CN111574210A - 一种纳米多孔隔热材料 - Google Patents
一种纳米多孔隔热材料 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种纳米多孔隔热材料,涉及隔热材料技术领域,该隔热材料组分包括:纳米二氧化硅粉体30‑40份、纳米纤维素粉体20‑30份、有机溶剂50‑60份、遮光剂5‑8份、化学分散剂1‑1.4份、催化剂3‑5份。本发明的纳米多孔隔热材料,采用纳米纤维粉体与纳米二氧化硅粉体进行复合,不仅制备过程对于设备要求较低,克服了传统制备方法对于超临界干燥设备的需求,显著降低了生产成本,并且得到的纳米多孔隔热材料在高温下具有较低的热导率,保温隔热效果强,比表面积大,且耐温值可达1200℃,各种抗性性能优越。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及隔热材料技术领域,特别是涉及一种纳米多孔隔热材料。
背景技术
节能是我国可持续发展的一项长远发展战略,是我国的基本国策,随着科学技术的日益发展,作为节能措施之一的隔热节能技术的目的就是为了减少热损失,节约燃料,改善劳动环境和保证安全生产,提高工效。采用新技术、新工艺开发环境友好型隔热材料正是一种节约能源最有效、最经济的措施,可广泛应用于能源动力、机械制造、石油化工、材料冶金、低温制冷、工业建筑以及交通运输等部门。寻求耐高温的纳米多孔隔热材料是国际上研究的主要方向之一,其中,有机-无机杂化材料的功能化是现代材料发展的趋势。
二氧化硅气凝胶隔热材料是目前研究最多也是最具代表性的纳米孔超级隔热材料,二氧化硅气凝胶具有纳米网状孔隙结构,体积密度小,导热系数低等特点,一般采用溶胶-凝胶法制备而成,合成工艺包括水解缩合和超临界干燥两个过程。已有的研究和生产实践表明,二氧化硅气凝胶隔热材料在制备工艺和产品性能方面仍存在以下不足:
(1)二氧化硅气凝胶隔热材料制备工艺复杂,超临界干燥过程能耗高、危险性大,实现规模化工业生产难度大。从国内外的研究结果来看,块状气凝胶隔热材料的制备基本上都采用超临界干燥技术,以乙醇、异丙醇或二氧化碳作为超临界介质,其超临界温度/压力分别为243.4℃/6.38MPa、235.3℃/4.76MPa和31.06℃/7.39MPa。虽然也有大量研究采用常压干燥技术,然而到目前为止这种技术只是针对小体积材料,且仍处于实验室研究阶段;
二氧化硅气凝胶隔热材料工业化制备存在以下问题:一是工艺流程繁琐,制备周期长;二是超临界干燥设备价格昂贵,且为高温高压设备,其安全使用与维修保养的要求严格;三是干燥过程需要消耗大量的能源和超临界介质,同时存在超临界介质的循环利用问题。这些问题导致二氧化硅气凝胶隔热材料成本昂贵,应用范围受到极大的限制。
(2)二氧化硅气凝胶隔热材料高温绝热性能和机械强度还有待提高。在高温环境下,热量传递以辐射传热为主,而二氧化硅气凝胶隔热材料对波长为3~8μm红外辐射热透过率很高,故高温绝热性能较差。为克服这一问题,研究者们采用复合红外遮光剂的方式来降低辐射传热,目前,研究较多的红外遮光剂有二氧化钛、碳黑等,然而,遮光剂颗粒在凝胶过程中极易发生沉淀团聚,团聚体不但会增加固相传热而且会导致气凝胶块体在干燥过程中开裂,严重影响其使用性能。
(3)二氧化硅气凝胶隔热材料耐温值不高,使用温度一般在400℃左右。若温度继续升高则会出现严重的体积收缩现象,导致材料致密化,内部纳米孔隙结构被破坏。虽然也有研究者研制了耐温值更高的三氧化二铝、锆英石、三氧化二铝-二氧化硅等气凝胶,但是,这几种高温气凝胶的制备工艺还不够成熟,到目前止尚处于实验室探索阶段。
纤维素具有无污染、资源丰富、物理化学性质稳定等特点,可将它改性制成无机纳米粒子/纤维素复合材料,这种材料兼具纤维素、无机粒子的优点,纤维素作为一种天然的高分子聚合物,掺杂了二氧化硅纳米粒子形成的复合材料将在结合力、结合强度、力学性能、热学性能等都有显著改善。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一种纳米多孔隔热材料,以解决上述现有技术存在的问题,使二氧化硅气凝胶隔热材料高温绝热性能、机械强度和耐温值显著提高;同时降低设备生产要求,进而降低隔热材料生产成本。
为实现上述目的,本发明提供了如下方案:
本发明提供一种纳米多孔隔热材料,以质量份计,包括以下组分:
纳米二氧化硅粉体30-40份、纳米纤维素粉体20-30份、有机溶剂50-60份、遮光剂5-8份、化学分散剂1-1.4份、催化剂3-5份。
进一步地,所述纳米二氧化硅粉体的粒径为10-20nm;所述纳米纤维素粉体的粒径为10-15nm。
进一步地,所述有机溶剂为乙醇、甲醇、乙二醇、丙酮、环己烷、乙酸乙酯中的一种。
进一步地,所述遮光剂为氧化锌、氧化铁、二氧化钛、六钛酸钾中的一种。
进一步地,所述化学分散剂为二乙醇酰胺、PEG400、PEG600、PEG800中的一种。
进一步地,所述催化剂为草酸或柠檬酸。
本发明还提供一种上述纳米多孔隔热材料的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)在350-400r/min转速下,将纳米二氧化硅粉体、纳米纤维素粉体分散到有机溶剂中,配制成预分散体;
(2)调整搅拌速率为200-300r/min,在预分散体中加入遮光剂、化学分散剂,搅拌均匀,得到有机悬浮液;
(3)调整搅拌速率为300-400r/min,加入催化剂,得到湿凝胶,将所得湿凝胶静置老化不少于35h;
(4)将老化后的湿凝胶在-20±2℃进行冻干,然后在室温条件下震荡融化,在-15±2℃条件下再次冻干;用叔丁醇溶液进行溶剂交换6-8h后,-30±2℃条件下冻干,得到先驱体复合材料;
(5)将先驱体复合材料至于保护性气氛中,升温至400±10℃并恒温1-1.5小时,再升温至800±10℃并恒温1.5-2小时,最后升温至1000±10℃并恒温2-2.5小时,冷却至室温,得到纳米多孔隔热材料。
进一步地,步骤(5)中升温速率为3-5℃/min。
进一步地,步骤(5)中保护性气氛为氩气气氛。
本发明公开了以下技术效果:
1.本发明通过纳米纤维素与纳米二氧化硅复合,使得二氧化硅气凝胶隔热材料高温绝热性能、机械强度和耐温值显著提高,使用温度可以实现1200℃,同时避免了温度升高出现的严重的体积收缩现象,保证内部纳米孔隙结构不被破坏;遮光剂颗粒在凝胶过程中不会发生沉淀团聚,从而避免了气凝胶块体在干燥过程中开裂。
2.本发明制备方法对设备要求低,使二氧化硅气凝胶隔热材料不再依赖于传统的超临界干燥,显著降低了传统二氧化硅气凝胶隔热材料的生产成本。
3.本发明的纳米纤维素是最丰富的可再生天然聚合物,价格低廉,同时具有可生物降解性、生物相容性、良好的热稳定性以及机械稳定性等特性,能够使得形成的气凝胶具有较高的比表面积。
具体实施方式
现详细说明本发明的多种示例性实施方式,该详细说明不应认为是对本发明的限制,而应理解为是对本发明的某些方面、特性和实施方案的更详细的描述。
应理解本发明中所述的术语仅仅是为描述特别的实施方式,并非用于限制本发明。另外,对于本发明中的数值范围,应理解为还具体公开了该范围的上限和下限之间的每个中间值。在任何陈述值或陈述范围内的中间值以及任何其他陈述值或在所述范围内的中间值之间的每个较小的范围也包括在本发明内。这些较小范围的上限和下限可独立地包括或排除在范围内。
除非另有说明,否则本文使用的所有技术和科学术语具有本发明所述领域的常规技术人员通常理解的相同含义。虽然本发明仅描述了优选的方法和材料,但是在本发明的实施或测试中也可以使用与本文所述相似或等同的任何方法和材料。本说明书中提到的所有文献通过引用并入,用以公开和描述与所述文献相关的方法和/或材料。在与任何并入的文献冲突时,以本说明书的内容为准。
在不背离本发明的范围或精神的情况下,可对本发明说明书的具体实施方式做多种改进和变化,这对本领域技术人员而言是显而易见的。由本发明的说明书得到的其他实施方式对技术人员而言是显而易见的。本申请说明书和实施例仅是示例性的。
关于本文中所使用的“包含”、“包括”、“具有”、“含有”等等,均为开放性的用语,即意指包含但不限于。
本发明中所述的“份”如无特别说明,均按质量份计。
实施例1
一种纳米多孔隔热材料,以质量份计,包括以下组分:
纳米二氧化硅粉体35份、纳米纤维素粉体22份、乙醇60份、氧化锌5份、二乙醇酰胺1.1份、草酸3份。
其中,纳米二氧化硅粉体的粒径为18nm,纳米纤维素粉体的粒径为11nm。
制备步骤如下:
(1)在400r/min转速下,将纳米二氧化硅粉体、纳米纤维素粉体分散到乙醇中,配制成预分散体;
(2)调整搅拌速率为250r/min,在预分散体中加入氧化锌、二乙醇酰胺,搅拌均匀,得到有机悬浮液;
(3)调整搅拌速率为300r/min,加入草酸,得到湿凝胶,将所得湿凝胶静置老化不少于35h;
(4)将老化后的湿凝胶在-20℃进行冻干,然后在室温条件下震荡融化,在-15℃条件下再次冻干;用叔丁醇溶液进行溶剂交换6h后,-30℃条件下冻干,得到先驱体复合材料;
(5)将先驱体复合材料置于氩气气氛中,控制升温速率为5℃/min,先升温至410℃并恒温1小时,再升温至790℃并恒温2小时,最后升温至990℃并恒温2.5小时,冷却至室温,得到纳米多孔隔热材料。
实施例2
一种纳米多孔隔热材料,以质量份计,包括以下组分:
纳米二氧化硅粉体40份、纳米纤维素粉体30份、乙二醇55份、氧化铁6份、PEG6001.3份、柠檬酸5份。
其中,纳米二氧化硅粉体的粒径为10nm,纳米纤维素粉体的粒径为13nm。
制备步骤如下:
(1)在380r/min转速下,将纳米二氧化硅粉体、纳米纤维素粉体分散到乙二醇中,配制成预分散体;
(2)调整搅拌速率为200r/min,在预分散体中加入氧化铁、PEG600,搅拌均匀,得到有机悬浮液;
(3)调整搅拌速率为350r/min,加入柠檬酸,得到湿凝胶,将所得湿凝胶静置老化不少于35h;
(4)将老化后的湿凝胶在-22℃进行冻干,然后在室温条件下震荡融化,在-13℃条件下再次冻干;用叔丁醇溶液进行溶剂交换8h后,-32℃条件下冻干,得到先驱体复合材料;
(5)将先驱体复合材料至于氩气气氛中,控制升温速率为4℃/min,先升温至390℃并恒温1.5小时,再升温至810℃并恒温1.5小时,最后升温至1010℃并恒温2.5小时,冷却至室温,得到纳米多孔隔热材料。
实施例3
一种纳米多孔隔热材料,以质量份计,包括以下组分:
纳米二氧化硅粉体30份、纳米纤维素粉体20份、环己烷50份、二氧化钛7份、PEG4001.4份、柠檬酸4份。
其中,纳米二氧化硅粉体的粒径为15nm,纳米纤维素粉体的粒径为15nm。
制备步骤如下:
(1)在350r/min转速下,将纳米二氧化硅粉体、纳米纤维素粉体分散到环己烷中,配制成预分散体;
(2)调整搅拌速率为280r/min,在预分散体中加入二氧化钛、PEG400,搅拌均匀,得到有机悬浮液;
(3)调整搅拌速率为380r/min,加入柠檬酸,得到湿凝胶,将所得湿凝胶静置老化不少于35h;
(4)将老化后的湿凝胶在-18℃进行冻干,然后在室温条件下震荡融化,在-17℃条件下再次冻干;用叔丁醇溶液进行溶剂交换78h后,-28℃条件下冻干,得到先驱体复合材料;
(5)将先驱体复合材料至于氩气气氛中,控制升温速率为3℃/min,先升温至400℃并恒温1小时,再升温至810℃并恒温1.5小时,最后升温至1000℃并恒温2小时,冷却至室温,得到纳米多孔隔热材料。
实施例4
一种纳米多孔隔热材料,以质量份计,包括以下组分:
纳米二氧化硅粉体33份、纳米纤维素粉体25份、乙酸乙酯58份、六钛酸钾8份、PEG800 1.2份、草酸3份。
其中,纳米二氧化硅粉体的粒径为20nm,纳米纤维素粉体的粒径为10nm。
制备步骤如下:
(1)在360r/min转速下,将纳米二氧化硅粉体、纳米纤维素粉体分散到乙酸乙酯中,配制成预分散体;
(2)调整搅拌速率为300r/min,在预分散体中加入六钛酸钾、PEG800,搅拌均匀,得到有机悬浮液;
(3)调整搅拌速率为400r/min,加入草酸,得到湿凝胶,将所得湿凝胶静置老化不少于35h;
(4)将老化后的湿凝胶在-20℃进行冻干,然后在室温条件下震荡融化,在-15℃条件下再次冻干;用叔丁醇溶液进行溶剂交换8h后,-30℃条件下冻干,得到先驱体复合材料;
(5)将先驱体复合材料至于氩气气氛中,控制升温速率为5℃/min,先升温至400℃并恒温1.5小时,再升温至800℃并恒温2小时,最后升温至1000℃并恒温2小时,冷却至室温,得到纳米多孔隔热材料。
对比例1
与实施例1的不同之处在于,对比例1不添加纳米纤维素粉体,其他步骤同实施例1。
对实施例1-4和对比例1制得的纳米多孔隔热材料进行指标检测,结果如表1所示:
表1
从上述结果中可得出,本发明实施例1-4制得的纳米多孔隔热材料在高温下具有较低的热导率,保温隔热效果强,比表面积大,且耐温值可达1200℃,各种抗性性能优越;纳米多孔隔热材料中不添加纳米纤维素粉体,800℃条件下热导率较高,无法耐受1200℃的高温。
以上所述的实施例仅是对本发明的优选方式进行描述,并非对本发明的范围进行限定,在不脱离本发明设计精神的前提下,本领域普通技术人员对本发明的技术方案做出的各种变形和改进,均应落入本发明权利要求书确定的保护范围内。
Claims (9)
1.一种纳米多孔隔热材料,其特征在于,以质量份计,包括以下组分:
纳米二氧化硅粉体30-40份、纳米纤维素粉体20-30份、有机溶剂50-60份、遮光剂5-8份、化学分散剂1-1.4份、催化剂3-5份。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种纳米多孔隔热材料,其特征在于,所述纳米二氧化硅粉体的粒径为10-20nm;所述纳米纤维素粉体的粒径为10-15nm。
3.根据权利要求1所述的一种纳米多孔隔热材料,其特征在于,所述有机溶剂为乙醇、甲醇、乙二醇、丙酮、环己烷、乙酸乙酯中的一种。
4.根据权利要求1所述的一种纳米多孔隔热材料,其特征在于,所述遮光剂为氧化锌、氧化铁、二氧化钛、六钛酸钾中的一种。
5.根据权利要求1所述的一种纳米多孔隔热材料,其特征在于,所述化学分散剂为二乙醇酰胺、PEG400、PEG600、PEG800中的一种。
6.根据权利要求1所述的一种纳米多孔隔热材料,其特征在于,所述催化剂为草酸或柠檬酸。
7.一种如权利要求1-6任一项所述的一种纳米多孔隔热材料的制备方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:
(1)在350-400r/min转速下,将纳米二氧化硅粉体、纳米纤维素粉体分散到有机溶剂中,配制成预分散体;
(2)调整搅拌速率为200-300r/min,在预分散体中加入遮光剂、化学分散剂,搅拌均匀,得到有机悬浮液;
(3)调整搅拌速率为300-400r/min,加入催化剂,得到湿凝胶,将所得湿凝胶静置老化不少于35h;
(4)将老化后的湿凝胶在-20±2℃进行冻干,然后在室温条件下震荡融化,在-15±2℃条件下再次冻干;用叔丁醇溶液进行溶剂交换6-8h后,-30±2℃条件下冻干,得到先驱体复合材料;
(5)将先驱体复合材料置于保护性气氛中,升温至400±10℃并恒温1-1.5小时,再升温至800±10℃并恒温1.5-2小时,最后升温至1000±10℃并恒温2-2.5小时,冷却至室温,得到纳米多孔隔热材料。
8.根据权利要求7所述的一种纳米多孔隔热材料的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(5)中升温速率为3-5℃/min。
9.根据权利要求7所述的一种纳米多孔隔热材料的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(5)中保护性气氛为氩气气氛。
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