CN111393706B - 一种超疏水海绵及其制备方法和应用 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种超疏水海绵及其制备方法和应用,先将一定配比甲基丙烯酸酯单体、交联剂、乳化剂、引发剂、热改性牡蛎壳粉在密闭条件下反应,再置于含有酸溶液的有机溶剂中,通过酸刻蚀牡蛎壳粉,制得超疏水海绵。本发明采用低极性的交联剂、甲基丙烯酸酯单体和热改性牡蛎壳粉共同来构筑海绵材料的骨架结构,乳化剂与牡蛎壳粉协同乳化制得高内相比乳液,再通过酸刻蚀牡蛎壳粉进一步提高多孔材料表面的粗糙度,制得的多孔海绵材料具有超疏水性能以及极高的孔隙率和吸油倍率,可用于吸附油污,另外,本发明的制备方法只需要两步反应,简便高效。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及油水分离材料技术领域,更具体地,涉及一种超疏水海绵及其制备方法和应用。
背景技术
为了应对日益多发的海上石油泄漏及含油废水的肆意排放等环境问题,科学家提出可利用具有多孔结构的疏水材料选择性吸附油污来解决这一问题。对于疏水性材料而言,其选择性吸油能力主要取决于材料表面的疏水性,疏水性越好,材料的油水分离能力越强,即水体净化能力越强。
中国专利CN110760030A公开了基于纳米粒子的疏水材料的制备方法及其应用,首先将环己醇、1-十二烷醇、含甲基丙烯酸基团的单体、二乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯混合得到亲水材料,通过在亲水材料中加入纳米粒子分散液后进行微波反应制成疏水材料,该疏水材料与水的接触角值为140±5°,但是该材料的疏水性还有待提高。
发明内容
本发明要解决的技术问题是克服现有疏水材料的疏水性不高的缺陷和不足,提供一种超疏水海绵的制备方法,利用双模板刻蚀技术,通过两步反应制得,方法简便高效,材料具有非常理想的油水分离功能。
本发明的另一目的是提供一种超疏水海绵。
本发明的又一目的是提供一种超疏水海绵的应用。
本发明上述目的通过以下技术方案实现:
一种超疏水海绵的制备方法,包括如下步骤:
S1.将甲基丙烯酸酯单体、交联剂、乳化剂、引发剂和水混匀后得到乳液,再加入热改性牡蛎壳粉,混匀后得到粘稠乳液,在密闭条件下,60~80℃反应5~12h;其中各组分的质量份为:甲基丙烯酸酯单体和交联剂之和50~60份、乳化剂1~5份、引发剂3~10份、水3000~3500份、热改性牡蛎壳粉10~20份;交联剂与甲基丙烯酸酯的质量比为3~5:2~4;所述交联剂为二乙烯苯、苯乙烯、烯丙苯中的一种;所述热改性的方法为经过200~400℃处理2~4h;
S2.步骤S1反应结束后,加入含有酸溶液的有机溶剂,除去热改性牡蛎壳粉,制得超疏水海绵。
材料表面的疏水程度取决于两个方面:一是材料分子本身的极性,一般地,分子极性越低其疏水性越好;二是材料表面的粗糙度,材料表面越粗糙,疏水性越好。本发明采用双模板刻蚀法,包括水相和油相共同组成的高内相比乳液模板以及酸刻蚀热改性牡蛎壳粉后形成的模板,本发明首先利用低极性的交联剂和甲基丙烯酸酯单体、加上热改性牡蛎壳粉共同来构筑材料的骨架结构,所制得的粘稠乳液由乳化剂与牡蛎壳粉协同乳化,更有利于乳液的稳定,进而促进高内相比乳液的形成,乳液内相比高达98%以上,有利于后续多孔结构材料的制备。其中,牡蛎壳粉一方面通过热改性,去除了有机质和水分,形成了粗糙表面,更有利于稳定高内相乳液,另一方面,在乳液聚合后,牡蛎壳粉嵌在多孔材料的骨架上,通过酸刻蚀牡蛎壳粉可进一步提高多孔材料骨架的粗糙度,通过以上方法制得的多孔海绵材料不仅具有超疏水性能,还有极高的孔隙率和吸油倍率。
优选地,步骤S1所述各组分的质量份为:甲基丙烯酸酯单体和交联剂之和为50份、乳化剂1份、引发剂3份、水3000份、热改性牡蛎壳粉10份。
优选地,步骤S1所述交联剂与甲基丙烯酸酯的质量比为3:2。
优选地,步骤S1所述甲基丙烯酸酯为甲基丙烯酸甲酯、甲基丙烯酸乙酯、甲基丙烯酸异丙酯、甲基丙烯酸环己酯、甲基丙烯酸月桂酯、甲基丙烯酸苄酯中的一种。
更优选地,步骤S1所述甲基丙烯酸酯为甲基丙烯酸月桂酯和甲基丙烯酸苄酯。
优选地,步骤S1所述热改性的方法为经过200~300℃处理3~4h。
优选地,步骤S1所述交联剂为二乙烯苯。
优选地,步骤S1所述热改性牡蛎壳粉的目数为300~400目。
优选地,步骤S1所述乳化剂为司盘80、司盘65、司盘85、司盘60、司盘40、司盘20中的一种。
更优选地,步骤S1所述乳化剂为司盘80。
优选地,步骤S1所述引发剂为偶氮二异丁腈或过氧化苯甲酰。
优选地,步骤S2所述酸溶液为盐酸或醋酸。
优选地,步骤S2所述酸溶液的体积分数为5%~10%。
优选地,步骤S2所述的有机溶剂为乙醇、甲醇、异丙醇中的一种。
更优选地,步骤S2所述的有机溶剂为乙醇。
优选地,步骤S2所述含有酸溶液的有机溶剂中酸溶液的体积含量为10%~30%。
本发明保护上述制备方法制得的超疏水海绵。
本发明还保护上述超疏水海绵在吸附油污中的应用。
与现有技术相比,本发明的有益效果是:
本发明利用甲基丙烯酸酯为单体,加入极性低的交联剂、热改性牡蛎壳粉来共同构筑海绵材料的骨架结构,再通过酸刻蚀牡蛎壳粉,进一步提高材料表面的粗糙度,制得具有超疏水性能的海绵材料,材料具有非常理想的油水分离功能以及极高的孔隙率和吸油倍率,可用作油水分离材料,另外,本发明的制备方法只需要两步反应,简便高效。
附图说明
图1(a)为海绵材料对水面浮油的选择性吸附实验示例;图1(b)为海绵材料对水下重油的选择性吸附实验示例。
具体实施方式
下面结合具体实施方式对本发明作进一步的说明,但实施例并不对本发明做任何形式的限定。除非另有说明,本发明实施例采用的原料试剂为常规购买的原料试剂。
实施例1
一种超疏水海绵的制备方法,包括如下步骤:
S1.将牡蛎壳粉洗净后干燥、分级粉碎、过300目金属网格筛,得牡蛎壳粉;将上述牡蛎壳粉置于400℃马弗炉中热处理2h,得热改性牡蛎壳粉;
将二乙烯苯和甲基丙烯酸甲酯之和50份、偶氮二异丁腈1份、司盘80 3份混合,搅拌均匀后,分20批次加入水3000份,继续搅拌至乳液状;在持续搅拌下,向上述乳液加入热改性牡蛎壳粉10份,得粘稠乳液,在密闭条件下,50℃反应12h;所述二乙烯苯和甲基丙烯酸甲酯的质量比为3:2;
S2.将步骤S1反应结束后得到的乳液置于含有体积分数10%盐酸的乙醇溶液(盐酸的体积含量为10%)中浸泡直至无气泡排出,再用乙醇洗涤2次,烘干至不失重后制得超疏水海绵。
实施例2
一种超疏水海绵的制备方法,包括如下步骤:
S1.将牡蛎壳粉洗净后干燥、分级粉碎、过400目金属网格筛,得牡蛎壳粉;将上述牡蛎壳粉置于300℃马弗炉中热处理3h,得热改性牡蛎壳粉;
将苯乙烯和甲基丙烯酸异丙酯之和60份、过氧化苯甲酰3份、司盘65 10份混合,搅拌均匀后,分20批次加入水3500份,继续搅拌至乳液状;在持续搅拌下,向上述乳液加入热改性牡蛎壳粉20份,得粘稠状乳液,在密闭条件下,80℃反应5h;苯乙烯和甲基丙烯酸异丙酯的质量比为5:4;
S2.将步骤S1反应结束后得到的乳液置于含有体积分数10%醋酸的乙醇溶液(醋酸的体积含量为30%)中浸泡直至无气泡排出,再用乙醇洗涤2次,烘干至不失重后制得超疏水海绵。
实施例3
一种超疏水海绵的制备方法,包括如下步骤:
S1.将牡蛎壳粉洗净后干燥、分级粉碎、过350目金属网格筛,得牡蛎壳粉;将上述牡蛎壳粉置于200℃马弗炉中热处理4h,得热改性牡蛎壳粉;
将烯丙苯和甲基丙烯酸环己酯之和50份、过氧化苯甲酰1份、司盘20 3份混合,搅拌均匀后,分20批次加入水3000份,继续搅拌至乳液状;在持续搅拌下,向上述乳液加入热改性牡蛎壳粉10份,得粘稠状乳液,在密闭条件下,75℃反应8h;烯丙苯和甲基丙烯酸环己酯的质量比为3:2;
S2.将步骤S1反应结束后得到的乳液置于含有体积分数10%盐酸的乙醇溶液(盐酸的体积含量为20%)中浸泡直至无气泡排出,再用乙醇洗涤2次,烘干至不失重后制得超疏水海绵。
实施例4
本实施例超疏水海绵的制备方法与实施例1相同,区别在于,将甲基丙烯酸甲酯替换为甲基丙烯酸月桂酯。
实施例5
本实施例超疏水海绵的制备方法与实施例1相同,区别在于,将甲基丙烯酸甲酯替换为甲基丙烯酸苄酯。
对比例1
本对比例的制备方法与实施例1相同,区别在于,不进行步骤S2,制得未经过酸刻蚀热改性牡蛎壳粉的多孔海绵。
对比例2
本对比例的制备方法与实施例1相同,区别在于,步骤S1所述的牡蛎壳粉没有进行热改性直接用于制备多孔海绵。
对比例3
本对比例的制备方法与实施例1相同,区别在于,所述二乙烯苯和甲基丙烯酸甲酯单体30份、司盘80 1份、偶氮二异丁腈3份、水2000份、热改性牡蛎壳粉5份。所得乳液稳定性较差,聚合时发生破乳,材料无法成型。
对比例4
本对比例的制备方法与实施例1相同,区别在于,所述二乙烯苯和甲基丙烯酸甲酯单体100份、司盘80 1份、偶氮二异丁腈10份、水4000份、热改性牡蛎壳粉30份。无法形成稳定乳液,无法制成产品并进行后续的测试。
对比例5
本对比例的制备方法与实施例1相同,区别在于,将牡蛎壳粉替换为碳酸钙。无法形成稳定乳液,无法制成产品并进行后续的测试。
性能测试
1、测试方法
将所得样品切割平整后,置于接触角测量仪中测试其对水的接触角与滚动角。
分别配制乙酸乙酯与水的混合溶液、二氯甲烷与水的混合溶液,用于模拟水面浮油与水下重油,为了便于观察,用苏丹II对乙酸乙酯和二氯甲烷进行染色,将实施例制得的样品分别置于混合溶液中,观察样品对油、水的吸附情况。
取切割规整的样品测其质量,记为m0,分别将样品置于盛有有机溶剂的烧杯中,待样品吸附达到饱和后取出,并测其质量,记为m1,由下式计算样品的吸油倍率K:K=(m1-m0)/m0。
通过溶剂置换法计算样品孔隙率:以氯仿为置换液,取切割规整的样品,通过排水法测量样品的体积,记为V,测其质量,记为m0;然后将样品浸入氯仿中1h,使其充分吸收氯仿,取出,用滤纸吸净表面,测其质量,记为m1,并由下式计算样品的孔隙率P:P=(m1-m0)/(ρV)×100%,式中为氯仿的密度,常温下为25℃下为1.483g·cm-3。
2、测试结果
对实施例1~5所得材料进行表面水接触角测试发现,其水接触角分别为151°、153°、154°、152°、155°,高于对比例1的147°,对比例2的146°,其中对比例1由于没有后续酸刻蚀热改性牡蛎壳粉的步骤,对比例2没有对牡蛎壳粉进行热改性,无法形成稳定的高内相比的乳液,最终都导致疏水性能不及实施例,证明本发明利用双模版刻蚀法制备的多孔材料具有更好的超疏水性。而对比例3和4,由于单体、水和热改性牡蛎壳粉之间的配比导致乳液稳定性差,材料无法成型,对比例5采用普通的碳酸钙替换热改性牡蛎壳粉,由于碳酸钙粉末表面不具有粗糙性,与小分子乳化剂之间的结合力弱,协同稳定效果不理想,无法形成稳定乳液。
如图1所示,图中圆柱形物体为本发明实施例1制备的超疏水海绵,图1(a)是将超疏水海绵放入乙酸乙酯与水的混合溶液,海绵会迅速吸收水面上的乙酸乙酯;图1(b)是将超疏水海绵放入二氯甲烷与水的混合溶液,由于海绵不吸水,因此可以在海绵表面观察到一层空气膜,当海绵接触到水底的二氯甲烷后会迅速吸收二氯甲烷并排出内部的气泡,两个图最后都可以看到烧杯中的液体变为透明澄清,说明乙酸乙酯和二氯甲烷完全被超疏水海绵吸附。以上结果说明,本发明制得的样品对水面浮油及水下重油均具有理想的选择性吸附效果,实现了对油水混合体系的分离。
经测试,实施例1制备的超疏水海绵的孔隙率为96.22%,对氯仿、丙酮、正己烷、二氯甲烷、乙酸乙酯、甲醇、乙醇、甲苯、花生油、柴油的饱和吸油倍率分别为101.9、58.4、35.8、75.9、54.9、56.5、58.4、68.1、46.7、71.0g/g,表明样品具有优秀的吸油能力。
显然,本发明的上述实施例仅仅是为清楚地说明本发明所作的举例,而并非是对本发明的实施方式的限定。对于所属领域的普通技术人员来说,在上述说明的基础上还可以做出其它不同形式的变化或变动。这里无需也无法对所有的实施方式予以穷举。凡在本发明的精神和原则之内所作的任何修改、等同替换和改进等,均应包含在本发明权利要求的保护范围之内。
Claims (10)
1.一种超疏水海绵的制备方法,其特征在于,包括如下步骤:
S1.将甲基丙烯酸酯单体、共聚单体、司盘乳化剂、引发剂和水混匀后得到油包水型高内相乳液,再加入热改性牡蛎壳粉,在密闭条件下,60~80℃反应5~12h;其中各组分的质量份为:甲基丙烯酸酯单体和共聚单体之和50~60份、司盘乳化剂1~5份、引发剂3~10份、水3000~3500份、热改性牡蛎壳粉10~20份;共聚单体与甲基丙烯酸酯的质量比为3~5:2~4;所述共聚单体为二乙烯苯、苯乙烯、烯丙苯中的一种;所述司盘乳化剂为司盘80、司盘65、司盘85、司盘60、司盘40、司盘20中的一种;所述热改性的方法为经过200~400℃处理2~4h;
S2.步骤S1反应结束后,加入含有酸溶液的有机溶剂,除去热改性牡蛎壳粉,制得超疏水海绵。
2.根据权利要求1所述的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤S1所述各组分的质量份为:甲基丙烯酸酯单体和共聚单体之和为50份、司盘乳化剂1份、引发剂3份、水3000份、热改性牡蛎壳粉10份。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤S1所述共聚单体与甲基丙烯酸酯的质量比为3:2。
4.根据权利要求1或2所述的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤S1所述甲基丙烯酸酯为甲基丙烯酸甲酯、甲基丙烯酸乙酯、甲基丙烯酸异丙酯、甲基丙烯酸环己酯、甲基丙烯酸月桂酯、甲基丙烯酸苄酯中的一种。
5.根据权利要求4所述的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤S1所述甲基丙烯酸酯为甲基丙烯酸月桂酯和甲基丙烯酸苄酯。
6.根据权利要求1所述的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤S1所述热改性的方法为经过200~300℃处理3~4h。
7.根据权利要求1所述的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤S1所述热改性牡蛎壳粉的目数为300~400目。
8.根据权利要求1所述的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤S2所述酸溶液为盐酸或醋酸。
9.权利要求1~8任一项所述的制备方法制得的超疏水海绵。
10.权利要求9所述的超疏水海绵在吸附油污中的应用。
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