CN111631100A - A Water-saving Irrigation Technology for Early-maturing Potatoes - Google Patents
A Water-saving Irrigation Technology for Early-maturing Potatoes Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种早熟马铃薯节水灌溉技术,整个生长期浇水量控制在110m3/亩,分段浇水,具体为出苗50%时浇水16.5m3/亩;植株现蕾50%时浇水22m3/亩;植株开始开花时浇水27.5m3/亩;有50%植株开花时浇水27.5m3/亩;有50%植株落花时浇水16.5m3/亩;依据早熟马铃薯各个时期的生长特点和需水情况进行合理适量的灌溉,并且改进灌溉工艺,控制灌溉频次,使灌溉水具有最大的利用率并符合生长期的点,在其他管理正常情况下,早熟马铃薯的亩产量不减,与普通沟灌浇水相比亩节约用水可达到30%以上。
The invention discloses a water-saving irrigation technology for early-maturing potatoes. The watering amount in the whole growth period is controlled at 110 m 3 /mu, and watering is performed in stages, specifically, watering 16.5 m 3 /mu when 50% of the seedlings emerge; Water 22m 3 /mu when the plants begin to bloom; water 27.5m 3 /mu when the plants begin to bloom; water 27.5m 3 /mu when 50% of the plants bloom; water 16.5m 3 /mu when 50% of the plants fall ; The growth characteristics and water requirements of potatoes in each period should be irrigated in a reasonable amount, and the irrigation process should be improved, and the frequency of irrigation should be controlled to make the irrigation water have the maximum utilization rate and meet the point of the growth period. The yield per mu is not reduced, and the water saving per mu can reach more than 30% compared with ordinary furrow irrigation.
Description
技术领域technical field
本发明涉及农业种植技术领域,特别涉及一种早熟马铃薯节水灌溉技术。The invention relates to the technical field of agricultural planting, in particular to a water-saving irrigation technology for early-maturing potatoes.
背景技术Background technique
二十一世纪的全球农业面临两大挑战:一是为满足人口的增长需要不断增加粮食产量,二是在不断增加粮食产量的同时需要应对水资源日益减少的问题。马铃薯以其高产高效、适应性广、营养成分全而丰富、产业链长等特点,倍受世人的青睐和重视。近年来,中国的马铃薯种植面积也呈不断上升的趋势,是世界上马铃薯种植面积最大的国家。Global agriculture in the 21st century faces two major challenges: one is to continuously increase food production to meet the needs of population growth, and the other is to cope with the problem of dwindling water resources while increasing food production. Potato is favored and valued by the world for its high yield and high efficiency, wide adaptability, complete and rich nutrients, and long industrial chain. In recent years, China's potato planting area has also shown a rising trend, and it is the country with the largest potato planting area in the world.
但是随着人口的增长、城镇和工业的发展、全球气候的变化以及环境污染的加重,用于作物灌溉的水资源愈来愈匮乏,节水灌溉受到高度重视。早熟马铃薯出苗后生长期短,浇水不当易造成水资源浪费,引起薯苗生长势弱或徒长,造成产量低、商品薯品质差。However, with the increase of population, the development of cities and industries, the change of global climate and the aggravation of environmental pollution, the water resources used for crop irrigation are becoming more and more scarce, and water-saving irrigation is highly valued. Early-maturing potatoes have a short growth period after emergence, and improper watering can easily lead to waste of water resources, resulting in weak or leggy growth of potato seedlings, resulting in low yield and poor quality of commercial potatoes.
因此,早熟马铃薯要想获得优质商品薯,掌握好灌水时期及灌水量、灌溉方法非常重要,并且技术现有资源的特点,如何提供一种节水灌溉且可实现马铃薯高产的种植技术是本领域技术人员亟待解决的问题。Therefore, in order to obtain high-quality commercial potatoes for early-maturing potatoes, it is very important to master the irrigation period, amount of irrigation, and irrigation methods, and the characteristics of existing technical resources, how to provide a water-saving irrigation and can achieve high-yield potato planting technology is in the field Problems that technicians need to solve urgently.
发明内容SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
有鉴于此,本发明提供了一种早熟马铃薯节水灌溉技术,结合马铃薯各个生长时期的特点控制灌溉,达到节水和高产的目的。In view of this, the present invention provides a water-saving irrigation technology for early-maturing potatoes, which controls irrigation according to the characteristics of each growth period of the potato, so as to achieve the purpose of water saving and high yield.
为了达到上述目的,本发明采用如下技术方案:In order to achieve the above object, the present invention adopts the following technical solutions:
一种早熟马铃薯节水灌溉技术,整个生长期浇水量控制在110m3/亩,分段浇水,具体如下:A water-saving irrigation technology for early-maturing potatoes, the watering amount is controlled at 110m3 /mu throughout the growth period, and the watering is carried out in stages, and the details are as follows:
苗期:出苗50%时开始浇水,浇水量为16.5m3/亩;Seedling stage: start watering when 50% of the seedlings emerge, and the watering amount is 16.5m3 /mu;
现蕾期:植株现蕾50%时开始浇水,浇水量为22m3/亩;Budding stage: start watering when 50% of the plants are budding, and the watering amount is 22m3 /mu;
初花期:植株开始开花时浇水,浇水量为27.5m3/亩;Early flowering stage: water when the plant begins to bloom, and the watering amount is 27.5m3 /mu;
盛花期:有50%植株开花时开始浇水,浇水量27.5m3/亩;Full blooming period: start watering when 50% of the plants bloom, and the watering amount is 27.5m3 /mu;
落花期:有50%植株落花时开始浇水,浇水量16.5m3/亩。Flowering period: start watering when 50% of the plants fall, and the watering amount is 16.5m 3 /mu.
进一步的,所述苗期的浇水具体为出苗50%时进行第一次浇水,浇水量8m3/亩,间隔5~7天进行第二次浇水,浇水量为8.5m3/亩。Further, the watering in the seedling stage is specifically the first watering when 50% of the seedlings emerge, and the watering amount is 8m 3 /mu, and the second watering is performed at intervals of 5 to 7 days, and the watering amount is 8.5 m 3 /mu.
上述进一步技术方案的有益效果是:出苗至孕蕾,也是第6或第8叶展开的时候,以根、茎、叶生长为中心,同时伴随匍匐茎的形成和伸长以及花芽的分化,是构成壮苗的基础,历时约10~15天,该时期需水量占全生育期的10%~15%;40cm土层内保持田间最大持水量的60%左右为宜,当土壤水分低于40%时,茎叶生长不良。The beneficial effect of above-mentioned further technical scheme is: emergence to pregnant bud, also when the 6th or 8th leaf unfolds, with root, stem, leaf growth as the center, the formation and elongation of stolons and the differentiation of flower buds are accompanied simultaneously, it is to constitute strong. The foundation of seedlings lasts about 10 to 15 days, and the water requirement during this period accounts for 10% to 15% of the whole growth period; it is advisable to maintain about 60% of the maximum water holding capacity in the field in a 40cm soil layer. When the soil moisture is less than 40% , poor stem and leaf growth.
进一步的,所述现蕾期的浇水具体为植株现蕾50%时进行第一次浇水,浇水量10m3/亩,间隔7天进行第二次浇水,浇水量为12m3/亩。Further, the watering in the sprouting period is specifically watering for the first time when 50% of the plants are sprouting, and the watering amount is 10m3 /mu, and the second watering is carried out at intervals of 7 days, and the watering amount is 12m3 . /mu.
上述进一步技术方案的有益效果是:从孕蕾至开花初,此时块茎开始形成,植株进入营养生长与生殖生长并进期,由地上部茎叶生长为中心转向地上部茎叶生长和地下部块茎形成同时进行,是决定结薯多少的关键时期,历时约15~20天;该时期块茎形成期耗水量占全生育期的20%~23%;60cm土层内保持田间持水量的75%左右为宜,促进茎叶茁壮生长和提早结薯;该期严重缺水的标志是花蕾早期脱落、植株生长缓慢、叶色浓绿、叶片变厚等。The beneficial effect of above-mentioned further technical scheme is: from gestational bud to the beginning of flowering, tuber begins to form now, and plant enters vegetative growth and reproductive growth concurrently, and turns to aboveground stem and leaf growth and underground tuber by the growth of above-ground stem and leaf as the center. The formation is carried out at the same time, which is the key period for determining the number of tubers, which lasts about 15 to 20 days; the water consumption in the tuber formation stage during this period accounts for 20% to 23% of the whole growth period; the 60cm soil layer maintains about 75% of the field water capacity It is appropriate to promote the vigorous growth of stems and leaves and early tuber formation; the signs of severe water shortage in this period are the early fall of flower buds, slow plant growth, dark green leaves, and thick leaves.
进一步的,所述初花期的浇水具体为植株开始开花时进行第一次浇水,浇水量9m3/亩,间隔5天进行第二次浇水,浇水量为9m3/亩,再间隔3~5天进行第三次浇水,浇水量为9.5m3/亩。Further, the watering of the described early flowering stage is specifically watered for the first time when the plant begins to bloom, and the watering amount is 9m 3 / mu, and the second watering is carried out at intervals of 5 days, and the watering amount is 9 m 3 / mu, The third watering was carried out at intervals of 3 to 5 days, and the watering amount was 9.5 m 3 /mu.
上述进一步技术方案的有益效果是:此期块茎开始膨大,是决定块茎大薯率的关键时期;块茎开始膨大,耗水量占全生育期的25%左右;60cm土层内保持田间持水量的80%~85%为宜,地上部茎叶迅速生长,需水量大,缺水会引起减产。The beneficial effects of the above-mentioned further technical scheme are as follows: the tuber begins to expand at this stage, which is a key period for determining the large tuber rate; the tuber begins to expand, and the water consumption accounts for about 25% of the whole growth period; 60cm soil layer maintains 80% of the field water capacity. % to 85% is appropriate, the shoots and leaves grow rapidly on the ground, and the water demand is large, and the lack of water will cause yield reduction.
进一步的,所述盛花期的浇水具体为有50%植株开花时进行第一次浇水,浇水量13.5m3/亩,间隔3~5天进行第二次浇水,浇水量为13m3/亩。Further, the watering in the full blooming period is specifically watering for the first time when 50% of the plants are in bloom, the watering amount is 13.5 m 3 /mu, and the second watering is performed at intervals of 3 to 5 days, and the watering amount is: 13m3 /mu.
上述进一步技术方案的有益效果是:此时期是地上茎叶生长最旺盛的时期,也是以块茎的体积和重量增长为中心的时期,块茎的膨大速度很快,是决定马铃薯大薯率和产量最重要的时期,耗水量占全生育期的25%以上;60cm土层内保持田间持水量的80%~85%为宜,地上部茎叶生长达到高峰,需水量大,缺水会引起大幅度减产。The beneficial effect of above-mentioned further technical scheme is: this period is the most vigorous period of growth of stems and leaves on the ground, and is also the period centered on the growth of the volume and weight of the tuber, and the swelling speed of the tuber is very fast, which is to determine the maximum potato rate and output. In important periods, the water consumption accounts for more than 25% of the whole growth period; it is advisable to maintain 80% to 85% of the field water capacity in the 60cm soil layer, and the growth of shoots and leaves on the ground reaches the peak, and the water demand is large, and the lack of water will cause a large amount of water. Cut production.
进一步的,所述落花期的浇水具体为有50%植株落花时进行第一次浇水,浇水量9m3/亩,间隔5~7天进行第二次浇水,浇水量为7.5m3/亩。Further, the watering during the flowering period is specifically watering for the first time when 50% of the plants have fallen flowers, the watering amount is 9 m 3 /mu, and the second watering is carried out at intervals of 5 to 7 days, and the watering amount is 7.5 m3/mu. m3 /mu.
上述进一步技术方案的有益效果是:开该时期花结实接近结束,茎叶生长渐趋缓慢或停止,植株下部叶片开始衰老、变黄和枯萎,进入淀粉积累期,此期地上茎叶中贮藏的养分继续向块茎中输送,块茎的体积基本不再增大,但重量继续增加。以淀粉的积累为主;块茎淀粉积累期,不需要过多水分,耗水量占全生育期的10%~15%;60cm土层内保持田间持水量的60%左右为宜,此期防止土壤湿度过大引起烂苗,不利于薯皮老化,运输时易造成薯皮损伤。The beneficial effect of the above-mentioned further technical scheme is: open this period flower and fruiting is close to the end, the growth of stems and leaves gradually becomes slow or stops, and the lower leaves of the plant begin to senesce, turn yellow and wither, enter the starch accumulation stage, and the stored in the stems and leaves on the ground at this stage. Nutrients continue to be delivered to the tubers, and the volume of the tubers basically no longer increases, but the weight continues to increase. Starch accumulation is the main factor; in tuber starch accumulation period, excessive water is not needed, and the water consumption accounts for 10% to 15% of the whole growth period; it is advisable to maintain about 60% of the field water capacity in a 60cm soil layer. Excessive humidity causes rotten seedlings, which is not conducive to the aging of potato skins, and it is easy to cause potato skin damage during transportation.
优选的,所述灌溉为滴灌灌溉,并采用膜下滴灌技术。Preferably, the irrigation is drip irrigation and adopts the drip irrigation technology under the film.
上述优选技术方案的有益效果是:膜下滴灌避免了水分过多蒸发造成损耗,确保灌溉水具有最大的利用率。The beneficial effects of the above preferred technical solutions are: drip irrigation under the film avoids the loss caused by excessive evaporation of water, and ensures the maximum utilization rate of irrigation water.
经由上述技术方案,与现有技术相比,本发明提供了一种早熟马铃薯节水灌溉技术,依据早熟马铃薯各个时期的生长特点和需水情况进行合理适量的灌溉,并且改进灌溉工艺,控制灌溉频次,使灌溉水具有最大的利用率并符合生长期的点,在其他管理正常情况下,早熟马铃薯的亩产量不减,与普通沟灌浇水相比亩节约用水可达到30%以上。Through the above technical scheme, compared with the prior art, the present invention provides a water-saving irrigation technology for early-maturing potatoes, which can carry out reasonable and appropriate irrigation according to the growth characteristics and water requirements of early-maturing potatoes in various periods, and improve the irrigation process and control the irrigation. frequency, so that the irrigation water has the maximum utilization rate and is in line with the growth period. Under other normal management conditions, the yield per mu of early-maturing potatoes does not decrease. Compared with ordinary furrow irrigation, the water saving per mu can reach more than 30%.
附图说明Description of drawings
为了更清楚地说明本发明实施例或现有技术中的技术方案,下面将对实施例或现有技术描述中所需要使用的附图作简单地介绍,显而易见地,下面描述中的附图仅仅是本发明的实施例,对于本领域普通技术人员来讲,在不付出创造性劳动的前提下,还可以根据提供的附图获得其他的附图。In order to explain the embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art more clearly, the following briefly introduces the accompanying drawings that need to be used in the description of the embodiments or the prior art. Obviously, the accompanying drawings in the following description are only It is an embodiment of the present invention. For those of ordinary skill in the art, other drawings can also be obtained according to the provided drawings without creative work.
图1附图为本发明实施例1水量对马铃薯产量相关性状的影响示意图。Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of the effect of water amount on potato yield-related traits in Example 1 of the present invention.
具体实施方式Detailed ways
下面将结合本发明的实施例,对本发明实施例中的技术方案进行清楚、完整地描述,显然,所描述的实施例仅仅是本发明一部分实施例,而不是全部的实施例。基于本发明中的实施例,本领域普通技术人员在没有做出创造性劳动前提下所获得的所有其他实施例,都属于本发明保护的范围。The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the embodiments of the present invention. Obviously, the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, rather than all the embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by those of ordinary skill in the art without creative efforts shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
试验于2019年3~7月在赵县石家庄市农林科学研究院试验基地进行,马铃薯播种前墒情一致,田间施肥、病虫害防治情况无差异。The experiment was carried out at the experimental base of Shijiazhuang City Agricultural and Forestry Research Institute, Zhao County from March to July 2019. The moisture content of potatoes before sowing was the same, and there was no difference in field fertilization and pest control.
试验共设6个水分处理(表1),单因素随机区组设计,3次重复。对照采用沟灌,其它处理采用滴灌,水表计量灌水量。3月13播种,双垄种植,大行距110cm,小行距20cm,株距25cm,密度4300株/亩。3行区,行长63m,小区面积210.7m2。The experiment consisted of 6 water treatments (Table 1), single-factor randomized block design, and repeated 3 times. Furrow irrigation was used for the control, drip irrigation was used for other treatments, and the water meter was used to measure the amount of irrigation. Sowing on March 13, double ridge planting, large row spacing 110cm, small row spacing 20cm, plant spacing 25cm, density 4300 plants/mu. 3-row area, the row length is 63m, and the plot area is 210.7m 2 .
表1灌水量试验设计表(m3/亩)Table 1 Irrigation rate test design table (m 3 /mu)
(备注:CK沟灌水量统计,灌水量为170.3m3/亩)(Note: Statistics on the irrigation volume of CK ditch, the irrigation volume is 170.3m 3 /mu)
田间管理:使用马铃薯播种机开沟、播种、施肥、铺滴灌带、起垄、覆膜一次完成。统一施肥量;亩施复合肥(高钾)100kg,作为基肥一次性施入。中耕、覆土各一次。苗期(4月22日)随水亩施优冠金钾8kg;现蕾期(5月6日)随水亩施水溶肥5kg;盛花期(5月22日)亩施水溶肥5kg。5月15日预防病害,噻霉酮+百发百中;5月24日防治病虫害,噻霉酮+噻虫螓+高效氯氰菊酯+咪鲜·乙蒜素+磷酸二氢钾。Field management: Use a potato planter to ditch, sow, fertilize, lay drip irrigation tape, ridge, and mulch at one time. Uniform fertilization amount; 100kg of compound fertilizer (high potassium) per mu is applied as base fertilizer at one time. Cultivation and soil covering once each. In the seedling stage (April 22), apply 8kg of water-soluble fertilizer per mu with water; in the budding stage (May 6th), apply 5kg of water-soluble fertilizer per mu with water; in the full bloom period (May 22), apply 5kg of water-soluble fertilizer per mu. Disease prevention on May 15th, thiamethoxam + Baifa Baizhong; May 24th, pest control, thiamethoxam + thiamethoxam + high-efficiency cypermethrin + acetaminophen + ethyl allicin + potassium dihydrogen phosphate.
不同水量对马铃薯产量相关形状的影响详见附图1,由图1可知,总产量方面:处理2和处理4产量分别为3409.9kg/亩和3243.2kg/亩,均显著低于CK的产量4092.2kg/亩。处理1产量为3716.6kg/亩,显著低于CK,但显著高于处理2和处理4。处理3和处理5产量分别为4034.8kg/亩和4099.3kg/亩,与CK无差异,显著高于其它处理,分别较CK节水35.4%和0.2%。The effect of different water amounts on the shape of potato yield is shown in Figure 1. It can be seen from Figure 1 that the total yield: the yields of treatment 2 and treatment 4 were 3409.9kg/mu and 3243.2kg/mu respectively, which were significantly lower than the CK yield of 4092.2 kg/mu. The yield of treatment 1 was 3716.6 kg/mu, which was significantly lower than that of CK, but significantly higher than that of treatments 2 and 4. The yields of treatment 3 and treatment 5 were 4034.8kg/mu and 4099.3kg/mu, respectively, which had no difference with CK, but were significantly higher than other treatments, saving 35.4% and 0.2% of water compared with CK, respectively.
商品薯产量方面:处理1和处理2商品薯产量分别为3210.7kg/亩和3212.8kg/亩,均低于CK,但差异不显著。处理3和处理5商品薯产量分别为3726.7kg/667m2和3732.4kg/亩,排名第2和第1,与CK无差异,显著高于其它处理。处理4商品薯产量为2962.7kg/亩,显著低于其它各处理。In terms of commercial potato yield: the yields of commercial potato in Treatment 1 and Treatment 2 were 3210.7kg/mu and 3212.8kg/mu, respectively, which were lower than CK, but the difference was not significant. The yields of commercial potato in treatment 3 and treatment 5 were 3726.7kg/667m 2 and 3732.4kg/mu, respectively, ranking the second and first, and had no difference with CK, but were significantly higher than other treatments. The yield of commercial potato in treatment 4 was 2962.7 kg/mu, which was significantly lower than that of other treatments.
商品薯率方面:处理2商品薯率最高是94.4%;其次为处理3为92.4%。商品薯率最低的CK为86.2%;其次是处理1为86.4%。处理4和处理5商品薯率处于中等,分别为91.4%和91.1%。In terms of commodity potato rate: the highest rate of commodity potato in treatment 2 is 94.4%; the second is treatment 3, which is 92.4%. The CK with the lowest rate of commercial potato was 86.2%; followed by treatment 1 was 86.4%. The rate of commercial potato in treatment 4 and treatment 5 was in the middle, which were 91.4% and 91.1%, respectively.
结论:处理3比对照节水35.4%,产量与对照无差异,商品薯率比对照高6.2%。从节水、产量、商品薯率几个方面综合评价,处理3灌水量110m3/亩是最佳选择。Conclusion: Treatment 3 saves 35.4% of water compared with the control, the yield is no different from the control, and the commercial potato rate is 6.2% higher than that of the control. From the comprehensive evaluation of water saving, yield and commercial potato rate, treatment 3 irrigation amount of 110m 3 /mu is the best choice.
本说明书中各个实施例采用递进的方式描述,每个实施例重点说明的都是与其他实施例的不同之处,各个实施例之间相同相似部分互相参见即可。The various embodiments in this specification are described in a progressive manner, and each embodiment focuses on the differences from other embodiments, and the same and similar parts between the various embodiments can be referred to each other.
对所公开的实施例的上述说明,使本领域专业技术人员能够实现或使用本发明。对这些实施例的多种修改对本领域的专业技术人员来说将是显而易见的,本文中所定义的一般原理可以在不脱离本发明的精神或范围的情况下,在其它实施例中实现。因此,本发明将不会被限制于本文所示的这些实施例,而是要符合与本文所公开的原理和新颖特点相一致的最宽的范围。The above description of the disclosed embodiments enables any person skilled in the art to make or use the present invention. Various modifications to these embodiments will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be implemented in other embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. Thus, the present invention is not intended to be limited to the embodiments shown herein, but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.
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