CN111567689A - 一种改善肠道健康的猪饲料及其制备方法 - Google Patents
一种改善肠道健康的猪饲料及其制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种改善肠道健康的猪饲料及其制备方法。所公开的饲料是由基础饲料和蛹虫草粉制备而成,所述蛹虫草粉质量占基础饲料质量的0.028%~0.032%;所述蛹虫草粉是将经过培养后的的蛹虫草菌丝体和其培养基一起干燥,粉碎制成。所公开的制备方法为上述饲料的制备方法。本发明制备方法简单,饲料中增加蛹虫草活性物质能够提高猪的生长性能,改善猪肠道健康菌群结构,降低发病率,促进肠道健康,从而提高猪群健康,大大提高养殖经济效益。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及家畜饲料技术领域,尤其涉及一种改善肠道健康的猪饲料制备方法及其。
背景技术
中国是世界饲料生产大国,其中猪饲料占比为45%。猪饲料的好坏直接影响到猪的健康和猪肉品质,进而影响人体的健康。随着无抗养殖的到来,加之非洲猪瘟的影响并未消散,所以制备一种能够提高猪群免疫力,促进猪群健康,并且绿色安的猪饲料成为迫切需要。有专家提出养猪就是养肠道,肠道健康直接影响猪群健康。而肠道健康受肠道机械屏障、化学屏障、免疫屏障和生物屏障影响。其中,作为肠道生物屏障的肠道微生物有促进营养代谢、维持肠黏膜屏障、调节免疫应答、抑制病原菌感染等功能。
发明内容
针对现有技术的缺陷或不足,本发明提供了一种改善肠道健康的猪饲料。
为此,本发明所提供的改善肠道健康的猪饲料是由基础饲料和蛹虫草粉制备而成,所述蛹虫草粉质量占基础饲料质量的0.028%~0.032%;所述蛹虫草粉是将经过培养后的蛹虫草菌丝体和其培养基一起干燥,粉碎制成;所述基础饲料由以下成分按照质量百分比混合制成:74%~76%玉米、20%~22%豆粕、0.87%~0.89%石粉、0.63%~0.65%磷酸氢钙、0.38%~0.40%大豆油、0.32%~0.34%氯化钠、0.51%~0.53%赖氨酸硫酸盐、0.10%~0.12%苏氨酸、0.08%~0.10%蛋氨酸、0.04%~0.06%氯化胆碱、0.01%~0.02%色氨酸和0.59%~0.61%预混料。
优选的,所述干燥温度为60℃~62℃。
可选的,所述蛹虫草粉中虫草多糖含量≥4.96%,虫草酸含量≥3.75%,总甾醇≥0.6%,虫草素含量≥0.17%。
同时,本发明提供了一种改善肠道健康的猪饲料的制备方法。为此,本发明所提供的方法包括:
(1)培养蛹虫草;
(2)将经过培养后的蛹虫草菌丝体和其培养基一起干燥,粉碎制成蛹虫草粉;
(3)配置基础饲料,所述基础饲料由以下成分按照质量百分比混合制成:74%~76%玉米、20%~22%豆粕、0.87%~0.89%石粉、0.63%~0.65%磷酸氢钙、0.38%~0.40%大豆油、0.32%~0.34%氯化钠、0.51%~0.53%赖氨酸硫酸盐、0.10%~0.12%苏氨酸、0.08%~0.10%蛋氨酸、0.04%~0.06%氯化胆碱、0.01%~0.02%色氨酸和0.59%~0.61%预混料;
(4)将蛹虫草粉与基础饲料混合制备所述改善肠道健康的猪饲料,所述蛹虫草粉质量占基础饲料质量的0.028%~0.032%。
可选的,所述步骤(1)包括:
(1.1)蛹虫草菌种培育:将蛹虫草菌株接种到培养基A中进行活化,之后将活化菌株接种到培养基B中进行培养得到基础菌种;
所述培养基A的配方是:由马铃薯3g、蛋白胨3g、鸡蛋15g、KH2PO41g、MgSO41g、复合维生素0.04g和水1000mL;
所述培养基B的配方是:马铃薯200g、葡萄糖20g、琼脂20g、磷酸二氢钾1g、硫酸镁1g、蛋白胨0.5g和水1000mL;
(1.2)蛹虫草菌丝培养:将基础菌种接种到液体培养基中进行培养;所述液体培养基的配方是:30g小麦和50mL辅料溶液,所述辅料溶液的配方是:葡萄糖5g/L、黄豆8g/L、奶粉5g/L、柠檬酸三铵1.0g/L、磷酸二氢钾1.0g/L、硫酸镁1.0g/L和维生素B110mg/L。
进一步,所述活化温度为20℃~22℃、时长7d~9d;所述活化后的培养温度为24℃~25℃、时长7d~9d;所述蛹虫草菌丝培养温度为21℃~23℃、时长40d~48d。
进一步,所述培养基B的pH为6.9~7.1。
本发明饲料中增加虫草素、虫草多糖、虫草酸等有效成分不仅能够提高猪的生长性能,改善猪肉品质,还能改善猪肠道菌群结构,提高免疫力,促进肠道健康,最终提高养殖经济效益。
改善肠道健康的猪饲料最突出的作用就是能够增强肠黏膜屏障功能,肠黏膜屏障功能是抵御疾病入侵的第一道防线,所以改善肠黏膜屏障功能就能促进肠道健康,提高猪只的免疫力,这不仅能够降低腹泻率,还能降低感染疾病的风险。
此外,该饲料还能改变肠道微生物的组成,而肠道微生物能够促进营养代谢、维持肠黏膜屏障、调节免疫应答、抑制病原菌感染等重要作用,该饲料通过增加肠道有益菌和减少肠道有害菌来提高猪群的营养代谢和免疫力,最终促进机体健康,保障养殖场的经济效益。
附图说明
图1为本发明的饲料饲喂后猪十二指肠的形态结构与对比例饲养后猪十二指肠的形态结构对比图;
图2为本发明的饲料对猪肠道微生物的影响,(a)Shannon和(b)observed_species都是反映样本中微生物多样性的指数。
具体实施方式
本发明的饲料是由蛹虫草粉和基础饲料制备而成,其中本发明所述蛹虫草粉是指培养完成后的蛹虫草菌丝体与其培养基共同被干燥、粉碎后得到的粉体。所述培养基是指适宜于蛹虫草生长的培养基。理论上讲现有技术已公开的蛹虫草培养基均适用于本发明。可选的方案是,所培养的蛹虫草粉中虫草多糖含量≥4.96%,虫草酸含量≥3.75%,总甾醇≥0.6%,虫草素含量≥0.17%。一种蛹虫草粉制备示例包括:
(a)蛹虫草菌种培育:将蛹虫草菌株接种到培养基A中进行活化,之后将活化菌株接种到培养基B中进行培养得到基础菌种;
所述培养基A的配方是:由马铃薯3g、蛋白胨3g、鸡蛋15g、KH2PO4 1g、MgSO4 1g、复合维生素0.04g和水1000mL;
所述培养基B的配方是:马铃薯200g、葡萄糖20g、琼脂20g、磷酸二氢钾1g、硫酸镁1g、蛋白胨0.5g和水1000mL;
(b)蛹虫草菌丝培养:将基础菌种接种到液体培养基中进行培养;所述液体培养基的配方是:30g小麦、50mL辅料溶液,所述辅料溶液的配方是:葡萄糖5g/L、黄豆8g/L、奶粉5g/L、柠檬酸三铵1.0g/L、磷酸二氢钾1.0g/L、硫酸镁1.0g/L和维生素B110mg/L;
(c)将培养后的蛹虫草菌丝与培养基一起干燥得到蛹虫草粉。
如无特殊说明,本发明方案中所用组分均为市售产品。
以下结合具体实施案例,对本发明进行进一步的详细说明。
实施例1:
本实例给出一种改善肠道健康的猪饲料,制备方法如下:蛹虫草粉通过以下方法制得:
(1)蛹虫草菌种培育:将冷藏保存的蛹虫草菌株接种到培养基A中,在温度20℃~22℃的条件下培养8天得到活化菌株;然后将活化菌株接种到培养基B中,在摇床温度为24℃~25℃,于115r/min培养8d得到基础菌种;培养基A配方为:马铃薯3g、蛋白胨3g、鸡蛋15g、KH2PO4 1g、MgSO4 1g、复合维生素0.04g和水1000mL;培养基B的配方为马铃薯200g、葡萄糖20g、琼脂20g、磷酸二氢钾1g、硫酸镁1g、蛋白胨0.5g和水1000mL;
(2)蛹虫草菌丝培养:每瓶液体培养基中接种3mL基础菌种,要求液体菌种在培养基表面均匀分布;之后避光条件下进行培养,培养室温度21℃~23℃,空气相对湿度55%~65%,控制培养基的pH为6.9~7.1,培养周期为45d,当培养基上长出白色菌丝后,将蛹虫草菌丝体和其培养基一起采收;其中:每瓶装入30g小麦和50mL辅料溶液,摇匀;辅料溶液配方为:葡萄糖5g/L、黄豆8g/L、奶粉5g/L、柠檬酸三铵1.0g/L、磷酸二氢钾1.0g/L、硫酸镁1.0g/L和维生素B1 10mg/L;
(3)烘干制粉:将采收的蛹虫草菌丝体和其培养基放入干燥箱中进行低温干燥,60℃~62℃干燥5h~8h,再用超细粉碎机粉碎,制成80~120目的蛹虫草粉。所得蛹虫草粉中各成分含量如表1所示,表1中蛹虫草粉相关成分是送青岛科创质量检测有限公司检测的;
表1蛹虫草粉相关成分含量
2、基础饲料原料配制:75.28%玉米、21.10%豆粕、0.88%石粉、0.39%大豆油、0.64%磷酸氢钙、0.33%氯化钠、0.52%赖氨酸硫酸盐、0.11%苏氨酸、0.09%蛋氨酸、0.05%氯化胆碱、0.01%色氨酸、0.6%预混料和0.03%蛹虫草粉,将原料进行粉碎,搅拌混合;
3、在搅拌机配合下,按照每吨基础饲料加280g~320g蛹虫草粉的比例加入蛹虫草粉,搅拌混合均匀。
对比例:
该对比例与实施例不同的是饲料中没有加蛹虫草粉。
对上述实施例1与对比例的猪饲养效果进行验证:
(一)猪的选择及饲养方式
选择体重体重为36.83kg左右的的杜×长×大猪,试验组与对照组各取80头,共160头,每组5个重复,每个重复16头猪,公母各半,分圈舍饲养,自由采食与饮水。
(二)猪舍猪的屠宰采样
1、试验组与对照组各取10头猪进行屠宰,屠宰前24h禁食,于第二天清晨开始屠宰采样。
2、采集猪十二指肠的组织样和结肠内容物,进行肠道健康指标检测。
(三)改善肠道健康的猪饲料的饲喂效果评定
主要测定指标如下:
1、饲料中各种营养物质检测
(1)饲料中干物质的测定
称量饲料样品质量m1,将干样品或半干样品放入105℃±2℃烘箱,在一个大气压下烘干,直至恒重,称饲料样品质量m2。
W=(m2/m1)×100%
W—饲料中干物质的质量分数,%
m1—饲料样品质量,g
m2—处理后饲料样品,g
(1)饲料中粗灰分的测定
称量饲料样品质量m1,将饲料样品放入别550℃±5℃的茂福炉中灼烧,至灰白色,称残渣的重量m2。
W=(m2/m1)×100%
W—饲料中粗灰分的质量分数,%
m1—饲料样品质量,g
m2—处理后饲料样品,g
(2)饲料中粗蛋白的测定
在有催化剂的条件下,用浓硫酸消化样品将有机氮转变成无机铵盐,然后在碱性条件下将铵盐转化为氨,随水蒸气蒸馏出并为过量的标准盐酸液吸收(V),再以标准标氢氧化钠(Vo)滴定至终点,计算出样品中的氮量。
W(CP)=[(VC-VoCo)×0.0140×6.25/m]×100%
W(CP)~~饲料中粗蛋白的质量分数,%
V—滴定试样时所消耗的标准盐酸溶液的体积,mL
C—滴定试样时所消耗的标准盐酸溶液的浓度,mol/mL
Vo—滴定试样时所消耗的标准氢氧化钠溶液的体积,mL
Co—滴定试样时所消耗的标准氢氧化钠溶液的浓度,mol/mL
0.0140—氮元素的摩尔质量,kg/mol
m—试样质量,g
(4)饲料中粗脂肪的测定
称量试样质量m。选用低沸点的乙醚或石油醚作溶剂,称量已恒出的提取瓶质量m2,使风干样品在乙醚中反复浸提,脂肪溶于乙醚并收集于盛醚瓶中,称量已恒出的提取瓶和粗脂肪的总质量m1,求出醚浸出物的含量,即粗脂肪的含量。
W(EE)=[(m1~m2)/m]×100%
W(EE)—饲料中粗脂肪质量分数,%
m1—已恒出的提取瓶和粗脂肪的总质量,g
m2—已恒出的提取瓶质量,g
m—风干试样质量,g
(5)饲料中总磷的测定
将试样中有机物破坏,使磷元素游离出来,在酸性溶液中,用钒钼酸铵处理,生成黄色的络合物,在波长400nm下进行比色测定,结果为总磷量。
(6)饲料中钙的测定
将试样有机物破坏,钙变成溶于水的离子并与盐酸反应生成氯化钙,在溶液中加入草酸铵溶液,使钙成为草酸钙白色沉淀,然后用硫酸溶液溶解草酸钙,再用高锰酸钾标准滴定溶液滴定游离的草酸根离子,根据高锰酸钾标准滴定溶液的用量,可以计算出式样的含钙量。
W(Ca)=[(V-Vo)×N×40/2]/(W×V’/V1)×100/1000
V—0.01N高锰酸钾标准溶液滴定所用的体积,mL
Vo—测定空白所用0.01N高锰酸钾标准溶液体积,mL
N—高锰酸钾标准溶液的物质的量浓度,mol/mL
W—试样质量,g
V—试样分解液总体积,mL
V’—测定时所吸取试样分解液体积,mL
40/2—钙的克当量,g
(7)饲料中粗纤维测量
用分析天平称量试样m,用硫酸溶液和正辛醇处理,快速加热至沸维持30min。立即抽滤(古氏坍塌内铺孔径6.5μm尼龙布)。残渣用蒸馏水洗至中性,抽干,用200mL、0.313mol/L氢氧化钠(NaOH)溶液将残渣完全转入原消煮溶器内,煮沸30min。立即用已于550℃恒重的滤埚铺酸洗石棉0.2g~0.3g过滤。先用25mL、0.255mol/L硫酸(1/2H2SO4)溶液洗涤一次,再用蒸馏水调至中性。抽干后用15mL乙醇洗涤一次。抽干后将滤埚放入130℃烘箱内烘干2h取出放入干燥器内冷却30min,称量m1。再移入550℃茂福炉内灼烧1h,取出冷却至130℃左右,放入干燥器内冷却30min,称量m2。
W(CF)=[(m1-m2)/m]×100%
W(CF)—饲料中粗纤维的质量分数,100%
m1—130℃烘干后的滤埚和试样残留物总质量,g
m2—550℃灼烧后的滤埚和试样残留物总质量,g
m—称取的试样质量,g
利用本发明的改善肠道健康的猪饲料以及饲喂方法,其饲喂效果的评定结果如下:
表2改善肠道健康的猪饲料饲喂试验日粮及其营养水平对比
如表2所示,改善肠道健康的猪饲料,与常规饲料就试验日粮及营养水平基本一致,试验组和对照组唯一的差异在于是否添加0.028%~0.32%蛹虫草粉。
2、生长性能
在猪饲喂前后分别称重(猪的初始体重与最终体重),计算平均日增重;统计猪饲料采食量,计算日采食量、料肉比;统计饲喂时间。结果如表3所示。
表3改善肠道健康的猪饲料对猪生长性能的影响
(*表示p<0.05,**表示p<0.01,下同)
如表3所示,饲喂改善肠道健康的猪饲料后,试验组平均日增重比对照组提高14.1%,料肉比比对照组降低10.5%。表明这种饲料能够提高饲料转化率,从而能够提高猪的生长性能,节省饲养成本。
3、腹泻率的测定
试验期内每日观察并记录各组猪群健康情况(采食、粪便、发病等),发现异常及时做好记录(重点记录腹泻头数)。结果如4所示。
表4改善肠道健康的猪饲料对猪腹泻率的影响
如表4所示,饲喂改善肠道健康的猪饲料后,猪的腹泻率从0.32%降到0,大大降低了腹泻率,提高猪群健康水平。
4、肉品质
对试验猪屠宰后进行肉质测定,测定方法参照NY/T 821~2004猪肌肉质性能测定技术规范。对肉色、大理石纹、pH、滴水损失、失水率、熟肉率等项目进行现场测定;肌内脂肪含量、肌肉脂肪酸组成、肌纤维直径指标现场采样,带回实验室测定。
具体测定方法如下:
(1)肉色测定
①采样部位:最后胸椎处背最长肌。
②评定条件:用屠宰后1h~2h内的新鲜肉样,在室内正常光照下进行目测与评分标准图对比评定。
③评定标准:按肉色评分标准图,釆用5分制对样品评定肉色:1分—灰白色;2分—微红色;3分—鲜红色;4分—深红色;5分—暗红色。评分时如若出现两个等级之间的时候,可评为0.5分。正常肉色一般为3~4分,小于2分则有白肌肉(PSE肉)的嫌疑,5分左右的样品则有黑干肉(DFD肉)的可能。
(2)肌肉大理石纹
评定肌肉中脂肪含量和分布情况的指标。
①取样部位:胸腰椎结合处背最长肌。
②评定条件:试验猪屠宰1~2h内,0~4℃冰箱冷藏24h,用美制NPPC比色板进行目测评分。
③评分标准:评分采用5分制,两级间允许评0.5分。1分(脂肪痕量);2分(脂肪微量);3分(脂肪中量);4分(脂肪多量);5分(脂肪过量)。大理石纹3~4分代表肉质好。
(3)肌肉pH
猪宰后肌肉中的肌糖元通过无氧代谢途径酵解生成乳酸,随肌肉中乳酸的积累肌肉的pH下降,pH下降的程度对肉色、系水力、可溶性蛋白浓度、货架期长短都有明显影响,因而是评定肉质的一项重要指标。
①取样部位:最后胸椎处背最长肌。
②仪器:精确到0.01的PHS~25型数显酸度计(德国R.Matthaus公司PH~STAR),度量前pH计必须用pH4和pH7标准液校正。
③操作:放血后45~60min测定胸腰结合处背最长肌pH,作为pH45。于宰后24h取出0~4℃冷却眼肌中段切开,将pH计电极插入切缝量取pH24(PHU)。
(4)失水率测定
采用重量加压法,试验猪宰后1h~2h内,于第三、四胸椎处取背最长肌,用取样器取半径和厚度均为1cm的小圆薄片。称重(W1,g)后将肉样置于两层纱布间,上、下各垫上18层滤纸,连同滤纸一并放在感应量为0.019的压力器上,压力为35kg,加压5min后取出肉样称重(W2,g)。失水率越小,系水力越高。
失水率W=[(W1-W2)/W1]×100%。
(5)剪切力测定
采取背最长肌腰段头侧端样品,装入塑料袋中,于4℃冰箱熟化48h后,室温下静置1h。浸入75℃~80℃水浴,待肉样中心温度达到70℃将肉样取出,冷却到20℃,将肉样核心部分修成1×1×2.5cm3的肉条(肌纤维走向方向与长边方向一致),用C~LM型肌肉嫩度仪测剪切力。
结果如表5所示。
表5改善肠道健康的猪饲料对猪肉品质的影响
如表5所示,饲喂改善肠道健康的猪饲料后,试验组猪背最长肌肌肉红度、肉色评分以及大理石纹评分都显著高于对照组,失水率和剪切力与对照组相比分别降低了8.0%和8.2%,表明改善肠道健康的猪饲料能够改善肉色;提高肌间脂肪含量,改善肌肉的风味;同时还能提高肌肉嫩度;改善肌肉口感。总之,改善肠道健康的猪饲料能够改善猪肉品质。
5、血清免疫球蛋白的测定
采血选用5mL注射器,空腹每只猪颈静脉采血3mL,血样放入无菌普通离心管中静置,准备分离血清。血清制备,将血样置室温l h,后置4℃冰箱内3h~4h。于2500rpm离心10min,取上清分装,立即置-80℃冰箱中保存备用。
采用酶联免疫吸附方法检测IgG的浓度,Elisa试剂盒购自Abcam公司。
结果如表6所示。
表6改善肠道健康的猪饲料对免疫球蛋白的影响
如表5所示,饲喂改善肠道健康的猪饲料后,IgG提高了14.2%,说明此饲料提高了猪的免疫指标,提高了机体免疫力。
6、肠道健康相关指标的测定
(1)肠道组织形态
用无菌手术刀取十二指肠大概1cm~2cm,然后用镊子轻轻夹着一端在生理盐水中轻轻漂洗出内容物。漂洗干净后迅速将样本4%多聚甲醛溶液固定以研究形态学变化。然后将样本制成石蜡切片进行苏木精-伊红(HE)染色和高碘酸雪夫氏(PAS)染色,测量肠绒毛高度和隐窝深度。
(2)免疫屏障相关因子检测
①免疫炎症因子的测定
取-80℃冰箱中保存的血清,采用酶联免疫方法检测IL-10和TNF-α浓度,Elisa试剂盒购自Abcam公司。
②分泌型免疫球蛋白A(SIgA)的测定
肠道黏膜样本的收集:十二指肠用无菌生理盐水轻轻清洗,直到没有内容物流出;用无菌的手术刀片刮取附着在表面的组织(轻轻刮一层),收集管中;单个样本取样量保证在200mg~500mg/管,每个样本取三份备份,然后将样品放入液氮冷冻后转入-80℃冰箱保存备用。
采用酶联免疫吸附方法检测SIgA的浓度,Elisa试剂盒购自Abcam公司。
(4)生物屏障相关指标测定
屠宰后用无菌解剖刀收集结肠内容物,用灭菌离心管分装,放在冰上进行标记,单个样本取样量保证在200mg~500mg/管,每个样本取三份备份,然后将样品放入液氮冷冻后转入~80℃冰箱保存备用。
采用高通量测序的方法对微生物测序。
结果如表7~9及图1和2所示。
表7改善肠道健康的猪饲料对肠道形态的影响
如表7和图1所示,饲喂改善肠道健康的猪饲料后,试验组与对照组相比,绒毛高度没有差异,隐窝深度降低了42%,隐窝深度体现肠上皮细胞成熟率,隐窝深度越低说明肠上皮细胞成熟率上升,分泌功能増强,小肠的消化吸收能力增强,这也是此饲料降低料比,提高日增重的原因之一。
表8改善肠道健康的猪饲料对炎症细胞因子和SIgA的影响
如表8所示,试验组显著提高了抗炎因子IL-10的水平,并显著降低了促炎因子TNF-α的水平,说明此饲料能够抑制炎症,利于机体健康。
SIgA能抵抗肠道蛋白酶的分解作用,形成黏膜上的局部抗体,与病原体结合形成复合物,排除病原体,在黏膜免疫中起重要的作用。在饲喂改善肠道健康的猪饲料后,SIgA大幅提升,提升比例高达18.6%,说明此猪饲料提高育肥猪黏膜免疫功能,对机体健康有促进作用。
如图2所示,Shannon和observed_species都是反映样本中微生物多样性的指数,与对照组相比,试验组明显提高了肠道微生物的多样性,说明改善肠道健康的猪饲料改变了猪肠道微生物的组成。
表9改善肠道健康的猪饲料改善肠道微生物的组成
如表9所示,试验组显著增加了有益菌乳杆菌属的丰度,乳杆菌有阻止病原菌对肠道的入侵和定植,抑制病原菌,抗感染,维持肠道的微生态平衡,增强机体免疫力,抑制内毒素的生产等作用;试验组还有增加瘤胃球菌的趋势,瘤胃球菌常存在于哺乳动物肠道中,作为短链脂肪酸的生产者,负责多种多糖和纤维的降解,与维持肠道健康有关,此外瘤胃球菌与溃疡性结肠炎相关,结肠炎患者比较缺乏此菌。说明饲喂改善肠道健康的饲料后,增加了肠道中有益微生物的丰度。
与对照组相比,试验组显著降低了梭菌、链球菌、普雷沃氏菌的丰度,并有降低大肠杆菌和密螺旋体菌的趋势。梭菌多数是腐生菌,还有一部分是条件致病菌,例如产气荚膜梭菌、破伤风梭菌和肉毒梭菌等;致病性链球菌可引起多种化脓性炎症及超敏反应性疾病;普雷沃氏菌能够诱导炎症因子引发炎症,并有研究发现在结肠癌患者的肠道微生物菌群中发现普雷沃氏菌增加;大肠杆菌是大家熟悉的病原菌,能够引起炎症和败血型感染;密螺旋体菌也属于致病菌。所以说明饲喂改善肠道健康的饲料后,降低了肠道中有害微生物的丰度。
综上,说明改善肠道健康的猪饲料能够通过调节肠道微生物中有益和有害菌的组成来促进肠道健康。
7、经济效益分析
表10改善肠道健康的猪饲料对经济效益的影响
注明:毛猪单价为25.73元/kg(数据来源于中国养猪网2019年9月10日);饲料单价由芮城温氏饲料有限公司提供。
如表10所示,与对照组相比,试验组每头猪提高利润343元,达高达13.1%,说明改善肠道健康的猪饲料大大提高了猪养殖的经济效益;同时此饲料还能提高猪群免疫力,降低发病率,大大降低了养殖风险,这种潜在的经济效益不可估量,尤其是在非洲猪瘟影响下的当下,这种改善肠道健康的猪饲料能为养猪场带来可观的经济价值。
与传统饲喂技术相比,本发明的改善肠道健康的猪饲料增加了蛹虫草活性物质(虫草素、虫草多糖、虫草酸等有效成分),能够提高猪的生长性能,提高饲料转化率,从而提高猪的生长性能,节省饲养成本。同时,改善肠道健康的猪饲料还能提高猪肠黏膜SIgA的浓度,提高机体免疫能力。此外,改善肠道健康的猪饲料还能降低隐窝深度,提高饲料在肠道的消化吸收;通过改善肠道微生物的组成来降低疾病的发生,增强机体抵抗力来改善肠道健康,促进机体健康。
应当理解的是,对本领域技术人员来说,可根据上述说明对方案内容加以改进和变换,而所有这些改进和变换都应属于本发明所附权利要求的保护范围,但经过这些改进和变换后,最终的应用效果是不可预料的。
Claims (7)
1.一种改善肠道健康的猪饲料,其特征在于,该饲料是由基础饲料和蛹虫草粉制备而成,
所述蛹虫草粉质量占基础饲料质量的0.028%~0.032%;
所述蛹虫草粉是将经过培养后的蛹虫草菌丝体和其培养基一起干燥,粉碎制成;
所述基础饲料由以下成分按照质量百分比混合制成:74%~76%玉米、20%~22%豆粕、0.87%~0.89%石粉、0.63%~0.65%磷酸氢钙、0.38%~0.40%大豆油、0.32%~0.34%氯化钠、0.51%~0.53%赖氨酸硫酸盐、0.10%~0.12%苏氨酸、0.08%~0.10%蛋氨酸、0.04%~0.06%氯化胆碱、0.01%~0.02%色氨酸和0.59%~0.61%预混料。
2.如权利要求1所述改善肠道健康的猪饲料,其特征在于,所述干燥温度为60℃~62℃。
3.如权利要求1所述改善肠道健康的猪饲料,其特征在于,所述蛹虫草粉中虫草多糖含量≥4.96%,虫草酸含量≥3.75%,总甾醇≥0.6%,虫草素含量≥0.17%。
4.一种改善肠道健康的猪饲料的制备方法,其特征在于,方法包括:
(1)培养蛹虫草;
(2)将经过培养后的蛹虫草菌丝体和其培养基一起干燥,粉碎制成蛹虫草粉;
(3)配置基础饲料,所述基础饲料由以下成分按照质量百分比混合制成:74%~76%玉米、20%~22%豆粕、0.87%~0.89%石粉、0.63%~0.65%磷酸氢钙、0.38%~0.40%大豆油、0.32%~0.34%氯化钠、0.51%~0.53%赖氨酸硫酸盐、0.10%~0.12%苏氨酸、0.08%~0.10%蛋氨酸、0.04%~0.06%氯化胆碱、0.01%~0.02%色氨酸和0.59%~0.61%预混料;
(4)将蛹虫草粉与基础饲料混合制备所述改善肠道健康的猪饲料,所述蛹虫草粉质量占基础饲料质量的0.028%~0.032%。
5.如权利要求4所述的改善肠道健康的猪饲料的制备方法,其特征在于,所述步骤(1)包括:
(1.1)蛹虫草菌种培育:将蛹虫草菌株接种到培养基A中进行活化,之后将活化菌株接种到培养基B中进行培养得到基础菌种;
所述培养基A的配方是:由马铃薯3g、蛋白胨3g、鸡蛋15g、KH2PO41g、MgSO41g、复合维生素0.04g和水1000mL;
所述培养基B的配方是:马铃薯200g、葡萄糖20g、琼脂20g、磷酸二氢钾1g、硫酸镁1g、蛋白胨0.5g和水1000mL;
(1.2)蛹虫草菌丝培养:将基础菌种接种到液体培养基中进行培养;所述液体培养基的配方是:30g小麦和50mL辅料溶液,所述辅料溶液的配方是:葡萄糖5g/L、黄豆8g/L、奶粉5g/L、柠檬酸三铵1.0g/L、磷酸二氢钾1.0g/L、硫酸镁1.0g/L和维生素B110mg/L。
6.如权利要求5所述的改善肠道健康的猪饲料的制备方法,其特征在于,所述活化温度为20℃~22℃、时长7d~9d;所述活化后的培养温度为24℃~25℃、时长7d~9d;所述蛹虫草菌丝培养温度为21℃~23℃、时长40d~48d。
7.如权利要求5所述的改善肠道健康的猪饲料的制备方法,其特征在于,所述培养基B的pH为6.9~7.1。
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