CN111328632B - Fermentation method of straw mushroom culture material - Google Patents
Fermentation method of straw mushroom culture material Download PDFInfo
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- CN111328632B CN111328632B CN202010148262.8A CN202010148262A CN111328632B CN 111328632 B CN111328632 B CN 111328632B CN 202010148262 A CN202010148262 A CN 202010148262A CN 111328632 B CN111328632 B CN 111328632B
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
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Abstract
The invention relates to a fermentation method of straw mushroom compost, which comprises the following steps: (1) prewetting and mixing the components of the straw mushroom compost, and adjusting the water content to 65-75%; (2) feeding: respectively taking the culture material after the secondary fermentation and the culture material in the step (1), wherein the weight ratio of the culture material to the culture material in the step (1) is 1-10: 90-100, mixing uniformly and spreading on a movable cultivation bed frame; (3) circulating secondary fermentation: and (4) moving the movable cultivation bed frame to a pasteurization room for secondary fermentation. The fermentation method of the straw mushroom compost can sequentially extend backwards and be recycled, the one-time fermentation process of the conventional straw mushroom compost can be omitted, the temperature rise speed of the compost is high, the steam usage amount is greatly reduced, the fermentation time is shortened, and the rapid and efficient fermentation is realized.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of edible mushroom cultivation, in particular to a fermentation method of straw mushroom compost.
Background
Straw mushroom (Volvariella volvacea) belongs to high-temperature and temperature-stable fruiting grass saprophytic fungi. The culture material for artificial cultivation generally needs to be subjected to primary fermentation and secondary fermentation. Carrying out primary fermentation outdoors, and piling the culture materials into piles with the height of 0.7-1 m and the width of 1.2-1.5 m, wherein the length is arranged according to the actual production capacity; after several times of turning, the mushroom is fermented in a mushroom house. The secondary fermentation can be heated by steam or fire, and the air needs to be circulated and ventilated in the fermentation process. And when the temperature of each layer of culture material reaches 58-63 ℃, maintaining for 8-10 hours, and slowly cooling. Sowing can be carried out when the temperature of the culture material is reduced to 40 ℃.
The traditional cottonseed hull cultivation fermentation process is generally 3-5 days, and the edible fungus residue cultivation fermentation process is used for at least 10 days. The fermentation conditions are uncontrollable, the process is very extensive, a large amount of sewage and ammonia gas are generated, and the environment and personal safety are influenced. Meanwhile, too long fermentation time easily causes excessive decomposition of nutrients in the compost, and is not beneficial to production of straw mushroom hypha and yield increase.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides a fermentation method of straw mushroom compost, which comprises the following steps:
(1) the straw mushroom culture material comprises the following components: 50-75 parts of waste cotton, 10-30 parts of bran, 3-10 parts of straw, 0-5 parts of biochar and 0-5 parts of potassium pyrophosphate (by weight); prewetting and mixing the components, and adjusting the water content to 65-75%;
(2) feeding: respectively taking the culture material after the secondary fermentation and the culture material in the step (1), wherein the weight ratio of the culture material to the culture material in the step (1) is 1-10: 90-100, uniformly mixing, and paving on a movable cultivation bed frame, wherein 10-15kg of culture material (dry weight) is paved per square meter;
(3) circulating secondary fermentation: moving the movable cultivation bed frame to a pasteurization room, introducing steam, and adjusting the proportion of a fresh air valve of pasteurization room equipment to enable the temperature rise speed of air to be 3-10 ℃; when the air temperature reaches 60 ℃, maintaining the temperature for 8-20 hours; after the heat preservation is finished, controlling the cooling speed to be 3-10 ℃; when the air temperature is reduced to 40 ℃, moving the cultivation bed frame to a fruiting room for fruiting;
wherein, the culture material after the secondary fermentation in the step (2) is the culture material in the step (1) which is processed by the following steps:
(a) primary fermentation: the components in the step (1) are planed and then enter a fermentation tunnel to be fermented for one day; the next day, the culture medium components in the fermentation tunnel are fully stirred and mixed (turned and piled) and then enter another fermentation tunnel for fermentation for one day;
(b) feeding: directly spreading the compost obtained by primary fermentation on a movable cultivation bed frame, and spreading 10-15kg of compost (dry weight) per square meter;
(c) and (3) secondary fermentation: and (3) moving the movable cultivation bed frame to a pasteurization room, introducing steam, adjusting the proportion of a fresh air valve of the pasteurization room equipment, maintaining the temperature for 8-20 hours when the air temperature reaches 60 ℃, and cooling the air temperature to 40 ℃.
Specifically, the fermentation method of the straw mushroom compost comprises the following steps:
(1) the straw mushroom culture material comprises the following components: 50-75 parts of waste cotton, 10-30 parts of bran, 3-10 parts of straw, 0-5 parts of biochar and 0-5 parts of potassium pyrophosphate (by weight); prewetting and mixing the components, and adjusting the water content to 65-75%;
(2) primary fermentation: the components in the step (1) are planed and then enter a fermentation tunnel to be fermented for one day; the culture medium components in the fermentation tunnel are fully and uniformly stirred the next day and then enter another fermentation tunnel for fermentation for one day;
(3) feeding: directly spreading the compost obtained by primary fermentation on a movable cultivation bed frame, and spreading 10-15kg of compost (dry weight) per square meter;
(4) and (3) secondary fermentation: moving the movable cultivation bed frame to a pasteurization room, introducing steam, adjusting the proportion of a fresh air valve of pasteurization room equipment, maintaining the temperature for 8-20 hours when the air temperature reaches 60 ℃, and cooling the air temperature to 40 ℃;
(5) mixing and feeding: respectively taking the culture material obtained in the step (4) and the culture material obtained in the step (1), wherein the weight ratio of the culture material obtained in the step (4) to the culture material obtained in the step (1) is 1-10: 90-100, uniformly mixing, and paving on a movable cultivation bed frame, wherein 10-15kg of culture material (dry weight) is paved per square meter;
(6) circulating secondary fermentation: moving the movable cultivation bed frame to a pasteurization room, introducing steam, and adjusting the proportion of a fresh air valve of pasteurization room equipment to enable the temperature rise speed of air to be 3-10 ℃; when the air temperature reaches 60 ℃, maintaining the temperature for 8-20 hours; after the heat preservation is finished, controlling the cooling speed to be 3-10 ℃; and when the air temperature is reduced to 40 ℃, moving the cultivation bed frame to a fruiting room for fruiting.
Wherein (1), (2), (3) and (4) in the above steps are methods used every time the first fermentation is produced, the processes of (1) - (5) - (6), (1) - (5) - (6) can be repeated when the culture of the after-fermentation obtained in (4) is obtained.
The specific technical analysis of the invention is as follows:
firstly, the primary fermentation and turning over of the straw mushroom compost mainly have the effects that the positions of the compost are mixed, the water content, the pH value index and the like are uniform and consistent.
Secondly, the secondary fermentation of the straw mushroom compost mainly has the following functions: firstly, killing the mixed bacteria and spores in the culture material, and the ova and larvae of harmful insects and nematodes; secondly, a large amount of actinomycetes and thermophilic sporotrichum are generated through aerobic fermentation, so that the culture material has selectivity, and the culture material is not suitable for the growth of other competitive mixed bacteria.
Thirdly, the aim of uniformity of the fermentation culture materials can be achieved by using advanced stirring equipment.
And fourthly, fully and uniformly mixing the compost which completes the secondary fermentation with the compost which is newly prepared, and then paving the mixture on a bed frame for carrying out the secondary fermentation process. The process is equivalent to the step of inoculating the culture material rich in microorganisms such as actinomycetes and thermophilic sporotrichum into a new culture material to be fermented.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects:
the fermentation method of the straw mushroom compost can sequentially extend backwards, so that the conventional one-time fermentation process of the straw mushroom compost is omitted, and the one-time fermentation time of two days is shortened; after part of secondary fermentation materials are added, the temperature rising speed of the compost is higher in the circulating secondary fermentation process, the steam usage amount is greatly reduced, 200kg of steam can be saved by circulating secondary fermentation of each ton of compost (dry weight) at least compared with the conventional secondary fermentation method, and meanwhile, the quick and efficient fermentation is realized.
Meanwhile, the fermentation method of the compost is moderate and uniform in degree, and the compost prepared by the method is beneficial to growth of the hypha of the straw mushroom and improves the yield of the straw mushroom.
Detailed Description
The following steps are taken in conjunction with the detailed description to further illustrate the invention.
The raw materials used are all commonly commercially available.
Example 1
(1) The formula of the straw mushroom culture material is as follows: 75 parts of waste cotton, 15 parts of bran, 5 parts of straw, 3 parts of biochar and 2 parts of potassium pyrophosphate (by weight). The length of the straw is 2-3 cm. The raw materials are fully mixed and pre-wetted, and the water content is adjusted to 75%.
(2) Primary fermentation: planing the raw materials in the step (1) by using a planing machine, then entering a fermentation tunnel, and fermenting (stacking materials in the fermentation tunnel is 1.5-2 m high, ventilating by using a blower, switching on and off the blower for 15-25 min, and switching off the blower for 30-50 min, heating the compost by itself, raising the temperature, and when the temperature of the compost reaches more than 65 ℃, turning the compost and entering the other tunnel) for one day; on the next day, the culture medium in the fermentation tunnel is fully stirred and uniformly mixed by a planning machine, then enters another fermentation tunnel for fermentation (the height of stockpiling in the fermentation tunnel is 1.5-2 meters, an air blower is used for ventilation, the opening and closing time of the air blower is 15-25 minutes, the air blower is switched off for 30-50 minutes, the culture material is heated and heated by itself, and the culture material can enter a mushroom house for feeding after the culture material temperature reaches more than 65 ℃), and then the culture material is fermented for two days;
(3) feeding: the compost obtained by the primary fermentation is directly paved on a movable cultivation bed frame, and the dry weight of the compost per square meter is reduced to 15 kg.
(4) And (3) secondary fermentation: and (3) moving the movable cultivation bed frame to a pasteurization room, introducing steam with the total amount of about 1600kg, converting the steam required by each ton of dry materials into 800kg, adjusting the proportion of a fresh air valve of the pasteurization room equipment, maintaining the temperature for 12 hours when the air temperature reaches 60 ℃, and moving the cultivation bed frame to a fruiting room for fruiting when the air temperature is reduced to 40 ℃.
Example 2
(1) The formula of the straw mushroom culture material is as follows: 75 parts of waste cotton, 15 parts of bran, 5 parts of straw, 3 parts of biochar and 2 parts of potassium pyrophosphate (all parts by weight). The length of the straw is 2-3 cm. The raw materials are fully pre-wetted, and the water content is adjusted to be 75 percent.
(2) Mixing and feeding: the culture material in the step (4) in the example 1 and the culture material in the step (1) in the example are fully and uniformly mixed (the weight ratio of the two is 1: 99), and the mixture is directly paved on a movable cultivation bed frame without primary fermentation, and the dry weight of the mixture is reduced to 15kg per square meter.
(3) Circulating secondary fermentation: moving the movable cultivation bed frame to a pasteurization room, introducing steam with the total amount of about 1200kg, converting the steam to 600kg for each ton of dry materials, and adjusting the proportion of a fresh air valve of pasteurization room equipment to enable the temperature rise speed of air to be 5 ℃; when the air temperature reaches 60 ℃, maintaining the temperature for 8 hours; after the heat preservation is finished, controlling the cooling speed to be 3 ℃; and when the air temperature is reduced to 40 ℃, moving the cultivation bed frame to a fruiting room for fruiting.
Example 3
(1) The straw mushroom formula comprises: 75 parts of waste cotton, 15 parts of bran, 5 parts of straw, 3 parts of biochar and 2 parts of potassium pyrophosphate (all parts by weight). The length of the straw is 2-3 cm. The raw materials are fully pre-wetted, and the water content is adjusted to be 75 percent.
(2) Mixing and feeding: the culture material in the step (4) in the example 1 and the culture material in the step (1) in the example are fully and uniformly mixed (the weight ratio of the two is 5: 95), and the mixture is directly paved on a movable cultivation bed frame without primary fermentation, and the dry weight of the mixture is reduced to 15kg per square meter.
(3) Circulating secondary fermentation: moving the movable cultivation bed frame to a pasteurization room, introducing steam with the total amount of about 1100kg, converting the total amount of steam into steam with the amount of 550kg for each ton of dry materials, and adjusting the proportion of a fresh air valve of pasteurization room equipment to enable the temperature rise speed of air to be 5 ℃; when the air temperature reaches 60 ℃, maintaining the temperature for 8 hours; after the heat preservation is finished, controlling the cooling speed to be 8 ℃; and when the air temperature is reduced to 40 ℃, moving the cultivation bed frame to a fruiting room for fruiting.
Example 4
(1) The straw mushroom formula comprises: 75 parts of waste cotton, 15 parts of bran, 5 parts of straw, 3 parts of biochar and 2 parts of potassium pyrophosphate (all parts by weight). The length of the straw is 2-3 cm. The raw materials are fully pre-wetted, and the water content is adjusted to be 75 percent.
(2) Mixing and feeding: the culture materials in the step (4) in the example 1 and the culture materials in the step (1) are fully and uniformly mixed (the weight ratio of the two is 10: 90), and the mixture is directly paved on a movable cultivation bed frame without primary fermentation, and the dry weight of the mixture is reduced to 15kg per square meter.
(4) Circulating secondary fermentation: moving the movable cultivation bed frame to a pasteurization room, introducing steam with the total amount of about 1060kg, converting the steam to 530kg for each ton of dry materials, and adjusting the proportion of a fresh air valve of pasteurization room equipment to enable the temperature rise speed of air to be 5 ℃; when the air temperature reaches 60 ℃, maintaining the temperature for 8 hours; after the heat preservation is finished, controlling the cooling speed to be 3 ℃; and when the air temperature is reduced to 40 ℃, moving the cultivation bed frame to a fruiting room for fruiting.
The temperature change of the compost during fermentation in examples 1-4 is recorded in tables 1 and 2 below, respectively. As can be seen from the table, in examples 2-4, because part of the compost subjected to secondary fermentation in example 1 is added, the temperature rise speed of the compost in the circulating secondary fermentation process is higher (more than 60 ℃ can be reached after 8 hours), and the steam consumption is correspondingly reduced (at least 200kg of steam can be saved in each circulating secondary fermentation per ton of compost (dry weight)). On the other hand, the temperature of the secondary fermentation culture medium in example 1 can be raised by self-heating, but the temperature raising speed is obviously slower than that in examples 2 to 4.
TABLE 1 EXAMPLE 1 Room temperature and Material temperature recording sheet (Unit:. degree. C.)
| Time | At room temperature | Example 1 (Material temperature) |
| 0 hour | 28.1 | 33.2 |
| 8 hours | 48.2 | 40.8 |
| 16 hours | 58.5 | 56.9 |
| 24 hours | 60.8 | 63.5 |
| 32 hours | 61.6 | 62.8 |
| 40 hours | 54.2 | 58.9 |
| 48 hours | 40.5 | 53.2 |
TABLE 2 ambient and Material temperature tables in examples 2, 3 and 4 (Unit:. degree. C.)
| Time | At room temperature | Example 2 (Material temperature) | Example 3 (Material temperature) | Example 4 (Material temperature) |
| 0 hour | 28.1 | 32.7 | 31.9 | 32.1 |
| 4 hours | 50.2 | 50.7 | 51.2 | 50.4 |
| 8 hours | 60.5 | 60.2 | 63 | 62.1 |
| 16 hours | 60.8 | 63.4 | 63.1 | 62.4 |
| 20 hours | 52.6 | 58.9 | 59.3 | 58.8 |
| 24 hours | 44.2 | 50.7 | 51.2 | 50.4 |
Claims (2)
1. A fermentation method of straw mushroom compost is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) the straw mushroom culture material comprises the following components: 50-75 parts of waste cotton, 10-30 parts of bran, 3-10 parts of straw, 0-5 parts of biochar and 0-5 parts of potassium pyrophosphate; prewetting and mixing the components, and adjusting the water content to 65-75%;
(2) primary fermentation: the components in the step (1) are planed and then enter a fermentation tunnel to be fermented for one day; the culture medium components in the fermentation tunnel are fully and uniformly stirred the next day and then enter another fermentation tunnel for fermentation for one day;
(3) feeding: directly spreading the compost subjected to primary fermentation on a movable cultivation bed frame, and spreading 10-15kg of compost per square meter;
(4) and (3) secondary fermentation: moving the movable cultivation bed frame to a pasteurization room, introducing steam, adjusting the proportion of a fresh air valve of pasteurization room equipment, maintaining the temperature for 8-20 hours when the air temperature reaches 60 ℃, and cooling the air temperature to 40 ℃;
(5) mixing and feeding: respectively taking the culture material obtained in the step (4) and the culture material obtained in the step (1), wherein the weight ratio of the culture material obtained in the step (4) to the culture material obtained in the step (1) is 1-10: 90-100, uniformly mixing, and paving on a movable cultivation bed frame, wherein 10-15kg of culture material is paved per square meter;
(6) circulating secondary fermentation: moving the movable cultivation bed frame to a pasteurization room, introducing steam, and adjusting the proportion of a fresh air valve of pasteurization room equipment to enable the air temperature to rise at 3-10 ℃ per hour; when the air temperature reaches 60 ℃, maintaining the temperature for 8-20 hours; after the heat preservation is finished, controlling the cooling speed to be 3-10 ℃ per hour; and when the air temperature is reduced to 40 ℃, moving the cultivation bed frame to a fruiting room for fruiting.
2. The fermentation method of a straw mushroom compost according to claim 1, characterized in that the above steps (1), (2), (3) and (4) are methods used every time the first batch fermentation is produced, and the processes of (1) - (5) - (6) and (1) - (5) - (6) can be repeated when the compost after the post-fermentation of (4) is obtained.
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