CN111316446A - 凹入式固态设备 - Google Patents

凹入式固态设备 Download PDF

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CN111316446A
CN111316446A CN201880071619.8A CN201880071619A CN111316446A CN 111316446 A CN111316446 A CN 111316446A CN 201880071619 A CN201880071619 A CN 201880071619A CN 111316446 A CN111316446 A CN 111316446A
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layer
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gate
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heterojunction
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李东习
Y·孔多
郝平海
S·彭德哈卡
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Texas Instruments Inc
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Abstract

在一些实施例中,一种设备包含:第一层(145),其具有第一表面(144);以及与所述第一表面相对的第二表面。所述设备还包含第二层(140),其具有:介接所述第二表面的第三表面;以及与所述第三表面相对的第四表面。所述设备进一步包含第三层(150),其具有:介接所述第四表面的第五表面;以及与所述第五表面相对的第六表面。所述设备还包含第四层(160),其具有介接所述第六表面以形成异质结的第七表面,所述异质结产生形成于所述第四层中的二维电子气体沟道。另外,所述设备包含从所述第一表面延伸到所述第五表面的凹部(146,147,149)。

Description

凹入式固态设备
背景技术
基于硅的集成电路(IC)用于固态电子器件的不同区域中。一个此类区域是电力电子器件。为了改进电力电子系统的系统级效率,正进行研究工作来寻找可代替硅作为电力电子半导体的其它种类的半导体材料。
发明内容
根据一实例,一种设备包含具有第一表面和与所述第一表面相对的第二表面的第一层。所述设备还包含具有介接所述第二表面的第三表面以及与所述第三表面相对的第四表面的第二层。所述设备进一步包含具有介接所述第四表面的第五表面和与所述第五表面相对的第六表面的第三层。所述设备还包含具有介接第六表面以形成异质结的第七表面的第四层,所述异质结产生形成于所述第四层中的二维电子气体沟道。另外,所述设备包含从所述第一表面延伸到所述第五表面的凹部。
根据另一实例,一种设备包含具有第一表面和与所述第一表面相对的第二表面的第一层。所述设备包含具有介接所述第二表面的第三表面和与所述第三表面相对的第四表面的第二层。所述设备进一步包含具有介接所述第四表面的第五表面和与所述第五表面相对的第六表面的第三层。所述设备进一步包含与所述第三层形成异质结的第四层,其中电介质材料沿所述凹部和所述第一表面定位,其中栅极层延伸穿过所述第一层,且安放在所述电介质材料上。
根据又一实例,一种方法包含提供具有第一层和与所述第一层形成异质结的第二层的装置,所述异质结在所述第二层中产生二维电子气体沟道。所述方法进一步包含在第一层上沉积第三层,其中所述第三层包含第一表面和与所述第一表面相对的第二表面。所述方法接着包含在所述第三层的所述第一表面上沉积第四层。另外,所述方法包含产生凹部,其从所述第一层的外表面延伸到所述第三层的所述第一表面,其中所述凹部表示所述第三层中的不连续部分。
附图说明
图1是根据各种实例的说明性AlGaN/GaN异质结构场效晶体管的侧视图。
图2a和2b是根据各种实例的图1的说明性栅极部分的侧视图。
图2c是根据各种实例的描绘在图1和2a中描绘的装置上执行的说明性应力测试的结果的曲线图。
图3a描绘根据各种实例的用以选择性地蚀刻GaN顶盖层的一部分的说明性方法。
图3b到3h描绘根据各种实例的描绘栅极层下方的GaN顶盖层的一部分的选择性蚀刻的说明性流程图。
具体实施方式
第III族氮化物是正被考察来代替硅作为电力电子器件中的半导体的材料。可通过改变其材料成分来使第III族氮化物的某些特性(例如极化)工程化。举例来说,将具有较宽带隙的第III族氮化物材料(例如AlN)沉积在具有较窄带隙的第III族氮化物材料(例如氮化镓(“GaN”))上可导致Al(X)Ga(Y)N(Z)(其中X、Y和Z是对应元素中的每一者的百分比成分)层的形成。在一些情况下,可定制Al(X)Ga(Y)In(Z)N(1-X-Y-Z)层的材料成分,来调和Al(X)Ga(Y)N(Z)层的带隙。当生长在第III族氮化物(例如GaN)的顶部上时,Al(X)Ga(Y)N(Z)可导致2D电子气体(“2DEG”)的形成,其具有高载流密度和移动性。这些特征,与第III族氮化物的优良电击穿强度一起,使第III族氮化物材料成为电力电子半导体的强候选者。
通过GaN的大导电带偏移量和极化感应电荷来实现2DEG。张紧的AlGaN/GaN异质结构中的自发和压电极化导致AlGaN/GaN异质结构的界面处的电子薄片电荷密度的大体上高值。所述界面还可被称作“异质结”。生长在GaN上的AlGaN可被称为“AlGaN/GaN”异质结构。在一些情况下,AlGaN/GaN异质结构可生长在蓝宝石衬底上。在其它情况下,衬底可为碳化硅或氮化镓。
相对于硅,GaN具有较宽的带隙。另外,基于GaN的异质结构场效晶体管(“HFET”)可形成HFET的源极与漏极之间的基于2DEG的导电通路。因此,HFET比基于硅的MOSFET优选,尤其对于电力电子应用来说。然而,在商业使用HFET之前,应克服HFET的若干困难,例如高压不稳定性、载体滞留和可靠性。在一些情况下,AlGaN/GaNHFET容易遭受不稳定的阈值电压,其为产生(以增强模式)或耗尽(以耗尽模式)存在于HFET中的源极端子与栅极端子之间的导电通路所必需的最小栅极到源极电压。本文所述的AlGaN/GaN HFET以耗尽模式操作。
在一些情况下,AlGaN/GaN HFET的AlGaN层盖有GaN层(也被称作“GaN顶盖层”)。GaN顶盖层防止AlGaN/GaN异质结构中的顶部层(例如AlGaN)中的载体滞留。然而,在一些情况下,GaN顶盖层可导致HFET阈值电压的不稳定性,即阈值电压漂移(例如减小)。不稳定的阈值电压引起HFET中的断开状态泄漏。为了防止阈值电压的不稳定性,研究人员已实验用不同厚度的GaN顶盖层来覆盖顶部层,但仍存在不稳定的阈值电压和断开状态泄漏。本文所描述的实施例通过蚀刻GaN顶盖层的一部分且在GaN顶盖中产生不连续部分,来减少相对于电压阈值的阈值电压漂移的程度。实例实施例进一步包含选择性地蚀刻GaN顶盖层的在HFET的栅极下方的部分,这导致断开状态泄漏电流的减小,且提供相对稳定的阈值电压。
图1是说明性AlGaN/GaN HFET 100的侧视图。尽管以下描述假定晶体管包括在AlGaN/GaN界面处形成2DEG的AlGaN/GaN,但实例实施例也可应用于由另一第III族氮化物制成的晶体管,所述第III族氮化物也可归因于与不同第III族氮化物的合并而形成2DEG。在一些实例中,AlGaN/GaN HFET 100包含GaN层160、AlGaN层150和GaN顶盖层140。在一些实例中,AlGaN层的厚度可为30nm。GaN盖的厚度可为10nm,且GaN层160的厚度可在从数十纳米到若干微米的范围内。AlGaN/GaN组合导致2DEG在AlGaN/GaN界面/异质结处的累积。如上所述,通过GaN的大导电带偏移量和极化感应电荷来实现2DEG。张紧的AlGaN/GaN异质结构中的自发和压电极化导致AlGaN/GaN异质结构的界面处的电子薄片电荷密度的大体上高值。在一些实施例中,GaN顶盖层140被称作“势垒层”。势垒层的化学成分不限于氮化镓。在一些实施例中,势垒层可包含第III族氮化物或第V族氮化物。在一些实施例中,势垒层还可包含经合并的第III族-第V族氮化物(例如Al(X)Ga(Y)ln(X)N(1-X-Y-Z),其中X、Y和Z是相应元素的浓度)。
AlGaN/GaN HFET 100进一步包含源极110、栅极层120和漏极130。在一些实例中,源极110和漏极130通过与形成于AlGaN/GaN异质结构的界面处的GaN顶盖层140、AlGaN层150、GaN层160和2DEG的欧姆接触(未明确示出)来接触。栅极层120(如下文在图2a中进一步具体描述)具有AlGaN层150与栅极层120之间的栅极电介质层(图1中未明确标记)。举例来说,蚀刻GaN顶盖层140的一部分,且栅极层120不具有与GaN顶盖层140(图1中未明确示出)直接接触。选择性地蚀刻栅极层120下方的GaN顶盖层140可导致相对稳定的阈值电压和恒定的断开状态泄漏电流。
图2a描绘在图1中标记有数字200的栅极部分,且其详细描绘栅极层120之下存在的层。图2a还说明栅极层120相对于AlGaN/GaN HFET 100中存在的其它层的位置。栅极部分200包含栅极层120、栅极电介质层155和SiN(氮化硅)层145。在一些实例中,栅极电介质层155可包含氮化硅、氧化铝、二氧化硅等。在一些实例中,电介质层155可具有100nm的厚度。栅极部分200还包含栅极层120下方存在的GaN顶盖层140、AlGaN层150和GaN层160的一部分。在一些实例中,氮化硅层145包含凹部,其从氮化硅层145的外表面144延伸到AlGaN层150的顶部表面149。
所述凹部形成GaN顶盖层140中的不连续部分148。栅极电介质层155位于氮化硅层145的外表面144上,且沿氮化硅层145的标记为146和147的多个额外表面,延伸到不连续部分148。所述栅极电介质层155填充不连续部分148的一些或全部。栅极电介质层155的厚度可大体上等于(即,具有10%到15%的误差范围)GaN顶盖层140的厚度。在一些实例中,栅极电介质层155的厚度可不同于GaN顶盖层140的厚度。栅极层120沉积于栅极电介质层155上,且在一些实例中,采用T形或Y形。栅极层120可采取任何其它形状。在一些实例中,GaN顶盖层140可包含多个不连续部分。举例来说,如图2b中所描绘,多个不连续部分可位于GaN顶盖层140的单独节段中的每一者与位于GaN顶盖层140内的部分151之间。在一些实例中,存在于GaN顶盖层140中的部分151可包括GaN顶盖层140的未经蚀刻的部分。在一些实例中,部分151可包括经沉积以形成GaN顶盖层140中的多个不连续部分的另一电介质(例如SiN)。在一些实施例中,可使用化学气相沉积来沉积额外的不连续部分。在一些实例中,可使用其它类型的沉积方法,例如原子层沉积或外延沉积,来沉积所述部分151。在一些实例中,所述凹部可蚀刻AlGaN层的某一部分(未明确示出),这可减小栅极层120与形成于AlGaN/GaN界面处的2DEG之间的距离。
所述凹部的形状不限于图2a中所示的形状或大小。所述凹部可采取任何大小或形状(例如正方形、矩形、三角形、梯形),且所使用的制造工艺可适于产生具有任何此类大小和/或形状的凹部。在一些实例中,凹部形状可取决于用以形成凹部的蚀刻技术的种类(例如等离子体蚀刻、干式蚀刻、化学蚀刻等)的种类。覆盖在完成的HFET上的GaN顶盖层140以及GaN顶盖层140中的所述不连续部分(或若干不连续)产生AlGaN/GaNHFET 100的相对稳定的阈值电压。这是因为选择性地蚀刻栅极层120之下的GaN顶盖层140可导致阈值电压相对于使用传统的未蚀刻GaN顶盖层制造的晶体管的阈值电压变得更正。结构上,这可因为凹部(以及GaN顶盖层140的去除)可减小栅极与2DEG之间的距离。距离的此减小可进一步导致HFET 100的相对正的阈值电压,这可向阈值电压提供额外的漂移裕度。换句话说,HFET 100(包含经蚀刻的GaN顶盖层140)的阈值电压仍可漂移,但选择性地蚀刻GaN顶盖层140可通过使HFET 100的阈值电压相对较正,来为阈值电压漂移提供额外裕度。
当对AlGaN/GaN HFET 100执行硬切换应力测试时,可了解稳定且受控的阈值电压。图2c描绘来自对具有栅极层120之下存在的图2a的不连续部分148的AlGaN/GaNHFET100上执行的一种此类测试的结果。图2c描绘在x轴上包含时间且在y轴上包含归一化的漏极电流的曲线图220。硬切换应力测试包含具有以下条件的断开状态应力测试:V(栅极到源极)=-14V,V(漏极到源极)=600V。2DEG沟道在栅极层120之下耗尽(且因此,所述沟道处于断开状态),在栅极层120之下,因为V(栅极到源极)小于AlGaN/GaN HFET 100的阈值电压。硬切换应力测试还包含热载体应力测试,其接通AlGaN/GaN HFET 100持续几纳秒,同时将600V的V(漏极到源极)施加到漏极130。硬切换应力测试在断开状态应力测试和热载体应力测试期间,计算漏极到源极电阻中的降级。图2c描绘硬切换应力测试的输出210,其示出描绘受控且稳定的阈值电压的恒定泄漏电流。图2c进一步描绘GaN顶盖层140可仍用以保护HFET的顶部表面,且选择性地蚀刻栅极层120下方的GaN顶盖层140可导致相对稳定的阈值电压以及恒定的断开状态泄漏电流。
图3a描绘说明性方法300来选择性地蚀刻栅极层120之下的GaN顶盖层140的一部分。联合图3b到3h来描述图3a的方法300。方法300在步骤310处开始,其中提供具有形成异质结的第一层和第二层的装置。在一些实例中,所述装置可为包含第III族氮化物的晶体管。在一些实例中,第一层是AlGaN层150,且第二层是在AlGaN/GaN界面处形成异质结的GaN层160。当使用化学气相沉积在GaN层160上沉积AlN时,形成AlGaN层150。在一些实例中,可使用其它类型的沉积方法,例如原子层沉积或外延沉积,来在GaN上沉积AlN。归因于极化不连续部分,AlGaN层150和GaN层160在AlGaN/GaN界面处形成包含2DEG的异质结。方法300在步骤320(图3c)中继续,其中在第一层上沉积第三层。所述第三层可为GaN层(在本文中也被称为“GaN顶盖层”)。如上所述,在一些实例中,GaN顶盖层140的厚度小于GaN层160的厚度。在一些实例中,利用GaN顶盖层140通过保护AlGaN/GaN HFET的顶部表面(例如AlGaN)来防止滞留现象。
方法300在步骤330中继续,具有在第三层上沉积第四层。在一些实例中,氮化硅层145作为保护层沉积于GaN顶盖层140上,以提供与AlGaN/GaN HFET 100的电隔离。SiN层145具有与上面沉积SiN层145的表面相对的外表面。氮化硅的使用不具限制性,且例如二氧化硅、氧化铝等其它材料也可用以提供电隔离。方法300在步骤340中进一步继续,其中形成从第一层的外表面延伸到第三层的凹部。在一些实例中,通过首先使用等离子蚀刻技术蚀刻SiN层145以使GaN顶盖层140的一部分暴露,且接着蚀刻暴露的GaN顶盖层140,来产生凹部。SiN层145的蚀刻不限于等离子蚀刻,且还可使用例如化学蚀刻技术等其它技术来蚀刻SiN层145的一部分。通过执行贯穿步骤和主蚀刻步骤,来实现蚀刻GaN顶盖层140的暴露部分。可通过使用三氯化硼(BCl3)来执行贯穿步骤。执行贯穿步骤来将原生氧化物从GaN顶盖层140去除。另外,可使用利用由三氯化硼与六氟化硫的混合物组成的气体的等离子体蚀刻工艺来执行所述主蚀刻步骤。所述凹部形成GaN顶盖层140中的“不连续部分”。在一些实例中,可通过选择性地蚀刻GaN顶盖层140的暴露部分的某一部分,来在GaN顶盖层140中形成多个不连续部分。还可使用如上文所描述的类似蚀刻工艺来形成多个不连续部分。
方法300的步骤可按需要调整,包含通过添加、删除、修改或重排一或多个步骤。举例来说,可在形成于GaN顶盖层140中的不连续部分中沉积栅极电介质层155。栅极电介质层155也可沉积在氮化硅层145的外表面上,以及氮化硅层145的多个表面上,如图3b中所示。另外,也可使用例如溅镀技术,将栅极层120沉积在栅极电介质层155上。
在权利要求书的范围内,对所描述实施例的修改是可能的,且其它实施例是可能的。

Claims (20)

1.一种固态设备,其包括:
第一层,其具有第一表面和与所述第一表面相对的第二表面;
第二层,其具有介接所述第二表面的第三表面,以及与所述第三表面相对的第四表面;
第三层,其具有介接所述第四表面的第五表面,以及与所述第五表面相对的第六表面;
第四层,其具有介接所述第六表面以形成异质结的第七表面,所述异质结产生形成于所述第四层中的二维电子气体沟道;以及
凹部,其从所述第一表面延伸到所述第五表面。
2.根据权利要求1所述的设备,其中所述凹部表示所述第二层中的不连续部分,且其中所述第二层是顶盖层。
3.根据权利要求2所述的设备,其其进一步包括:沿所述凹部和所述第一表面定位的电介质层;以及沉积于所述电介质层上的栅极层。
4.根据权利要求2所述的设备,其中电介质层位于所述不连续部分中,其中所述电介质层的厚度大体上等于所述第二层的厚度。
5.根据权利要求1所述的设备,其中所述第二层含有多个不连续部分。
6.根据权利要求1所述的设备,其中所述第四层包含第III-V族化合物半导体。
7.根据权利要求1所述的设备,其中所述第三层包含第III-V族化合物半导体。
8.一种设备,其包括:
第一层,其具有第一表面和与所述第一表面相对的第二表面;
第二层,其具有介接所述第二表面的第三表面,以及与所述第三表面相对的第四表面;
第三层,其具有介接所述第四表面的第五表面,以及与所述第五表面相对的第六表面;以及
第四层,其与所述第三层形成异质结,其中电介质材料沿所述凹部和所述第一表面定位,
其中栅极层延伸穿过所述第一层,且安放在所述电介质材料上。
9.根据权利要求8所述的设备,其中所述第四层包含第III-V族化合物半导体。
10.根据权利要求8所述的设备,其中所述第四层包含氮化镓。
11.根据权利要求8所述的设备,其中所述第三层包含第III-V族化合物半导体。
12.根据权利要求8所述的设备,其中所述电介质材料包含氮化硅。
13.根据权利要求8所述的设备,其中所述电介质层的厚度大体上等于所述第二层的厚度。
14.根据权利要求8所述的设备,其中所述第二层含有多个不连续部分。
15.一种方法,其包括:
提供具有第一层和与所述第一层形成异质结的第二层的装置,所述异质结在所述第二层中产生二维电子气体沟道;
在所述第一层上沉积第三层,其中所述第三层包含第一表面和与所述第一表面相对的第二表面;
在所述第三层的所述第一表面上沉积第四层;以及
产生从所述第一层的外表面延伸到所述第三层的所述第一表面的凹部,其中所述凹部表示所述第三层中的不连续部分。
16.根据权利要求15所述的方法,其进一步包括:
在所述第四层的表面上、在所述第一层的多个额外表面上,且在所述不连续部分中沉积电介质材料;以及
沉积延伸穿过所述第一层且安放在所述电介质材料上的栅极层。
17.根据权利要求15所述的方法,其中所述第一层包含第III-V族化合物半导体。
18.根据权利要求15所述的方法,其中所述第二层包含第III-V族化合物半导体。
19.根据权利要求15所述的方法,其中所述第三层包含第III-V族化合物半导体。
20.根据权利要求15所述的方法,其中所述电介质材料包含氮化硅。
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