CN111841660B - 一种磁悬浮3d臭氧催化微球的制备及其在养殖污水中的应用 - Google Patents
一种磁悬浮3d臭氧催化微球的制备及其在养殖污水中的应用 Download PDFInfo
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- CN111841660B CN111841660B CN202010738460.XA CN202010738460A CN111841660B CN 111841660 B CN111841660 B CN 111841660B CN 202010738460 A CN202010738460 A CN 202010738460A CN 111841660 B CN111841660 B CN 111841660B
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Abstract
本发明属于污水处理技术领域,具体涉及一种磁悬浮3D臭氧催化微球的制备及其在矿化养殖污水中抗生素上的应用。本发明首先以CS、PVDF与Fe3O4等为原料,采用反相悬浮法制备微球载体,然后通过化学螯合作用结合催化活性金属组分来获得具有催化臭氧氧化功能的3D微球。该微球在自然状态下具有良好的悬浮稳定性,随臭氧O3微气泡匀速转动,增加了与抗生素和O3的接触面积,有效促进了微球表面的O3分解为高活性自由基(羟基自由基·OH和/或超氧自由基·O2 ‑),进而加快了养殖污水中抗生素的矿化速率和效率,提高了O3利用率;同时该磁性微球可通过外加磁场进行回收,具有较高的应用价值。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于污水处理技术领域,具体涉及一种磁悬浮3D臭氧催化微球、制 备方法及其应用,更进一步地在催化O3矿化养殖污水中抗生素上的应用。
背景技术
中国是世界上最大的抗生素生产国和消费国,每年约生产21万t抗生素,其中46.1%用于畜禽养殖业。进入畜禽体内的抗生素难以被生物体完全吸收,约 30%~90%会以母体或活性代谢产物的形式随粪便、尿液排出体外。由于抗生素 具有较强的稳定性和难降解特性,导致经厌氧发酵后的沼液仍残留多种抗生素, 含量较高的有四环素类和磺胺类抗生素,含量达几十到几百ug/L。沼液作为“优 质高效的无公害有机肥料”已应用于多种作物的生产中,但若被直接灌溉,其中 的抗生素会使一些微生物产生抗性基因,而这些抗性基因可以在环境中传递,从 而使某些致病菌对药物产生抗性,进而对生态系统及人类健康造成更大威胁。因 此,寻找能快速、高效地去除沼液中抗生素,同时又保留养分(TN、TP、TK)的 方法迫在眉睫。
目前,抗生素的去除方法主要有生物法、吸附法和氧化法。其中生物法处理 周期较长,同时因为抗生素的难降解特性使其难以彻底氧化降解且污泥中的微生 物会对抗生素产生抑制作用,两方面因素综合作用极易导致抗生素免于处理而残 留于终端水体中;基于物理原理的吸附法也只是实现了污染物的转移,使得抗生 素转移到吸附剂表面及其内部,并没有真正从水体中将污染物去除;高级氧化技 术(AOPs)主要有光催化氧化、芬顿氧化及臭氧氧化等,凭借·OH的高反应活性, 对抗生素具有很高的去除率,但矿化率普遍偏低,生态风险仍然较高。
催化臭氧氧化技术是近年来发展起来的一种新型高效水处理技术,是对臭氧 氧化的改进和强化,将那些难以用O3单独氧化或降解的水中微量、高稳定性有机 污染物彻底氧化分解去除,克服单一臭氧氧化技术的局限性,提高臭氧氧化反应 速率。与均相臭氧催化氧化技术相比,非均相臭氧催化氧化技术中的催化剂以固 态形式存在,易与水体分离,能重复利用,在实际污水处理中被广泛应用。
目前,非均相臭氧催化剂主要是以活性炭、分子筛、无定形氧化铝或二氧化 钛等为载体,以碱金属、碱土金属、过渡金属或贵金属中的一种或几种为催化活 性组分,通过浸渍法获得,此类催化剂在实际催化反应过程中往往存在结构稳定 性差、催化活性组分易流失(或脱落)和臭氧利用率低等缺陷。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于提供一种磁悬浮3D臭氧催化微球、制备方法及其在催化 臭氧矿化养殖污水中抗生素上的应用。本发明首先以CS、PVDF与Fe3O4等为原 料,采用反相悬浮法制备微球载体,然后通过化学螯合作用结合催化活性金属组 分来获得具有催化臭氧氧化功能的3D微球。该微球在自然状态下具有良好的悬 浮稳定性,随O3微气泡匀速转动,利于O3和抗生素吸附于微球表面,提高O3利用率,促进养殖污水中抗生素的矿化;同时该磁性微球制备简单,可重复利用, 具有较高的应用价值。
为实现上述目的,本发明采用如下技术方案:
一种磁悬浮3D臭氧催化微球,首先以CS、PVDF与Fe3O4等为原料,采用 反相悬浮法制备微球载体,然后通过化学螯合作用结合催化活性金属组分来获得 具有催化臭氧氧化功能的3D微球。其制备方法具体步骤为:
(1)称取一定量的CS溶解于2.0wt%乙酸水溶液,配制成3.0wt%壳聚糖 乙酸水溶液,记为淡黄色溶胶A;将15.0g PVDF粉末溶于100mLDMAC,再加 入5.0g PVP,60℃机械搅拌1d,静置脱泡得铸膜液B;
(2)分别称取8mM柠檬酸三钠、4mM六水合氯化铁和12mM尿素溶于80 mL去离子水,再加入0.6g聚丙烯酰胺和0.3g聚乙二醇,溶解后将溶液转入反 应釜中高温反应,过滤、洗涤、干燥得磁性Fe3O4纳米粒子;
(3)将溶胶A和铸膜液B混合均匀后,再与磁性Fe3O4纳米粒子复合,超 声反应30min;在搅拌下缓慢加入至由160mL液体石蜡和8mL Span-80组成的 有机相中,常温下充分搅拌30min制得微球载体;再依次加入0.5wt%的戊二醛 溶液10mL和含有硝酸铈、硝酸锰和硝酸钴的混合溶液30mL,继续搅拌,化学 交联12h,过滤,用去离子水和无水乙醇反复清洗;随后置于pH 9~10的NaOH 溶液中固化反应2h,取出用去离子水反复洗涤至中性;最后置于真空干燥箱中 60℃干燥8h,得所述微球。
进一步地,步骤(2)所述高温反应具体为200~300℃真空干燥箱中反应8~ 10h。
进一步地,步骤(3)所述溶胶A、铸膜液B和Fe3O4磁性纳米粒子的质量 比为(2~8):(4.5~7.5):(1~4)。
进一步地,步骤(3)所述超声反应中,超声波频率为40~60HZ。
进一步地,以所述载体的重量为基准计,步骤(3)所述的催化活性组分Ce、 Mn和Co的含量比为(1~2)wt%:(6~10)wt%:(5~8)wt%。
进一步地,本发明所制备的微球大小为0.1~0.2μm,孔径为10~50nm,比 表面积为172~214m2/g,表面酸性位点密度为0.8~2.7mmol/g,球形颗粒抗压机 械强度>3N。
本发明的显著优点在于:
(1)本发明所制备的磁悬浮3D臭氧催化微球的催化活性组分(Ce、Mn、 Co)是通过化学键合的形式与CS分子中活泼的氨基进行螯合而被固定的,有效 防止了活性组分的流失或脱落,利于延长微球(臭氧催化剂)的生命周期。高度 分散的高密度金属位点就是活性中心,完全暴露在微球表面或孔道的金属离子可 提供100%的利用率,在长期或反复使用过程中催化性能基本保持稳定。此外, 包埋Fe3O4磁性粒子的悬浮态3D微球可以很好地通过磁分离进行回收,提高重复 利用率,降低使用成本。
(2)由于现有技术中常用的臭氧催化剂的载体主要为分子筛、γ-Al2O3以及 碳材料等,通常采用湿式浸渍法、水热法和共沉淀法等方法,在载体表面负载过 渡金属及其氧化物,制备具有不同催化性能的催化剂。但由于制备过程相对复杂、 制备条件较为严苛,限制了臭氧催化氧化更为广泛地应用。而本发明选取廉价易 得的材料制备催化剂载体,制备方法简单,所制备的微球表面积适中,孔隙尺寸 较大,内扩散阻力较小,利于催化反应的顺利进行。
(3)本发明中CS富含羟基和氨基,催化活性组分Ce、Mn、Co离子与活泼 氨基通过螯合作用交联成三维网状结构均匀分布于微球中,形成富含羟基和 Lewis酸性位的磁悬浮3D臭氧催化微球。该微球在O3微气泡的推动下匀速转动, 羟基作为一种亲水性基团利于有机物和O3附着于微球表面,利于O3攻击有机物, 降解产生臭氧化产物(有机中间体),提高O3传质及利用率;Lewis酸性位的Ce、 Co具有优良的电子转移效率,在催化反应过程中起电子穿梭作用,与Mn、Fe、 Na产生协同效应活化O3快速分解为·OH和/或·O2 -,矿化吸附于微球表面的有机中 间体,转化为CO2和H2O等无机小分子物质,达到高度净化的效果。
附图说明
图1为实施例1微球透射电镜图;
图2为微球催化O3矿化养殖污水中抗生素的工艺装置示意图;
1-臭氧发生器,2-臭氧浓度分析仪,3-臭氧反应柱,4-养殖污水,5-蠕动泵, 6-取样口,7-O3微气泡,8-微球(臭氧催化剂),9-多孔板,10-臭氧破坏器,11- 储液池,12-尾气;
图3为实施例1微球/O3对养殖污水中抗生素的循环矿化效果;
图4为实施例1微球(循环使用六次)/O3对COD、TOC的处理效果及可生化性变 化,其中插图中烧杯a为矿化前、插图中烧杯b为矿化后;
图5为实施例1微球(循环使用六次)/O3矿化养殖污水中的抗生素后TN、TP、 TK保留率。
具体实施方式
为进一步公开而不是限制本发明,以下结合实例对本发明作进一步的详细说 明。
实施例1
(1)称取一定量的CS溶解于2.0wt%乙酸水溶液,配制成3.0wt%壳聚糖 乙酸水溶液,记为淡黄色溶胶A;将15.0g PVDF粉末溶于100mLDMAC,再加 入5.0g PVP,60℃机械搅拌1d,静置脱泡得铸膜液B;分别称取8mM柠檬酸三 钠、4mM六水合氯化铁和12mM尿素溶于80mL去离子水,再加入0.6g聚丙烯 酰胺和0.3g聚乙二醇,溶解后将溶液转入反应釜中于280℃高温下反应9h,过 滤、洗涤、干燥得磁性Fe3O4纳米粒子;将凝胶A、铸膜液B、Fe3O4纳米粒子按5:6:2.5的质量比例复合,超声反应30min得塑性浆料,静置脱泡,备用;
(2)在缓慢搅拌下将100g配制好的步骤(1)的塑性浆料缓慢加入至由160mL 液体石蜡和8mL Span-80组成的有机相中,常温下充分搅拌30min制得微球载体; 再依次加入0.5wt%的戊二醛溶液10mL和含有硝酸铈、硝酸锰和硝酸钴的混合 溶液(0.5g/mL硝酸铈2.8mL,0.5g/mL硝酸锰15mL,0.5g/mL硝酸钴12.2mL) 30mL,继续搅拌,化学交联12h,过滤,用去离子水和无水乙醇反复清洗;随 后置于pH 9~10的NaOH溶液中固化反应2h,取出用去离子水反复洗涤至中性; 最后置于真空干燥箱60℃干燥8h,得复合磁性悬浮态3D微球。
实施例2
(1)称取一定量的CS溶解于2.0wt%乙酸水溶液,配制成3.0wt%壳聚糖 乙酸水溶液,记为淡黄色溶胶A;将15.0g PVDF粉末溶于100mLDMAC,再加 入5.0g PVP,60℃机械搅拌1d,静置脱泡得铸膜液B;分别称取8mM柠檬酸三 钠、4mM六水合氯化铁和12mM尿素溶于80mL去离子水,再加入0.6g聚丙烯 酰胺和0.3g聚乙二醇,溶解后将溶液转入反应釜中于280℃高温下反应9h,过 滤、洗涤、干燥得磁性Fe3O4纳米粒子;将凝胶A、铸膜液B、Fe3O4纳米粒子按8:7.5:4的质量比例复合,超声反应30min得塑性浆料,静置脱泡,备用;
(2)在缓慢搅拌下将100g配制好的步骤(1)的塑性浆料缓慢加入至由160mL 液体石蜡和8mLSpan-80组成的有机相中,常温下充分搅拌30min制得微球载体; 再依次加入0.5wt%的戊二醛溶液10mL和含有硝酸铈、硝酸锰和硝酸钴的混合 溶液(0.5g/mL硝酸铈3mL,0.5g/mL硝酸锰15mL,0.5g/mL硝酸钴12mL) 30mL,继续搅拌,化学交联12h,过滤,用去离子水和无水乙醇反复清洗;随 后置于pH9~10的NaOH溶液中固化反应2h,取出用去离子水反复洗涤至中性; 最后置于真空干燥箱60℃干燥8h,得磁悬浮3D臭氧催化微球。
实施例3
(1)称取一定量的CS溶解于2.0wt%乙酸水溶液,配制成3.0wt%壳聚糖 乙酸水溶液,记为淡黄色溶胶A;将15.0g PVDF粉末溶于100mLDMAC,再加 入5.0g PVP,60℃机械搅拌1d,静置脱泡得铸膜液B;分别称取8mM柠檬酸三 钠、4mM六水合氯化铁和12mM尿素溶于80mL去离子水,再加入0.6g聚丙烯 酰胺和0.3g聚乙二醇,溶解后将溶液转入反应釜中于280℃高温下反应9h,过 滤、洗涤、干燥得磁性Fe3O4纳米粒子;将凝胶A、铸膜液B、Fe3O4纳米粒子按2:4.5:1的质量比例复合,超声反应30min得塑性浆料,静置脱泡,备用;
(2)在缓慢搅拌下将100g配制好的步骤(1)的塑性浆料缓慢加入至由160mL 液体石蜡和8mLSpan-80组成的有机相中,常温下充分搅拌30min制得微球载体; 再依次加入0.5wt%戊二醛溶液10mL和含有硝酸铈、硝酸锰和硝酸钴的混合溶 液(0.5g/mL硝酸铈2.5mL,0.5g/mL硝酸锰15mL,0.5g/mL硝酸钴12.5mL) 30mL,继续搅拌,化学交联12h,过滤,用去离子水和无水乙醇反复清洗;随 后置于pH9~10的NaOH溶液中固化反应2h,取出用去离子水反复洗涤至中性; 最后置于真空干燥箱60℃干燥8h,得磁悬浮3D臭氧催化微球。
对比例1
(1)称取一定量的CS溶解于2.0wt%乙酸水溶液,配制成3.0wt%壳聚糖 乙酸水溶液,记为淡黄色溶胶A;将15.0g PVDF粉末溶于100mLDMAC,再加 入5.0g PVP,60℃机械搅拌1d,静置脱泡得铸膜液B;将凝胶A和铸膜液B按 5:6的质量比例复合,超声反应30min得塑性浆料,静置脱泡,备用;
(2)在缓慢搅拌下将100g配制好的步骤(1)的塑性浆料缓慢加入至由160mL 液体石蜡和8mLSpan-80组成的有机相中,常温下充分搅拌30min制得微球载体; 再依次加入0.5wt%戊二醛溶液10mL和含有硝酸铈、硝酸锰和硝酸钴的混合溶 液(0.5g/mL硝酸铈2.8mL,0.5g/mL硝酸锰15mL,0.5g/mL硝酸钴12.2mL) 30mL,继续搅拌,化学交联12h,过滤,用去离子水和无水乙醇反复清洗;随 后置于pH9~10的NaOH溶液中固化反应2h,取出用去离子水反复洗涤至中性; 最后置于真空干燥箱60℃干燥8h,得悬浮态3D臭氧催化微球。
对比例2
一种Ce、Mn、Co负载活性氧化铝的制备方法,具体步骤包括:采用浸渍法, 将活性氧化铝100g加入至含有硝酸铈、硝酸锰和硝酸钴的混合溶液(0.5g/mL硝酸 铈2.8mL,0.5g/mL硝酸锰15mL,0.5g/mL硝酸钴12.2mL,加去离子水定容至 100mL)100mL中浸渍12h后,用去离子水和无水乙醇反复洗涤;随后置于真空干 燥箱60℃干燥8h;最后置于马弗炉中500℃煅烧3h,得Ce、Mn、Co负载活性氧 化铝臭氧催化微球。
应用实验:
一种基于CS和Fe3O4的磁悬浮3D臭氧催化微球在催化臭氧矿化养殖污水 中抗生素上的应用,具体步骤为:
步骤a:养殖污水取自某养猪场经沼气工程厌氧发酵后的沼液,自然沉淀除 去不溶物(预处理过程),其理化性质如表1所示;
步骤b:向臭氧反应柱(有机玻璃材质)中加入本发明制备的微球为臭氧催化 剂,填充率为10~50%;
步骤c:将预处理后的养殖污水连续或批量经蠕动泵通入臭氧反应柱,反应 器采用上向流形式,底部进水,上部出水;将O3连续或间歇通入臭氧发生器, O3浓度为10~50g/mL,O3从反应器底部进入,经多孔板在反应器内与磁悬浮 3D臭氧催化微球、养殖污水充分接触促使其快速分解为高活性自由基(·OH和/ 或·O2 -),将养殖污水中的抗生素矿化为CO2和H2O。
步骤d:磁悬浮3D臭氧催化微球依靠磁分离或网孔筛分装置与处理后的养殖 污水分离而留在反应器内,处理后的养殖污水连续或间歇排出反应器,完成对养 殖污水的处理。
表1预处理后的养殖污水基本理化性质
表2微球(臭氧催化剂)填充率对养殖污水中抗生素的矿化数据
表3O3浓度对养殖污水中抗生素的矿化数据
表4反应时间对养殖污水中抗生素的矿化数据
在自然pH=7.86条件下,考察了微球(臭氧催化剂)填充率(表2)、O3浓度 (表3)和反应时间(表4)对养殖污水中抗生素矿化效果的影响。由表2可知, 当填充率为0%时,即单独臭氧氧化,四种抗生素的矿化率为40%左右,相差不 大;当填充率为20%时,实施例1-3抗生素的矿化率均较高,其中实施例1对抗生 素的矿化效果最好(磺胺类抗生素的矿化效果优于四环素类抗生素,这可能与两 类抗生素的化学结构差异有关,四环素类的平面刚性结构赋予其价键的稳定性, 不易被矿化;而磺胺类均含有苯胺基(一NH2),在pH=7.86趋于中性条件下,一 NH2去质子化,反应活性高,易被矿化。),而对比例1-2显示即使使用更多的催化 剂(填充率为30~40%)仍然达不到实施例的矿化效果。由表3可知,当O3浓度 为30mg/L时,实施例1-3和对比例1对抗生素的矿化效果明显优于对比例2(常规 臭氧催化剂),其中实施例1对抗生素的矿化效果相对于对比例2提高20.85%~ 31.77%。由表4可知,当反应时间为40min时,实施例1-3对抗生素的矿化效果最 好,而对比例1-2的最佳反应时间为60min,说明实施例1-3明显加快了高活性自 由基的产生速率,从而缩短了抗生素的矿化时间。综上,本发明优选实施例1的 磁悬浮3D臭氧催化微球,当微球填充率20%、O3浓度30mg/L和反应时间40min时, TC、CTC、SMX和SMT矿化率分别为95.36%、88.52%、97.16%和95.48%。
如图1所示,图中黑色颗粒状物质为纳米Fe3O4颗粒,粒径在5~10nm之间。 磁悬浮3D臭氧催化微球直径在0.1~0.2μm之间,大小均匀。从图中可以看出Fe3O4颗粒成功被CS包覆,且分布均匀,说明微球具备较好的磁学性质,易于通过磁 分离法从水体中快速分离出来,便于回收利用。
稳定性实验:
由图3-5可知,实施例1所制备的磁悬浮3D臭氧催化微球经六次重复使用 后,四环素类(TC、CTC)和磺胺类(SMT、SMX)的平均矿化率没有明显下降(图 3),分别为90.01%和94.08%,与首次去除效果相比,仅下降2.10%和2.33%; 催化臭氧化90min,TOC去除率为87.12%,COD去除率为91.06%,BOD5/COD 由0.102升高到0.426,可生化性得到明显提高(图4);TN、TP和TK的保有 率分别为92.34%、98.46%和98.97%,养分基本没有流失,仅TN可能以氮气的 形式流失了一部分(图5);出水未检测到Ce、Mn、Co、Na和Fe等离子。
上述结果进一步证明循环使用的微球(实施例1)吸附的有机中间体(有机 碳)会在催化臭氧化过程进一步分解,实现原位再生,再生后的微球可凭借自身 的“结构记忆”效应重复“吸附-降解”过程,在整个催化反应过程中催化活性 组分没有流失,微球在连续催化臭氧化过程中是持续高效、稳定的。
以上所述仅为本发明的较佳实施例,凡依本发明申请专利范围所做的均等变 化与修饰,皆应属本发明的涵盖范围。
Claims (4)
1.一种用于催化臭氧矿化养殖污水中抗生素的磁悬浮3D臭氧催化微球的制备方法,其特征在于:具体步骤包括:
(1)称取一定量的壳聚糖CS溶解于2.0 wt%乙酸水溶液,配制成3.0 wt%壳聚糖乙酸水溶液,记为淡黄色溶胶A;将15.0g PVDF粉末溶于100mL N、N-二甲基乙酰胺DMAC,再加入5.0g聚乙烯吡咯烷酮PVP,60℃机械搅拌1d,静置脱泡得铸膜液B;
(2)分别称取8mM柠檬酸三钠、4mM六水合氯化铁和12mM尿素溶于80 mL去离子水,再加入0.6g聚丙烯酰胺和0.3g聚乙二醇,溶解后将溶液转入反应釜中高温反应,过滤、洗涤、干燥得磁性Fe3O4纳米粒子;所述高温反应具体为200~300℃真空干燥箱中反应8~10h;
(3)将溶胶A和铸膜液B混合均匀后,再与磁性 Fe3O4纳米粒子复合,超声反应30min;在搅拌下缓慢加入至由160mL液体石蜡和8mL Span-80组成的有机相中,常温下充分搅拌30min制得微球载体;再依次加入0.5wt%戊二醛溶液10mL和含有硝酸铈、硝酸锰和硝酸钴的混合溶液30mL,继续搅拌,化学交联12h,过滤,用去离子水和无水乙醇反复清洗;随后置于pH 9~10的NaOH溶液中固化反应2h,取出用去离子水反复洗涤至中性;最后置于真空干燥箱中60℃干燥8h,得所述微球。
2.根据权利要求1所述的制备方法,其特征在于:步骤(3)所述溶胶A、铸膜液B和磁性Fe3O4纳米粒子的质量比为(2~8):(4.5~7.5):(1~4)。
3.根据权利要求1所述的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(3)所述超声反应中,超声波频率为40~60Hz。
4.根据权利要求1所述的制备方法,其特征在于:以所述载体的重量为基准计,催化活性组分Ce、Mn和Co的含量比为(1~2)wt%:(6~10)wt%:(5~8)wt%。
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