CN111683808A - 基于水泥和钢的结构的加固 - Google Patents

基于水泥和钢的结构的加固 Download PDF

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CN111683808A
CN111683808A CN201880081550.7A CN201880081550A CN111683808A CN 111683808 A CN111683808 A CN 111683808A CN 201880081550 A CN201880081550 A CN 201880081550A CN 111683808 A CN111683808 A CN 111683808A
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stone
concrete
steel
fibres
arrangement according
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CN111683808B (zh
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科利亚·库斯
史蒂芬·萨瓦雷斯
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Shi DifenSawaleisi
Ke LiyaKusi
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Ke LiyaKusi
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Abstract

本发明描述了稳定混凝土和水泥基材料以及钢的新方法。通过借助纤维稳定的石条或石板的加固来实现所述稳定。石料可以是天然石或人造石，其温度膨胀系数介于待接合材料的温度系数之间，即，介于相应纤维的系数与相应的水泥基建筑材料诸如混凝土或钢的系数之间。所述石料成为具有不同温度膨胀行为的纤维与混凝土或钢之间的平衡连接。这使得长纤维稳定的混凝土结构能够用于尤其替代二氧化碳密集型钢，并且如果所述纤维在生产期间结合了碳，则使建筑材料成为二氧化碳负排放，对于天然纤维和由CO2制成的碳纤维，情况也是如此。当要优化石料与混凝土或水泥之间的摩擦连接时，所述石料优选地具有非线性几何形状和/或表面。在稳定钢的情况下，优选地将石‑碳的板或条带胶粘到所述钢。这可以优选地用环氧树脂来完成。如果稳定件呈波浪形杆的形式，则在膨胀期间可能使所述长纤维伸长，这极大地改善碳纤维和混凝土或钢的大不相同的膨胀系数的适应性。

Description

基于水泥和钢的结构的加固
钢筋混凝土是水泥基矿物混合物和钢筋的组合，使矿物成分缺乏拉伸稳定性。
这意味着矿物成分可以吸收压力而不会因静态或动态载荷而破裂或失效。直到那时，该材料才能够在建筑业中用于建造建筑物、桥梁和其他结构以及它们的组成部分，诸如预制横梁、墙壁、天花板、地板或铁路轨枕。
因此，该连接在(在工作期间建筑物通常会暴露在其中的)不断变化的温度条件下表现出色，因为钢和混凝土的温度膨胀系数为约10-12×10-6m/K，几乎相同。
由于各种原因，钢插入件有其局限性，一方面就其寿命而言，另一方面，由于在大规模应用的粗钢生产中二氧化碳排放量很高，因此钢在气候研究领域中一直备受批评，因为当今生产的所有钢中约50％以混凝土的加固材料的形式用于建筑领域。
与钢相反，可以使用其他抗拉材料作为加固材料，这些材料不是那么能源密集型和二氧化碳密集型，但是用这些其他材料很难实现钢与混凝土的优异的特性匹配。
为此，本发明就这一点提出进一步提供材料以及替代混凝土结构中的钢的方法，从而变得更加环境友好，同时不会使过多的行业面临破坏性的质疑被要求解决二氧化碳问题。
最初，应该仅将钢替换为混凝土的加固材料。
本发明基于使用纤维材料稳定各种石材的先前的专利发明。也就是EP 106 2092，其中描述了如何通过使用碳纤维加固来使石材诸如天然形成的石材可以变得柔性。石料和碳具有完美的匹配特性，在宽温度范围内保持稳定而不会分开。进一步的发明EP 08850 003.8描述了其起作用的原因。只要石料处于压力预应力下，石料的孔隙度就会通过体积可压缩性补偿不同的膨胀系数。这以柔性的形式表现出来。
在此描述的新发明更进一步地，不仅考虑了压力下的，也考虑了抗拉应力下的不同材料的弹性模量，因为例如天然石相比水泥或混凝土具有更高的抗拉强度。例如，令人惊讶的是，天然石具有与铝相同的比重，更令人惊讶的是，还具有约相同的刚度或弹性模量，取决于花岗岩的类型，介于40GPa和90GPa之间。纯铝的弹性模量为70GPa。
只要在压力范围内不超过石料的压力载荷极限以及在抗拉载荷的情况下不超过石料的抗拉载荷极限，就可以使用该相对较高的柔性而不会破裂。在此用到的知识包括石料不仅如EP 08 850 003.8中所述是体积可压缩的，而且还可以在其屈服极限内扩大体积而不会破裂。
因具有这种固有的柔性，石料成为了膨胀系数不同的材料的介体，因为其膨胀系数例如恰好介于碳和混凝土之间。因此，这同样适用于钢。因此，石料不仅可以充当混凝土和碳纤维之间的介体，还可以充当碳纤维和钢之间的中介物。例如，对于桥梁的翻新，不论是混凝土制的桥梁，还是钢制的桥梁，这一特性都变得令人感兴趣。这使石料成为具有不同热膨胀系数的不同材料的连接的介体，由于其在压力下的体积可压缩性和在纤维的控制下在拉伸下相对较高的弹性，可以控制力量的传递而不形成细小的裂缝，特别是当大的温度变化对连接施加机械应力时也不会形成细小的裂缝。这使得可能将长碳纤维引入混凝土和钢结构中，而在温度变化较大的情况下，整个复合材料在任何时候都不会从其相应的复合材料配合件脱离。长碳纤维的膨胀系数为约1×10-6m/K，并且混凝土的膨胀系数取决于混凝土的类型，在10至12×10-6m/K之间。
如果选择膨胀系数介于5和6×10-6m/K之间(对于大多数天然石情况就是如此)的石料介体，则可能在介于-40℃和80℃的温度范围内稳定混凝土，而不会由于长度变化的不同而导致任何边界层处的过载，从而导致材料之间的粘合剂粘结破裂。这在长碳纤维和混凝土或钢之间产生永久的连接。
所提出的连接还可以用于混凝土制或钢制桥梁的翻新，可以使用石-碳制成的胶粘底部带使其再次变得坚固耐用。
图1和图2示出了混凝土模块(1)，该混凝土模块由一条涂覆纤维的花岗岩(2)稳定，由此，布置在两个石层之间的碳纤维层(3)几乎不与混凝土直接接触或不与混凝土直接接触。石层的厚度确定温度范围，在该温度范围内，以不同程度膨胀的材料不会超过分层应力。容许的温度范围越大，石层的厚度(还)相对于碳层的厚度的比率越大。在必要时，碳层在端面处由沟槽(5)中的弹性垫片(4)分开，以便防止碳和混凝土材料在此时脱落，而脱落可能是逐步损坏的开始。碳-石结构的对应波纹和由此导致的碳结构的拉伸可以极大地增加非临界温度范围，并且优化在不同应力条件下石料与混凝土之间的摩擦粘附力。
图3示出了平坦排布结构诸如墙壁的横截面，其中混凝土结构(1)被包封在涂覆有碳(2)的两个石板(3)中。在此，混凝土和长碳纤维之间的直接接触也被适当厚度的石层以机械方式分开。
图4示出了与图3相同的结构，但是具有由石料制成的另一层(4)，该层保护碳层不受天气和紫外线的影响。
图5示出了由钢制成的条(1)，在其下方胶粘有一层石料(2)，并且通过胶粘在其下方还附接了一层碳纤维(3)。当温度变化时，钢梁(1)可由于合适的石材的高弹性而膨胀，而碳层不会从石料分层，并且钢横梁例如在两个端部处具有支撑件的情况下，不必由于自身的重量承受相反方向上的弯曲力而弯曲。由于石层可以补偿钢部件的膨胀，钢横梁可以保持笔直而不会使稳定碳层脱落。
在所有情况下，基体粘结的长纤维层可以由碳纤维、玻璃纤维或石纤维或这些纤维的混合物组成，并且理想地将石材保持在预应力下，如EP 08 850 003.8中所述。当石料具有粗糙的表面并且理想地不具有完全线性的形状时，即，在两侧或表面上具有规则间隔的沟槽并且/或者具有波浪形，这在必要时增加石料和混凝土的摩擦连接并且允许牵拉纤维时，可以在水泥和石料之间建立理想的摩擦连接。在纤维和石材之间建立连接的基体由合成树脂或水玻璃基粘结剂组成，在此粗糙的石料表面也有帮助。所有高张力的长纤维都是可用的，可以用来替代钢用于混凝土的加固，其中特别包括碳纤维，但也包括高刚性的玻璃纤维和石纤维或可能的天然纤维或这些纤维的混合物。
如果碳纤维或大麻纤维由生物质制成，因此具有负的二氧化碳平衡，则可以通过以正的二氧化碳平衡替代钢来支持气候保护。理想地，在此还使用水泥基材料，这些水泥基材料致使二氧化碳排放量低，或在整个生命周期期间还以二氧化碳负排放的方式产生。

Claims (11)

1.一种具有由混凝土、水泥基矿物或钢制成的板或块或任何几何形状的组成部分的排布结构，所述排布结构借助纤维材料而稳定，其特征在于，使用石材作为混凝土、水泥基矿物或钢与所述纤维材料之间的中间层，所述石材的温度膨胀系数介于在每种情况中使用的混凝土或钢的相应温度膨胀系数与在每种情况中使用的相应纤维的膨胀系数之间。
2.根据权利要求1所述的排布结构，其特征在于，所述石材是天然石、人造石或陶瓷。
3.根据权利要求1和2所述的排布结构，其特征在于，石稳定纤维是碳纤维、玻璃纤维、石纤维或天然纤维或这些纤维的混合物。
4.根据权利要求1至3所述的排布结构，其特征在于，石层被所述纤维施加预应力。
5.根据权利要求1至4所述的排布结构，其特征在于，所述纤维用树脂或水玻璃粘结并且连接至所述石料。
6.根据权利要求1至5所述的排布结构，其特征在于，纤维-石结构被浇铸在所述混凝土中。
7.根据权利要求1至6所述的排布结构，其特征在于，所述纤维-石结构被附接到混凝土或钢结构的表面。
8.根据权利要求1至7所述的排布结构，其特征在于，石板或石条具有粗糙的表面。
9.根据权利要求1至8所述的排布结构，其特征在于，所述石条具有非线性形状。
10.根据权利要求9所述的排布结构，其特征在于，所述石条具有波浪形。
11.根据权利要求1至10中任一项所述的排布结构，其中所述石条或石板每隔一定间隔具有沟槽、凹口或凹陷部，这改善石料与混凝土或水泥之间的粘合性。
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