CN111774093B - 钨酸铋和硫化镉杂化纳米晶的制备方法 - Google Patents
钨酸铋和硫化镉杂化纳米晶的制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及聚合物材料、半导体、光催化和光伏产业等领域,具体涉及一种钨酸铋和硫化镉杂化纳米晶的制备方法。通过两亲性聚合物制备含可溶性铋盐、含可溶性钨酸盐、含可溶性镉盐和含可溶性硫化物的四种聚合物囊泡,并再分散形成CdS/Bi2WO6前驱体聚合物囊泡,最终通过热处理得到含簇状钨酸铋和针状硫化镉杂化纳米晶。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及聚合物材料、半导体、光催化和光伏产业等领域,特别涉及溶剂热处理在聚合物囊泡内可实现簇状钨酸铋(Bi2WO6)和针状硫化镉(CdS)杂化纳米晶的方法。
背景技术
传统化石能源的消耗引起了温室效应、环境污染和能源短缺等问题,是当前人类所面临的重大挑战。一些多组分新型光催化材料在可见光下具备很好的光催化性能。在所有已经报道过的可见光响应光催化剂中,Bi2WO6被认为是一种优良的新型光催化剂,尤其是用于降解有机污染物而受到广泛的关注。另一方面,为了提高Bi2WO6的光催化活性,许多研究人员已经做了大量的改性方法,包括辅助催化剂、敏化剂以及构建异质结构,如:CdS/Bi2WO6、Cu2O/Bi2WO6、CuS/Bi2WO6、Bi2WO6/MCNOs、Au/Bi2WO6和BiVO4/Bi2WO6等。到目前为止,关于CdS/Bi2WO6复合光催化剂的报道,大部分集中于凝胶溶胶合成的研究,得到复合催化剂部分是微米尺度并且结构不可控。
随着纳米技术的迅速发展,其迅速渗透到生命科学、材料、化工等各个领域并发挥着关键性的作用。近年来由于大分子自组装技术的飞速发展,聚合物囊泡作为一种新型纳米载体,已经吸引了越来越多研究者的积极关注,成为当前分子自组装研究的热点。但是,聚合物囊泡由于合适的嵌段共聚物难以获得,因此限制了聚合物囊泡的广泛应用。
发明内容
本发明的目的是采用形成的聚合物囊泡为纳米载体,进行预装载和再分散形成CdS/Bi2WO6前驱体,最后控制溶剂热条件形成簇状钨酸铋和针状硫化镉杂化纳米晶。
钨酸铋和硫化镉杂化纳米晶制备方法,按照下述步骤进行:
(1)形成含可溶性盐的聚合物囊泡:
室温下,将一定量的四种含有可溶性盐的水溶液;分别按照固定速率滴加到定量的溶解有两亲性聚合物的溶液中,然后在高速剪切机下粉碎。控制混合液温度,高速剪切机粉碎固定时间后即可得到含可溶性盐的聚合物囊泡。最终分别形成含可溶性铋盐、含可溶性钨酸盐、含可溶性镉盐和含可溶性硫化物的四种聚合物囊泡。预制的含可溶性盐的聚合物囊泡的分散体1个月内不会发生相分离。
其中,两亲性聚合物为聚苯乙烯嵌段聚乙烯醇或聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯嵌段聚乙烯醇,均为市售成品,其中,聚乙烯醇的聚合单元数为100-200,聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯或聚苯乙烯的聚合单元数为200-500。溶解两亲性聚合物的溶剂为二甲基甲酰胺,溶解后聚合物溶液的质量浓度为0.1-0.3%。
含可溶性盐的水溶液分别为硝酸铋溶液、钨酸钠溶液、硝酸镉或硫酸镉溶液和硫化钠溶液,均为1-3%质量浓度。
溶剂和水溶液的质量比为4:1。
高速剪切机转速为2万转/分,粉碎固定时间为5分钟,混合液温度控制在10℃。滴加速率为1%质量份数的含可溶性盐水溶液/分钟。
(2)形成含CdS/Bi2WO6前驱体的聚合物囊泡:
将定量步骤(1)制备的含可溶性铋盐和含可溶性钨酸盐的两种聚合物囊泡混合,并在高速剪切机下重新分散,可形成含钨酸铋前驱体的聚合物囊泡;继续将含可溶性镉盐和含可溶性硫化物的聚合物囊泡依次和含钨酸铋前驱体的聚合物囊泡在高速剪切机下重新分散,最终得到含CdS/Bi2WO6前驱体的聚合物囊泡。
步骤(2)所述方法中含可溶性铋盐、含可溶性钨酸盐、含可溶性镉盐和含可溶性硫化物的四种聚合物囊泡重量比例为1:1:0.5-1.0:0.5-1.0。高速剪切机转速为2万转/分,粉碎固定时间为5分钟。
(3)形成簇状钨酸铋和针状硫化镉杂化纳米晶:
将一定量步骤(2)制备的含CdS/Bi2WO6前驱体的聚合物囊泡装入高压反应釜中;然后置于设定温度的烘箱中保温预定时间,溶剂热处理后取出反应液即可得到含簇状钨酸铋和针状硫化镉杂化纳米晶的聚合物囊泡。
步骤(3)所述方法中步骤(3)制备含CdS/Bi2WO6前驱体的聚合物囊泡和高压反应釜高压釜体积比为50:100;设定保温温度为50-80℃,预定保温时间为24-120小时。
本发明通过两亲性聚合物制备形成含可溶性铋盐、含可溶性钨酸盐、含可溶性镉盐和含可溶性硫化物的四种聚合物囊泡、并再分散形成CdS/Bi2WO6前驱体的聚合物囊泡,最终通过热处理得到含簇状钨酸铋和针状硫化镉杂化纳米晶的聚合物囊泡。此方法制备的杂化纳米晶在半导体、光催化降解和光伏产业等领域有着潜在应用前景。
本发明具有以下优点:
1、利用两亲性聚合物形成含可溶性盐的聚合物囊泡,囊泡粒径为100纳米左右;
2、利用再分散的方法形成含CdS/Bi2WO6前驱体的聚合物囊泡;
3、热处理促进了钨酸铋和硫化镉晶体的生长,并通过控制过量的镉盐形成了针状硫化镉晶体,最终形成了簇状Bi2WO6/针状CdS纳米杂化晶。
4、形成的杂化纳米晶存在光催化协同作用,可提高光降解率,重复使用效果好。
附图说明
图1实施例1制备的含簇状钨酸铋和针状硫化镉杂化纳米晶的聚合物囊泡的TEM图。
具体实施方式
下面结合实施例对本发明做进一步描述,但不限于此。
实施例1
(1)形成含可溶性盐的聚合物囊泡:
室温下,将25克1%质量浓度的可溶性硝酸铋盐的水溶液按照0.25克/分钟固定速率滴加到100克0.1%质量浓度的聚苯乙烯嵌段聚乙烯醇聚合物(聚乙烯醇的聚合单元数为100,聚苯乙烯单元数为200)的二甲基甲酰胺为溶剂的溶液中,然后在高速剪切机下粉碎;高速剪切机转速为2万转/分,粉碎固定时间为5分钟,混合液温度控制在10℃,即可得到含可溶性硝酸铋盐的聚合物囊泡。
按照以上方法和配比,以可溶性钨酸钠、可溶性硝酸镉和可溶性硫化钠分别替代可溶性硝酸铋盐,最终分别形成含可溶性钨酸盐、含可溶性镉盐和含可溶性硫化物的四种聚合物囊泡;囊泡粒径分别为85、97、89和94纳米,粒径分布系数均在0.04左右(马尔文纳米粒径测试仪ZEN3600,下同)。
(2)形成含CdS/Bi2WO6前驱体的聚合物囊泡:
将125克步骤(1)制备的含可溶性铋盐和125克含可溶性钨酸盐的两种聚合物囊泡混合,并在高速剪切机下重新分散,可形成含钨酸铋前驱体的聚合物囊泡;继续将125克含可溶性镉盐和125克含可溶性硫化物的聚合物囊泡依次和含钨酸铋前驱体的聚合物囊泡在高速剪切机下重新分散,高速剪切机转速为2万转/分,粉碎固定时间为5分钟;最终得到含CdS/Bi2WO6前驱体的聚合物囊泡,囊泡粒径为150纳米,粒径分布系数在0.06左右。
(3)形成簇状钨酸铋和针状硫化镉杂化纳米晶:
将50毫升步骤(2)制备的含CdS/Bi2WO6前驱体的聚合物囊泡装入100毫升高压反应釜中;然后置于50℃的烘箱中保温120小时,热处理后取出反应液即可得到含簇状钨酸铋和针状硫化镉杂化纳米晶的聚合物囊泡。从TEM图可知,团簇状钨酸铋直径50纳米,针状硫化镉长度10纳米,两亲聚合物在TEM测试环境下呈褶皱状态。
实施例2
(1)形成含可溶性盐聚合物囊泡:
室温下,将25克3%质量浓度的可溶性硝酸铋盐的水溶液按照0.25克/分钟固定速率滴加到0.3%质量浓度,聚苯乙烯嵌段聚乙烯醇聚合物(聚乙烯醇的聚合单元数为200,聚苯乙烯单元数为500)的二甲基甲酰胺为溶剂的溶液100克中,然后在高速剪切机下粉碎;速剪切机转速为2万转/分,粉碎固定时间为5分钟,混合液温度控制在10℃,即可得到含可溶性硝酸铋盐聚合物囊泡。按照以上方法和配方,以可溶性钨酸钠盐、可溶性硫酸镉盐和可溶性硫化钠盐分别替代可溶性硝酸铋盐,最终分别形成含可溶性钨酸盐、含可溶性镉盐和含可溶性硫化物的四种聚合物囊泡;囊泡粒径分别为95、102、93和99纳米,粒径分布系数均在0.04左右。
(2)形成含CdS/Bi2WO6前驱体的聚合物囊泡:
将125克步骤(1)制备的含可溶性铋盐和125克含可溶性钨酸盐的两种聚合物囊泡混合,并在高速剪切下重新分散,可形成含钨酸铋前驱体的聚合物囊泡;继续将62.5克含可溶性镉盐和62.5克含可溶性硫化物的聚合物囊泡依次和含钨酸铋前驱体的聚合物囊泡在高速剪切机下重新分散,高速剪切机转速为2万转/分,粉碎固定时间为5分钟;最终得到含CdS/Bi2WO6前驱体的聚合物囊泡,囊泡粒径为160纳米,粒径分布系数均在0.06左右。
(3)形成簇状钨酸铋和针状硫化镉杂化纳米晶:
将50毫升步骤(2)制备含CdS/Bi2WO6前驱体的聚合物囊泡装入100毫升高压反应釜中;然后置于80℃的烘箱中保温24小时,热处理后取出反应液即可得到含簇状钨酸铋和针状硫化镉杂化纳米晶的聚合物囊泡。团簇状钨酸铋直径30纳米,针状硫化镉长度5纳米。
实施例3
(1)形成含可溶性盐聚合物囊泡:
室温下,将25克2%质量浓度的可溶性硝酸铋盐的水溶液按照0.25克/分钟固定速率滴加到0.2%质量浓度,聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯嵌段聚乙烯醇聚合物(聚乙烯醇的聚合单元数为150,聚苯乙烯单元数为400)的二甲基甲酰胺为溶剂的溶液100克中,然后在高速剪切机下粉碎;速剪切机转速为2万转/分,粉碎固定时间为5分钟,混合液温度控制在10℃,即可得到含可溶性硝酸铋盐聚合物囊泡。按照以上方法和配方,以可溶性钨酸钠盐、可溶性硫酸镉盐和可溶性硫化钠盐分别替代可溶性硝酸铋盐,最终分别形成含可溶性钨酸盐、含可溶性镉盐和含可溶性硫化物的四种聚合物囊泡;囊泡粒径分别为98、102、94和97纳米,粒径分布系数均在0.04左右。
(2)形成含CdS/Bi2WO6前驱体的聚合物囊泡:
将125克步骤(1)制备的含可溶性铋盐和125克含可溶性钨酸盐的两种聚合物囊泡混合,并在高速剪切下重新分散,可形成含钨酸铋前驱体的聚合物囊泡;继续将80克含可溶性镉盐和80克含可溶性硫化物的聚合物囊泡依次和含钨酸铋前驱体的聚合物囊泡在高速剪切机下重新分散,高速剪切机转速为2万转/分,粉碎固定时间为5分钟;最终得到含CdS/Bi2WO6前驱体的聚合物囊泡;囊泡粒径为156纳米,粒径分布系数均在0.07左右。
(3)形成簇状钨酸铋和针状硫化镉杂化纳米晶:
将50毫升步骤(2)制备含CdS/Bi2WO6前驱体的聚合物囊泡装入100毫升高压反应釜中;然后置于60℃的烘箱中保温48小时,热处理后取出反应液即可得到含簇状钨酸铋和针状硫化镉杂化纳米晶的聚合物囊泡。团簇状钨酸铋直径50纳米,针状硫化镉长度7纳米。
光催化性能测定以亚甲基蓝溶液降解进行测试:以亚甲基蓝溶液为标准来判断:将制备的含簇状钨酸铋和针状硫化镉杂化纳米晶聚合物囊泡0.1g加入7mg/L的50mL亚甲基蓝溶液中,以200w钨灯作为光源,每经过0.5h取样测定其紫外吸收强度,通过标准曲线得到亚甲基蓝溶液浓度,根据公式(1)计算得到降解率。
(Dt—t时刻亚甲基蓝溶液的降解率;C0—亚甲基蓝溶液初始浓度;Ct—t时刻亚甲基蓝溶液浓度)
表1实施例1制备的含簇状钨酸铋和针状硫化镉杂化纳米晶聚合物囊泡催化亚甲基蓝溶液降解数据。
表2实施例1、实施例2、实施例3制备的含簇状钨酸铋和针状硫化镉杂化纳米晶聚合物囊泡催化亚甲基蓝溶液催化5小时的降解数据。
上述对实施例的描述是为便于该技术领域的普通技术人员能理解和应用本发明。熟悉本领域的人员显然可以容易地对这些实施例做出各种修改,并把在此说明的一般原理应用到其他实施例中而不必经过创造性的劳动。因此,本发明不限于这里的实施例,本领域技术人员根据本发明的揭示,对于本发明做出的修改都应该在本发明的保护范围之内。
Claims (3)
1.一种用于催化降解亚甲基蓝的钨酸铋和硫化镉杂化纳米晶的制备方法,其特征在于,所述杂化纳米晶为含簇状钨酸铋和针状硫化镉的杂化纳米晶;杂化纳米晶的制备方法步骤如下:
(1)形成含可溶性盐的聚合物囊泡:
室温下,将四种含有可溶性盐的水溶液;分别滴加到溶解有两亲性聚合物的溶液中,然后在高速剪切机下粉碎,分别形成含可溶性铋盐、含可溶性钨酸盐、含可溶性镉盐和含可溶性硫化物的四种聚合物囊泡;
高速剪切机转速为2万转/分,粉碎固定时间为5分钟,混合液温度控制在10℃,滴加速率为1%质量份数的含可溶性盐水溶液/分钟;
四种含可溶性盐的水溶液分别为硝酸铋溶液、钨酸钠溶液、硝酸镉或硫酸镉溶液和硫化钠溶液,均为1-3%质量浓度;两亲性聚合物为聚苯乙烯嵌段聚乙烯醇或聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯嵌段聚乙烯醇,其中,聚乙烯醇的聚合单元数为100-200,聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯或聚苯乙烯聚合单元数为200-500;
(2)形成含CdS/Bi2WO6前驱体的聚合物囊泡:
将步骤(1)制备的含可溶性铋盐和含可溶性钨酸盐的两种聚合物囊泡混合,并在高速剪切机下重新分散,形成含钨酸铋前驱体的聚合物囊泡;继续将含可溶性镉盐和含可溶性硫化物的聚合物囊泡依次和含钨酸铋前驱体的聚合物囊泡在高速剪切机下重新分散,最终得到含CdS/Bi2WO6前驱体的聚合物囊泡;
含可溶性铋盐、含可溶性钨酸盐、含可溶性镉盐和含可溶性硫化物的四种聚合物囊泡重量比例为1:1:0.5-1.0:0.5-1.0;高速剪切机转速为2万转/分,粉碎固定时间为5分钟;
(3)形成簇状钨酸铋和针状硫化镉杂化纳米晶:
将步骤(2)制备的含CdS/Bi2WO6前驱体的聚合物囊泡装入高压反应釜中;然后置于设定温度的烘箱中保温预定时间,溶剂热处理后取出反应液即可得到含簇状钨酸铋和针状硫化镉杂化纳米晶的聚合物囊泡。
2.如权利要求1所述的钨酸铋和硫化镉杂化纳米晶的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(1)中溶解两亲性聚合物的溶剂为二甲基甲酰胺,溶解后聚合物溶液的质量浓度为0.1-0.3%,溶剂和水溶液的质量比为4:1。
3.如权利要求1所述的钨酸铋和硫化镉杂化纳米晶的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(3)所述含CdS/Bi2WO6前驱体的聚合物囊泡和高压反应釜的体积比为50:100;设定保温温度为50-80℃,预定保温时间为24-120小时。
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