scattered, the seed is scattered along the left and right sides of the surface of the compartment, a fine soil cover is used for covering the seed, the thickness of the seed is about 0.3-0.5cm, the seed is covered by a mulching film for preserving heat and moisture, watering is not needed to be done before 10:00 am or 17: 00 pm at noon, watering is not needed when the temperature is high, after the true leaves grow out, fine days are selected, retted thin liquid dung or biogas slurry is used for watering the surface of the compartment for one time to play a seedling lifting role, watering and moisture preservation are carried out at the right time according to the surface soil condition after the seed leaves appear, the weeds sprouting in the seedbed are pulled out at any time, and the seedbed is kept clean.
Step 3a 3: after seedling emergence, removing weeds, controlling plant diseases and insect pests, thinning in time, and controlling the seedling density to be 800-;
if a greenhouse seedling method is adopted, when the temperature in the greenhouse reaches 30 ℃, the two ends of the greenhouse are uncovered, the ventilation in the greenhouse is enhanced, the temperature and the relative humidity in the greenhouse are reduced, and the high-temperature seedling burning and the diseases are prevented.
Step 3a 4: selecting seedlings with the seedling height of 15-20cm, 3-5 single leaves and the fibrous root number of more than or equal to 45 from the first ten days of 5 months to the middle of 6 months, transplanting and planting the seedlings under the forest; wherein the row spacing of the plants is 1m multiplied by 2m, and the seedling consumption per mu is 250-350 plants;
wherein, the seedbed is sprayed with water thoroughly one day before transplanting, the bigger healthy and strong seedlings are pulled out the next day, the seedlings with the height of 8-10cm and the number of leaves of more than 3 are selected, the seedlings are bundled into small bundles of about 50 plants in general by using wet rice straw, and then the small bundles are put into a basket and transported to a transplanting and planting field. The seedlings are planted along with the seedlings, the seedlings are not required to be lifted too much at one time, and the seedlings which are lifted in the same day are required to be planted in the same day and cannot be placed overnight.
Step S4: performing field management and comprehensive pest control, and harvesting after fruits are ripe; the field management comprises timely thinning or replanting, reserving 1-2 plants per hole to strengthen the seedling, intertillage weeding, watering to prevent drought, draining water to prevent waterlogging and topdressing; the top dressing is carried out twice, wherein 6-8kg of decomposed farmyard manure or 10-15g of urea is applied to each hole in 7 months, and 1.5-2.5kg of monopotassium phosphate is applied to each mu in late 8 months.
Furthermore, in order to obtain better mouthfeel, the soil of the underground plot is slightly acidic or neutral lime soil.
Comparative example 1:
in the comparative example, under the condition of adopting the same original seed, the same planting method is adopted, three different under-forest plots of lime soil, purple soil and yellow soil are respectively planted under the forest, the main components of the finally obtained fruit are measured, the measurement result is shown in the table 1,
TABLE 1
As can be seen from table 1, when the under-forest planting is performed on the under-forest land with the soil property of lime soil, the total amino acid amount, the anthocyanin content, the fruit size and the yield per mu of the obtained fruit are all the highest; therefore, the lime soil is most beneficial to planting the red fruit ginseng.
Comparative example 2:
this comparative example was conducted by subjecting fruits as stock seeds, fruits obtained by planting the stock seeds under forest according to the planting methods of examples 1 and 2 of the present invention and planting the stock seeds not on the under forest land of the present invention to main component measurement, the measurement results are shown in Table 2,
TABLE 2
As can be seen from Table 2, the main components of the fruit of the red ginseng planted by the planting method of the present invention are higher than those of the wild red ginseng.
The foregoing is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and it should be noted that, for those skilled in the art, various modifications and decorations can be made without departing from the technical principle of the present invention, and these modifications and decorations should also be regarded as the protection scope of the present invention.