CN111565715A - Mitoflavoscin:含靶向黄素的酶通过抑制线粒体呼吸作用消除癌症干细胞(CSCS) - Google Patents
Mitoflavoscin:含靶向黄素的酶通过抑制线粒体呼吸作用消除癌症干细胞(CSCS) Download PDFInfo
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- CN111565715A CN111565715A CN201880083530.3A CN201880083530A CN111565715A CN 111565715 A CN111565715 A CN 111565715A CN 201880083530 A CN201880083530 A CN 201880083530A CN 111565715 A CN111565715 A CN 111565715A
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- mitofelascin
- diphenylene
- iodide
- pharmaceutically acceptable
- mitofulascin
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Abstract
本公开涉及与含黄素的酶结合并抑制线粒体功能的化合物,在本文中称为mitoflavoscin。公开了筛选用于线粒体抑制和抗癌性质的化合物的方法。还描述了使用mitoflavoscin预防或治疗癌症、细菌感染和致病性酵母的方法,以及使用mitoflavoscin提供抗衰老益处的方法。还公开了具体的mitoflavoscin化合物。
Description
技术领域
本公开涉及与含黄素的酶结合并抑制线粒体功能的化合物,“mitoflavoscin”,并包括合成mitoflavoscin的方法,使用mitoflavoscin靶向癌症干细胞的方法,以及用于治疗癌症和降低癌细胞耐药性的药物化合物,含有一种或多种mitoflavoscin作为活性成分的药物组合物。还公开了“mitoflavin”–其为抑制线粒体功能的核黄素衍生物的化合物。
背景技术
研究人员努力开发新的抗癌治疗方法。常规的癌症疗法(例如辐射;烷化剂,如环磷酰胺;和抗代谢物,如5-氟尿嘧啶)已经尝试通过干扰参与细胞生长和DNA复制的细胞机制来选择性地检测和根除快速生长的癌细胞。其他癌症疗法使用与快速生长癌细胞上的突变肿瘤抗原选择性结合的免疫疗法(例如单克隆抗体)。不幸的是,在这些治疗之后肿瘤经常在相同或不同的部位复发,表明并非所有癌细胞都被根除。复发可能是由于化疗剂量不足和/或出现对治疗有抗性的癌症克隆。因此,需要新的癌症治疗策略。
突变分析的进展已经允许深入研究癌症发展过程中发生的基因突变。尽管具有基因组景观的知识,但现代肿瘤学难以鉴定跨越癌症亚型的原发性驱动突变。严酷的现实似乎是每个患者的肿瘤都是独特的,且单个肿瘤可能含有多个发散的克隆细胞。因此,需要一种强调不同癌症类型之间的共性的新方法。靶向肿瘤与正常细胞之间的代谢差异有望作为一种新型的癌症治疗策略。对来自人乳腺癌样品的转录谱数据的分析揭示了与线粒体生物发生和/或线粒体翻译相关的超过95个升高的mRNA转录本。Sotgia等人,Cell Cycle,11(23):4390-4401(2012)。另外,95种上调的mRNA中超过35种编码线粒体核糖体蛋白(MRP)。人乳腺癌症干细胞的蛋白质组学分析同样揭示了几种线粒体核糖体蛋白以及与线粒体生物发生相关的其他蛋白的显著过表达。Lamb等人,Oncotarget,5(22):11029-11037(2014)。
使用某些抑菌抗生素或OXPHOS抑制剂的脱靶作用对线粒体生物发生的功能性抑制提供了癌症干细胞增殖需要功能性线粒体的附加证据。发明人最近发现,线粒体荧光染料(MitoTracker)可以有效地用于从异质活细胞群体中富集和纯化癌干细胞样细胞(CSC)。Farnie等人,Oncotarget,6:30272-30486(2015)。具有最高线粒体质量的癌细胞具有最强的经历固着-非依赖性生长的机能水平,这是通常与转移潜能相关的特征。如临床前模型所示,“Mito-high”细胞亚群在体内也具有最高的肿瘤启动活性。
发明内容
鉴于前述背景,发明人通过筛选具有已知靶标和建立的作用机理的FDA批准的药物和其他相关测试化合物的大型文库,集中于寻找线粒体的新的代谢抑制剂。发明人将搜索范围限制在显著降低线粒体ATP产生但不诱导细胞死亡的化合物上(以避免具有急性毒性副作用的药物)。本公开的目的是鉴定用于鉴定mitoflavoscin的本方法,mitoflavoscin是与含黄素的酶结合并抑制线粒体ATP产生的化合物。本公开的另一个目的是鉴定具有抗癌和抗生素性质的mitoflavoscin。本公开的另一个目的是鉴定具有抗衰老性质的mitoflavoscin。本公开的另一个目的是鉴定作为放射敏化剂和光敏化剂起作用的mitoflavoscin。术语“mitoflavoscin”广泛地指与含黄素的酶结合并抑制线粒体功能的化合物。因此,可以将这些化合物设计为靶向和耗竭FMN、FAD和/或核黄素。本公开还涉及鉴定mitoflavoscin的方法,制备这种mitoflavoscin的方法,以及使用mitoflavoscin用于治疗目的方法。
另外,先前产生的数据提示靶向线粒体核糖体的线粒体功能抑制剂(称为“mitoriboscin”)可用于靶向细菌和致病性酵母,提供抗衰老益处,用作放射敏化剂和/或光敏化剂,使大量癌细胞和癌症干细胞对化疗剂、药物和/或其他天然物质(例如膳食补充剂和热量限制)敏化。考虑到它们的线粒体抑制特性,可以类似地将mitoflavoscin用于靶向细菌和致病性酵母,提供抗衰老益处,用作放射敏化剂和/或光敏化剂,使大量癌细胞和癌症干细胞对化疗剂、药物和/或其他天然物质敏化。
可以通过高通量筛选,随后体外验证线粒体抑制的收敛法来鉴定mitoflavoscin。通过将计算机药物设计与表型药物筛选相结合,可以快速开发出mitoflavoscin。
附图说明
图1显示了概述根据本方法的实施方案的药物发展策略的示意图。
图2显示了二亚苯基氯化碘(DPI)对ATP水平的影响。
图3A显示了DPI对MCF7细胞的细胞活力的影响。图3B显示了DPI对hTERT-BJ1细胞的细胞活力的影响。
图4A显示了用DPI进行24小时处理对耗氧率(OCR)的影响。图4B显示了DPI对基础呼吸、质子泄漏、ATP链呼吸(ATP-linked respiration)、最大呼吸和备用呼吸量的影响。
图5A显示了用DPI进行24小时处理对胞外酸化率(ECAR)的影响。图5B显示了DPI对糖酵解、糖酵解储备、非葡萄糖衍生的ECAR和糖酵解储备量的影响。
图6显示了DPI对L-乳酸产生的影响。
图7显示了DPI对乳腺球(mammosphere)形成的影响。
图8A和图8B显示了DPI对癌症干细胞标记物CD44+/CD24-的影响。
图9显示了DPI对线粒体活性氧种类(ROS)产生的影响。
图10显示了用DPI进行1小时处理对OCR的影响。
图11显示了用DPI进行1小时处理对ECAR的影响。
图12A-12C显示了DPI处理、冲洗和恢复对OCR的影响。
图13显示了DPI处理、冲洗和恢复对基础呼吸、质子泄漏、ATP链呼吸、最大呼吸和备用呼吸量的影响。
图14A显示了用DPI长期处理对OCR的影响。图14B显示了用DPI长期处理对MCF7细胞的形态和密度的影响。
图15显示了化合物A、DPI和化合物B、黄素单核苷酸(FMN)的结构的比较。
图16比较了化合物A、DPI和相关化合物B、二苯基氯化碘的结构。
图17显示了可添加至DPI和DPI相关化合物以靶向线粒体的官能性R基团的附着的可能位置。
图18显示了抑制线粒体功能的mitoflavin化合物、核黄素(riboflavin)衍生物的实例。
具体实施方式
以下描述充分详细地示出了本途径的实施方案以实现本途径的实践。尽管参考这些特定实施方案描述了本途径,但是应当理解,本途径可以以不同的形式实施,并且本描述不应当被解释为将任何所附权利要求限制为本文阐述的特定实施方案。相反,提供这些实施方案以使得本公开将是全面和完整的,并且向本领域技术人员充分传达本途径的范围。
线粒体代谢是用于治疗多种痛苦(范围从癌症到细菌和真菌感染到衰老)的未开发通道。癌症干细胞增殖需要功能性线粒体。抑制癌细胞中的线粒体代谢阻止那些细胞的增殖。本途径通过筛选具有已知靶标和已建立作用机制的FDA批准的药物和其他相关测试化合物的大型文库来探索该通道,并进一步将检索限制至显著降低ATP产生但不诱导细胞死亡的化合物,以避免具有急性毒性副作用的药物。
可以通过组合表型药物筛选和功能验证的途径鉴定与含黄素的酶结合的线粒体ATP产生的新抑制剂-mitoflavoscin。图1是使用本文公开的表型药物筛选和功能验证鉴定mitoflavoscin的方法的概述。该方法的实施方案可以涉及表型药物筛选S101和功能验证S102,以及从结果中选择一种或多种候选药物S103。表型药物筛选S101可以使用ATP-耗竭测定进行。ATP-耗竭测定可鉴定可功能性诱导ATP耗竭而不诱导细胞死亡从而避免毒性副作用的化合物。所述筛选测定可以跨分子文库进行。例如,在发明人初步研究期间,将MCF7细胞(6,000细胞/孔)铺板到黑色透明底96孔板中并在处理前温育过夜。接下来,对TocriscreenTM化合物文库的一个子集(560种化合物)以浓度20μM进行表型药物筛选(Bio-Techne Corp,MN,USA)。温育72小时后测试化合物,并一式三份进行实验。处理后,从孔中吸出培养基,用温PBS(补充有Ca2+和Mg2+)洗涤板。然后,将细胞与Hoechst 33342(Sigma)染色溶液(10μg/ml)温育30分钟并用PBS洗涤。使用激发/发射波长为355/460-nm的板读数器读取荧光。然后,进行CellTiter-Glo发光检测(Promega)以测量用给定化合物处理的完全相同的孔中的代谢活性(ATP含量)。根据制造商的方案进行测定。将荧光(Hoechst染色)和发光强度(ATP含量)相对于单独媒介处理的对照归一化,并以百分比显示。在较低浓度(10μM)重新筛选阳性命中物,以鉴定有效诱导ATP耗竭的化合物。应当理解,本领域技术人员可选择使用相同或类似的ATP耗竭测定、修改这类检测、或可以用针对线粒体抑制的筛选选定化合物的另一种方法(例如,耗氧量检测)替代ATP耗竭测定。
DPI(二亚苯基氯化碘)被鉴定为ATP耗竭的有效诱导物。本发明人假设DPI在甚至更低的浓度诱导ATP耗竭。发明人用不同浓度的DPI处理人乳腺癌细胞(MCF7)持续72小时。然后,对细胞进行荧光Hoechst DNA染色以对细胞数进行归一化。通过使用CellTiter-Glo作为探针,本发明人能够使用发光来测量相同孔中的ATP含量。在处理72小时时,500nM DPI使ATP水平降低>80%,但并不显著诱导任何细胞死亡,因为附着于板的细胞数目保持不变(如通过DNA含量所检测)。图2总结了这些结果并证明DPI选择性地耗竭ATP水平而不诱导大量细胞死亡。
本途径包括确定细胞活力的方法。本领域技术人员可以选择一种或多种适于具体实施方案的方法来确认细胞活力。本发明人使用基于细胞蛋白质含量测量的磺酰罗丹明(SRB)检测。在96孔板中处理5天后,将细胞用10%三氯乙酸(TCA)在冷室中固定1小时,并在室温干燥过夜。然后,将细胞用SRB温育15min,用1%乙酸洗涤两次,风干持续至少1小时。最后,将蛋白质结合型染料溶解在pH8.8的10mM Tris溶液中,并使用板读数器在540nm读数。图3A显示了DPI对MCF7细胞的细胞活力的影响。特别地,数据显示DPI不显著影响细胞活力,甚至在处理5天后也是如此。在浓度高达33nM时,DPI显示对MCF7细胞几乎没有或没有毒性。图3B显示了DPI对hTERT-BJ1细胞的细胞活力的影响。温育五天后,正常的成纤维细胞(hTERT-BJ1)也获得了几乎相同的结果,表明在高达100nM的条件下,它几乎没有或没有毒性作用(图3B)。
本途径还涉及功能验证方法S102,在此过程中,可以确认化合物作为线粒体抑制剂的功能。许多方法可用于功能验证,包括例如代谢通量分析、乳腺球测定、活力测定以及抗生素(抗细菌和/或抗真菌)活性。本发明人使用Seahorse胞外通量(XF96)分析仪(Seahorse Bioscience,MA,USA)测定了MCF7细胞中的实时耗氧率(OCR)和胞外酸化速率(ECAR)。简言之,MCF7细胞保持在补充有10%FBS(胎牛血清)、2mM GlutaMax和1%Pen-Strep的DMEM中。将每孔8,000个细胞接种到XF96孔细胞培养板中,并在37℃、在5%CO2的加湿气氛中培养过夜。下一天,将细胞在预热的XF测定培养基中洗涤(对于OCR测量,XF测定培养基补充有10mM葡萄糖、1mM丙酮酸盐并调节至pH7.4)。然后于37℃、在非CO2温育箱中,将细胞在175μL/孔XF测定培养基中保持1小时。在温育期间,将XF检测培养基中的25μL的80mM葡萄糖、9μM寡霉素、1M的2-脱氧葡萄糖(用于ECAR测量)和25μL的10μM寡霉素、9μM FCCP、10μM鱼藤酮、10μM抗霉素A(用于OCR测量)加载到XFe-96传感器盒的注射口。在实验期间,仪器在给定时间点将这些抑制剂注入孔中,同时连续测量ECAR/OCR。ECAR和OCR测量通过蛋白质含量(磺酰罗丹明B测定)归一化。使用单向ANOVA和Student’s t-检验计算,通过XFe-96软件分析数据集。所有实验一式三份进行。
OCR结果显示DPI在2.5nM的浓度几乎没有或没有影响。然而,在5nM,基础呼吸减少~50%。最后,在10nM,基础呼吸率降低~85%,导致ATP产生减少>90%。图4A-B总结了这些结果并说明DPI有效地抑制线粒体呼吸作用。图4A显示了DPI处理对OCR随时间的影响,且图4B显示了DPI处理对基础呼吸、质子泄漏、ATP链呼吸、最大呼吸和备用呼吸量的影响。应当理解,已知许多用于功能验证的方法,并且本领域技术人员可以根据验证需求(例如,其他测量或估计线粒体功能的测定)来选择一种或多种方法。
如所提到的,为了确定DPI的抗线粒体作用是否诱导了反应性糖酵解反应,发明人通过确定ECAR使经DPI处理的乳腺癌细胞经受“糖酵解应激测试”。用Seahorse XFe96对MCF7细胞进行代谢通量分析,Seahorse XFe96还测量ECAR作为L-乳酸生产的替代标记。在用DPI(2.5nM)进行24小时的处理后,几乎没有或没有观察到作用。然而,在10nM DPI,糖酵解增加~2倍。图5A-5B突出显示DPI有效地诱导糖酵解表型。图5A显示了DPI对ECAR随时间的影响。图5B显示了DPI对糖酵解、糖酵解储备和糖酵解储备量的影响。
为了证实观察到的ECAR增加对应于L-乳酸产生,直接使用ISCUSflex微透析分析仪(ISCUSflex Microdialysis Analyser,M Dialysis Inc.,MA,USA)测量L-乳酸水平。在用不同浓度DPI处理MCF7细胞1天、3天或5天后,收集培养基、离心并用ISCUSflex微透析分析仪进行分析。仪器的校准由制造商提供的样品进行。然后测量L-乳酸水平并相对于取自仅媒介处理的MCF7细胞的样品进行归一化。图6显示DPI诱导显著的L-乳酸产生,几乎使产生的乳酸量加倍,与糖酵解增加2倍一致。
在一些实施方案中,本途径可以涉及测试化合物抗癌性质的方法。例如,本发明人检验了DPI抑制MCF7细胞中乳腺球形成的能力。使用酶(1x胰蛋白酶-EDTA,Sigma Aldrich)和手动解聚(25-gauge针头)制备MCF7细胞的单细胞悬浮液。然后在非贴壁条件下,将细胞以500个细胞/cm2的密度铺板在涂有(甲基丙烯酸2-羟乙酯)(poly-HEMA,Sigma)的培养皿中的乳腺球培养基(DMEM-F12/B27/20-ng/ml EGF/PenStrep)中。使细胞生长5天并保持在37℃和大气压力下在5%(v/v)二氧化碳/空气中的加湿温育箱中。在培养5天后,使用目镜标线对>50μm的球体计数,计算形成球体的铺板细胞的百分比,并将其称为乳腺球形成百分比,以单独媒介处理的对照进行归一化。乳腺球测定一式三份进行,并独立重复三次。图7突出显示在乳腺球测定中DPI剂量依赖性地抑制CSC增殖。DPI处理以浓度依赖性方式显著降低CSC增殖,IC-50为3.23nM。应当理解,本领域技术人员可以使用本领域已知的其他方法来评估候选mitoflavoscin对特定细胞系的作用,而不背离本途径。还应当理解,本领域技术人员可以评估候选mitoflavoscin对其他癌症类型的作用,因为该抑制剂靶向癌症干细胞(CSC)。CSC在大多数癌症类型中显示保守或相似的特征。
为了进一步验证该发现,发明人使用第二独立途径来量化癌细胞中的“干细胞特性(stemness)”。发明人检查了特异性细胞表面标记物,即针对CD44和CD24的荧光抗体探针。所述CD44+/CD24-细胞群体代表富集CSC的级分。将1×105MCF7细胞在补充有10%热灭活FBS的完全培养基中铺板于6孔板中。下一天,用DPI(5nM、10nM、50nM)处理细胞5天。平行处理单独媒介(DMSO)对照细胞。简言之,分析通过7-AAD染料染色鉴定的30,000-50,000个活细胞的CD24/CD44表达。发明人使用BD LSR Fortessa(BD Bioscience),使用CD24(IOTest CD24-PE,Beckman Coulter)和CD44(APC小鼠抗人CD44,BD Pharmingen)抗体进行荧光激活细胞分选(FACS)分析。结果是三次生物重复试验(重复)的平均值,并表示为相对于对照归一化的平均荧光强度的百分比。单向ANOVA与Bonferroni的多重比较测试一起使用。图8A和图8B显示DPI选择性地从总细胞群体中消除这些CSC。通过DPI处理使CD44+/CD24-细胞群进行剂量依赖性地减少,IC-50为10nM。应当理解,用于量化癌细胞中的干细胞特性的其他方法是已知的,并且本领域技术人员可以根据验证需要选择一种或多种。
发明人假设DPI抑制CSC增殖的可能机制是通过诱导线粒体活性氧物质(ROS)产生。为了检验该假说,本发明人在5至50nM的范围测定了DPI对线粒体ROS产生的作用。简言之,通过MitoSOXTM红(MitoSOXTM Red)线粒体超氧化物指示剂(ThermoFisher Sci.,M36008)测量由线粒体产生的超氧化物。以3×105个MCF7细胞/孔在补充有10%热灭活FBS的完全培养基中铺板于6孔板中。下一天,用DPI(5nM、50nM)或鱼藤酮(0.5μM)处理细胞24小时。平行处理单独媒介(DMSO)对照细胞。使用Fortessa(BD Bioscience),通过FACS记录至少30,000个事件。在独立实验中分析三个生物重复试验(重复)。结果是每个实验的平均值,并表示为相对于对照归一化的平均荧光强度的百分比。图9显示,在5nM的浓度,相对于单独媒介处理的对照细胞,DPI未能诱导任何可检测的线粒体ROS产生。然而,50nM DPI诱导与作为阳性对照的500nM鱼藤酮相同量的线粒体ROS。因此,抑制乳腺球形成>50%的相同浓度的DPI(5nM)未能增加线粒体ROS产生。因此,低剂量DPI对癌细胞中干细胞特性的影响不能简单地通过ROS产生来解释。
鉴于DPI的强大效力,本发明人评估了DPI快速影响细胞代谢的能力。图10显示了DPI对线粒体呼吸作用的快速作用。在10nM至100nM的浓度范围,在少至1小时的DPI处理后,线粒体OCR逐渐降低。以50nM的IC-50抑制基础呼吸。类似地,DPI快速诱导反应性糖酵解表型。糖酵解在5至100nM的浓度范围逐渐增加。图11显示糖酵解有效地加倍。
DPI的作用也是高度可逆的。为了评估DPI作用的可逆性,首先将MCF7细胞进行DPI处理持续24小时。然后,去除DPI(冲洗)并将细胞培养另外24小时,以使其恢复。图12显示,在10nM DPI,仅24小时后,接近100%的基础呼吸恢复接近完全(图12C)。更高的浓度显示显著的恢复,尽管恢复并没有完全。类似地,图13显示10nM DPI和10nM冲洗后群体的基础呼吸、质子泄漏、ATP链呼吸和最大呼吸接近完全或完全恢复。
发明人还检验了用DPI长期处理对细胞的影响。将MCF7细胞在不同浓度的DPI(10nM、25nM和50nM)存在下培养1个月。然后,评估线粒体呼吸作用。图14A说明这些浓度都显示出接近完全的呼吸抑制。在10nM的DPI浓度,细胞的形态和密度保持不变(图14B)。
发明人假设DPI通过抑制含黄素的酶(黄素单核苷酸(FMN)、黄素腺嘌呤二核苷酸(FAD)和核黄素)来阻断线粒体呼吸作用。图15显示了(A)DPI和(B)FMN的结构的比较。含黄素的酶包括线粒体复合物I的3种蛋白质组分:NDUFV1(51kD)、NDUFV2(24kD)和NDUFV3(10kD)。SDHA也是一种黄素蛋白,它是线粒体复合物II和Krebs循环的一部分。使用作为生物信息学的参考工具,发明人估计~70%的所有含黄素的基因产物定位于线粒体(Weizmann Institute of Science,Rehovot,IL)。因此,发明人假设DPI通过抑制复合物I和II处的线粒体起作用。DPI的作用可以经由在FMN和/或FAD中诱导线粒体缺陷,和/或通过使CSC中的含黄素的酶失活。因此,本发明人预期DPI、DPI类似物和DPI相关化合物(例如,二苯基氯化碘)可用于治疗CSC(参见,例如图17)。应当理解,本文公开的方法可用于筛选和验证此类化合物的药物功效,包括例如抗癌活性、抗衰老活性、放射敏化活性、光敏活性。
在一些实施方案中,可以通过附着至少一种膜靶向信号和/或至少一种线粒体靶向信号来设计mitoflavoscin以靶向线粒体。在本途径中,化合物可以用靶向信号进行修饰,该靶向信号增加化合物朝向线粒体的特异性。例如,图18显示可添加至DPI或DPI相关化合物的官功能性R基团以靶向线粒体的附着位置。在一些实施方案中,膜靶向信号包括脂肪酸,例如棕榈酸、硬脂酸、肉豆蔻酸和油酸。应当理解,这不是膜靶向信号的完整列表,并且可以使用未列出的膜靶向信号而不背离本途径。在一些实施方案中,线粒体靶向信号包括三苯基鏻(TPP)、基于胍的部分和胆碱酯。应当理解,这不是线粒体靶向信号的完整列表,并且可以使用未列出的线粒体靶向信号而不背离本途径。
应当理解,图18中所示的官能团R可以相同或不同,并且除了稍后鉴定的其他官能团外,可以选自以下组成的组:氢、碳、氮、硫、氧、氟、氯、溴、碘、羧基、烷烃、环烷烃、基于烷烃的衍生物、烯烃、环状烯烃、基于烯烃的衍生物、炔烃、基于炔烃的衍生物、酮类、基于酮的衍生物、醛类、基于醛的衍生物、羧酸、基于羧酸的衍生物、醚类、基于醚的衍生物、酯类、基于酯的衍生物、胺类、基于氨基的衍生物、酰胺类、基于酰胺的衍生物、单环或多环芳烃、杂芳烃类、基于芳烃的衍生物、基于杂芳烃的衍生物、苯酚类、基于苯酚的衍生物、苯甲酸、基于苯甲酸的衍生物以及一种或多种线粒体靶向信号。为了清楚起见,线粒体靶向信号被定义为增加将附着的分子靶向线粒体的效率的任何化学或肽实体。预期这样的修饰会增加化合物的效力和有效性。因此,R可以是任何线粒体靶向信号(肽或化学品),除了别的之外,包括阳离子化合物,例如三苯基鏻(TPP)、基于胍的部分和/或胆碱酯等。
由于DPI靶向含黄素的酶,其对线粒体功能的作用可以通过急性核黄素(维生素B2)缺乏的药理学诱导来解释。核黄素是FAD和FMN的生化前体。以前的研究已经表明,当在无核黄素的培养基中培养哺乳动物HepG2细胞时,线粒体复合物I(NDUFS1;NDUFV2)和复合物II(SDHA)的关键组分与许多其他线粒体相关蛋白(诸如AIFM1、DLD、MCAD和NQO1)一样显著降低(达5倍)。先前的数据还显示黄素是线粒体能量增加和CSC活性升高的自体荧光标记物。因此,DPI、DPI类似物和DPI相关化合物可用于通过靶向黄素来治疗CSC。
因为DPI可以通过经由黄素缺乏(可能是FMN)的急性和可逆诱导抑制线粒体呼吸作用来根除CSC,所以发明人假设用于急性诱导核黄素缺乏的机制也可以用于治疗性地根除CSC。另一种诱导急性核黄素缺乏的方法可以是使用核黄素的“显性负性(dominant-negative)”衍生物。这些核黄素衍生物还可以通过添加化学基团来增强其效力。例如,玫瑰黄素[8-去甲基-8-(二甲基氨基)-核黄素或8-二甲基氨基核黄素]是天然存在的作为核黄素衍生物的抗菌化合物,其可以被化学修饰以优化其靶向CSC的潜力。光色素(7,8-二甲基咯嗪)是核黄素降解的荧光光产物,其也可以被化学修饰以优化其靶向CSC的潜力。核黄素的其他常见衍生物包括:咯嗪、光黄素(Lumiflavine)、1,5-二氢核黄素和1,5-二氢黄素。通过添加膜靶向信号或线粒体靶向信号,诸如i)脂肪酸部分或ii)TPP(三苯基鏻)部分,可以修饰核黄素的这些衍生物,以增加它们靶向线粒体的效率。这些靶向线粒体的实体可以称为“mitoflavin”化合物,即抑制线粒体功能的核黄素衍生物。在图18中提供了mitoflavin的实例,其中FA表示脂肪酸部分并且TPP表示三苯基鏻部分。
发明人假设DPI对线粒体作用的另一种机制是通过防止线粒体复合物I上琥珀酸的反向电子传递,而不影响正向电子传递,来抑制ROS的产生(即超氧阴离子)。DPI防止在线粒体呼吸作用期间产生不需要的副反应,其导致不必要的ROS产生和细胞损伤。
另外的证据显示靶向其他维生素的代谢可用作癌症治疗策略。抗叶酸剂是阻断或破坏叶酸作用的抗代谢物。大多数抗叶酸药物通过靶向二氢叶酸还原酶(DHFR)发挥其作用。叶酸充当驱动甲硫氨酸、丝氨酸、嘌呤和胸苷生物合成的许多生物合成酶(即,甲基转移酶)的辅因子。FDA批准的抗叶酸药物的实例包括:甲氨蝶呤;培美曲塞(Pemetrexed);氯胍(Proguanil);乙胺嘧啶;和甲氧苄啶。抗叶酸剂优先靶向快速分裂细胞,特别是在DNA合成过程中(细胞周期的S期)。目前,甲氨蝶呤和培美曲塞常规用于治疗各种癌症类型,诸如骨肉瘤、非小细胞肺癌、间皮瘤和血液恶性肿瘤。因此,抗叶酸疗法被认为是治疗癌症和各种感染性寄生虫病(诸如疟疾、弓形虫病和肺孢子虫肺炎)的成功策略。然而,抗叶酸剂也具有显著的副作用,因为它们也影响正常细胞的增殖,导致恶心、呕吐、腹痛、粒细胞缺乏和再生障碍性贫血(骨髓抑制)。用DPI、DPI类似物和DPI相关化合物(例如,二苯基氯化碘)靶向黄素可以提供优于这些目前治疗的改善的结果。
线粒体直接参与衰老过程。然而,他们的确切作用仍然是争论热点。发明人假设DPI可用于使正常细胞保持代谢-静止状态,或类似于休眠的“假死(suspendedanimation)”,这在减缓或逆转衰老过程中可能是极其有用的。为了支持该断言,先前在秀丽隐杆线虫(C.elegans)中的研究已经显示DPI防止了在对氧化应激反应期间脂褐质(一种衰老相关的副产物或标记物)的积累。
这里在本发明的描述中使用的术语仅用于描述特定实施方案的目的,而不旨在限制本发明。如在本发明的说明书和所附权利要求书中所使用的,单数形式“一(a、an)”和“所述/该(the))”也旨在包括复数形式,除非上下文另外清楚地指示。考虑到下面的详细描述,本发明包括将变得显而易见的许多替换、修改和等同物。
应当理解,尽管术语“第一(first)”、“第二(second)”、“第三(third)”、“a”、“b”和“c”等可在本文中用于描述本发明的各种要素,但不应被这些术语限制。这些术语仅用于将本发明的一个要素与另一个要素区分开。因此,在不脱离本发明的教导的情况下,下面讨论的第一要素可以被称为要素方面,并且类似地,第三要素也可以被称为一个要素方面。因此,术语“第一”、“第二”、“第三”、“a”、“b”和“c”等不旨在必然地将一顺序或其他等级结构传达给相关的要素,而是仅用于标识目的。操作(或步骤)的顺序不限于权利要求中给出的顺序。
除非另外定义,否则本文使用的所有术语(包括技术和科学术语)具有与本发明所属领域的普通技术人员通常理解的相同含义。还应当理解,诸如在常用词典中定义的那些术语应当被解释为具有与它们在本申请和相关领域的上下文中的含义一致的含义,并且不应当被解释为理想化或过于正式的含义,除非本文明确地如此定义。本文中在本发明的描述中使用的术语仅用于描述特定实施方案的目的,而不旨在限制本发明。本文提及的所有出版物、专利申请、专利和其他参考文献均通过引用整体并入。在术语冲突的情况下,以本说明书为准。
也如本文所用,“和/或”是指并涵盖一个或多个相关所列项目的任何和所有可能的组合,以及当以备选方式(“或”)解释时缺少组合。
除非上下文另外指示,否则明确意指本文描述的本发明的各种特征可以任何组合使用。此外,本发明还设想,在本发明的一些实施方案中,可以排除或省略本文阐述的任何特征或特征的组合。为了说明,如果说明书指出复合体包括组分A、B和C,则特别意图的是可以省略和放弃A、B或C中的任何一个或其组合。
如本文所用,过渡短语“基本上由……组成”(及其语法变体)应解释为涵盖所列举的材料或步骤“和不会实质上影响所要求保护的发明的基本和新颖特征的那些材料或步骤”。因此,本文所用的术语“基本上由……组成(consisting essentially of)”不应被解释为等同于“包含(comprising)”。
本文所用的术语“约”当涉及可测量值时,例如量或浓度等,意指包括特定量的±20%、±10%、±5%、±1%、±0.5%或甚至±0.1%的变化。本文提供的用于可测量值的范围可包括其中的任何其他范围和/或单个值。
已经如此描述了本发明的某些实施方案,应当理解,由所附权利要求限定的本发明不受在以上描述中阐述的特定细节的限制,因为在不脱离所附权利要求的精神或范围的情况下,其许多明显的变化是可能的。
Claims (32)
1.一种mitoflavoscin。
2.根据权利要求1所述的mitoflavoscin,其中所述mitoflavoscin包含二亚苯基碘、二亚苯基碘的药学上可接受的盐、和二苯基碘或二苯基碘的药学上可接受的盐中的至少一种。
3.根据权利要求1所述的mitoflavoscin,其中所述mitoflavoscin具有抗癌活性、抗衰老活性、放射敏化活性、光敏活性中的至少一种。
4.根据权利要求2所述的mitoflavoscin,其中所述mitoflavoscin具有抗癌活性、抗衰老活性、放射敏化活性、光敏活性中的至少一种。
5.根据权利要求1所述的mitoflavoscin,其中所述mitoflavoscin使癌细胞对化疗剂、天然物质和热量限制中的至少一种敏化。
6.根据权利要求2所述的mitoflavoscin,其中所述mitoflavoscin使癌细胞对化疗剂、天然物质和热量限制中的至少一种敏化。
7.根据权利要求1所述的mitoflavoscin,其中所述mitoflavoscin与含黄素的酶结合。
8.根据权利要求2所述的mitoflavoscin,其中所述mitoflavoscin与含黄素的酶结合。
9.根据权利要求7所述的mitoflavoscin,其中所述含黄素的酶选自黄素腺嘌呤二核苷酸和黄素单核苷酸中的至少一种。
10.根据权利要求8所述的mitoflavoscin,其中所述含黄素的酶选自黄素腺嘌呤二核苷酸和黄素单核苷酸中的至少一种。
11.根据权利要求1所述的mitoflavoscin,其中所述mitoflavoscin包含线粒体靶向化合物。
12.根据权利要求11所述的mitoflavoscin,其中所述线粒体靶向化合物是至少一种选自包含膜靶向信号和线粒体核糖体靶向信号的组的化合物。
13.根据权利要求12所述的mitoflavoscin,其中所述膜靶向信号是选自包含棕榈酸、硬脂酸、肉豆蔻酸和油酸的组的化合物。
14.根据权利要求12所述的mitoflavoscin,其中所述线粒体靶向信号是选自包含三苯基鏻和胍的组的化合物。
15.一种治疗癌症的方法,其包括向有此需要的患者施用药学有效量的mitoflavoscin和药学上可接受的载体。
16.根据权利要求15所述的方法,其中所述mitoflavoscin包含二亚苯基碘、二亚苯基碘的药学上可接受的盐、和二苯基碘或二苯基碘的药学上可接受的盐中的至少一种。
17.一种治疗微生物感染的方法,其包括向有此需要的患者施用药学有效量的mitoflavoscin和药学上可接受的载体。
18.根据权利要求17所述的方法,其中所述mitoflavoscin包含二亚苯基碘、二亚苯基碘的药学上可接受的盐、和二苯基碘或二苯基碘的药学上可接受的盐中的至少一种。
19.一种治疗与衰老相关的病症感染的方法,其包括向有此需要的患者施用药学有效量的mitoflavoscin和药学上可接受的载体。
20.根据权利要求19所述的方法,其中所述mitoflavoscin包含二亚苯基碘、二亚苯基碘的药学上可接受的盐、和二苯基碘或二苯基碘的药学上可接受的盐中的至少一种。
21.一种药物组合物,其包含作为活性成分的至少一种mitoflavoscin。
22.根据权利要求21所述的药物组合物,其中所述至少一种mitoflavoscin包含二亚苯基碘、二亚苯基碘的药学上可接受的盐、和二苯基碘或二苯基碘的药学上可接受的盐中的至少一种。
23.根据权利要求21所述的药物组合物,其中所述组合物被标记用于治疗癌症、治疗细菌感染、治疗致病性酵母感染、治疗与衰老相关的病症和降低衰老的影响中的至少一种。
24.一种鉴定mitoflavoscin的方法,所述方法包括进行表型药物筛选和线粒体抑制筛选中的至少一种。
25.根据权利要求24所述的方法,其中所述表型药物筛选包含ATP耗竭测定。
26.根据权利要求24所述的方法,其中所述表型药物筛选包含胞外酸化速率检测和耗氧率检测中的至少一种。
27.根据权利要求24所述的方法,还包括测试所述mitoflavoscin的抗癌活性和抗微生物活性中的至少一种。
28.根据权利要求27所述的方法,其中经测试的所述抗癌活性是乳腺球形成。
29.一种mitoflavin。
30.根据权利要求32所述的mitoflavin,其进一步包括膜靶向信号和线粒体靶向信号中的至少一种。
31.一种诱导癌症干细胞中核黄素缺乏的方法,其包括递送施用至少一种mitoflavin。
32.根据权利要求31所述的方法,其中所述mitoflavin包含膜靶向信号和线粒体靶向信号中的至少一种。
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Application publication date: 20200821 |
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