CN111280017A - Tobacco seedling cultivation nutrient soil, preparation method and application - Google Patents
Tobacco seedling cultivation nutrient soil, preparation method and application Download PDFInfo
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- CN111280017A CN111280017A CN202010278003.7A CN202010278003A CN111280017A CN 111280017 A CN111280017 A CN 111280017A CN 202010278003 A CN202010278003 A CN 202010278003A CN 111280017 A CN111280017 A CN 111280017A
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- soil
- tobacco seedling
- tobacco
- hermetia illucens
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G24/00—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor
- A01G24/20—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing natural organic material
- A01G24/28—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing natural organic material containing peat, moss or sphagnum
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G24/00—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor
- A01G24/10—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing inorganic material
- A01G24/12—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing inorganic material containing soil minerals
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G24/00—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor
- A01G24/20—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing natural organic material
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05D—INORGANIC FERTILISERS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C05B, C05C; FERTILISERS PRODUCING CARBON DIOXIDE
- C05D9/00—Other inorganic fertilisers
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
- C05G3/00—Mixtures of one or more fertilisers with additives not having a specially fertilising activity
Abstract
The invention provides a tobacco seedling cultivation nutrient soil, a preparation method and application thereof, and the nutrient soil comprises the following components: the fertilizer comprises soil, fermented hermetia illucens feces, tobacco seedling fertilizer and grass peat, wherein the soil is laterite. The fermented black soldier fly excrement contains amino acid, humus, insect faecal acid, chitin and other substances. The amino acid can be directly absorbed by the tobacco seedling, and the utilization rate of nutrient substances in the black soldier fly manure is improved. The humus can promote the formation of soil aggregate structure, thereby promoting the rooting and the survival of the tobacco seedlings, shortening the seedling raising period and improving the survival rate of the tobacco seedlings during transplanting. Chitin is a carbohydrate substance that can provide carbohydrates for the growth of tobacco seedlings. The tobacco seedling fertilizer is a special seedling raising fertilizer for tobacco seedling transplantation so as to provide nutrient substances for the tobacco seedling in the earlier stage. The peat contains a large amount of organic substances, and can improve the phenomena of hardening and hardening of soil, recover and improve the water holding capacity, the ventilation capacity and the fertilizer holding capacity of the soil, and further improve the survival rate of tobacco seedlings during transplanting.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of planting, in particular to tobacco seedling cultivation nutrient soil, a preparation method and application.
Background
The planting of the tobacco comprises seedling raising, transplanting and field management. The tobacco seedlings formed after tobacco seedling culture need to take root and live in time during transplanting, the seedling raising period is reduced, and the survival rate of the tobacco seedlings is ensured.
At present, the tobacco fields for planting tobacco seedlings generally have the problems of serious soil hardening, soil aggregate structure and low organic matter content. If the tobacco seedlings are directly contacted with the applied fertilizer, the tobacco seedlings are easy to be damaged, and the survival rate of the tobacco seedlings is influenced.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides tobacco seedling cultivation nutrient soil, a preparation method and application, and aims to solve the problem of low survival rate of existing tobacco seedlings.
The application provides a tobacco seedling cultivation nutrient soil, and the composition of the nutrient soil comprises: the fertilizer comprises soil, fermented hermetia illucens feces, tobacco seedling fertilizer and grass peat, wherein the soil is laterite. In the application, the nutrient soil for tobacco seedling cultivation comprises the following components in parts by weight: 80-88 parts of soil, 0.5-1.5 parts of fermented hermetia illucens manure, 4-6 parts of tobacco seedling fertilizer and 8-10 parts of turf. Preferably, the tobacco seedling cultivation nutrient soil comprises the following components in parts by weight: 85 parts of soil, 1 part of fermented hermetia illucens manure, 5 parts of tobacco seedling fertilizer and 9 parts of grass peat.
Fermenting hermetia illucens excrement: the fermented black soldier fly manure is used as a raw material for preparing the nutrient soil. The black soldier fly excrement is excrement generated in the process of breeding the black soldier fly and contains a large amount of organic matters, humus and other nutrient substances. In order to facilitate the absorption of the tobacco seedlings to nutrient substances, the black soldier fly excrement is subjected to high-temperature fermentation treatment twice in the application. The black soldier fly manure after high-temperature fermentation treatment contains amino acid, humus, insect manure acid, chitin and other substances. Wherein, the amino acid can be directly absorbed by the tobacco seedling, and the utilization rate of nutrient substances in the black soldier fly excrement is improved. The humus can promote the formation of soil aggregate structure, thereby promoting the rooting and the survival of the tobacco seedlings, shortening the seedling raising period and improving the survival rate of the tobacco seedlings during transplanting. Chitin is a carbohydrate substance that can provide carbohydrates for the growth of tobacco seedlings.
In the application, the preparation method of the fermented hermetia illucens feces comprises the following steps:
s01: the water content of the fresh hermetia illucens feces is controlled to be 50-60%.
The water content of the fresh hermetia illucens excrements is controlled to be 50-60% through a drying or baking mode, so that a sufficient amount of water can be provided for fermentation of the hermetia illucens excrements.
S02: and uniformly mixing the hermetia illucens feces after humidity control with the feces leavening agent according to the proportion, and carrying out first high-temperature fermentation.
Uniformly mixing the hermetia illucens feces with the humidity controlled and the feces leavening agent according to the proportion, and carrying out high-temperature fermentation for the first time. The excrement leaven in the application adopts a general excrement leaven, and the fermentation temperature of the first high-temperature fermentation is 60-70 ℃. The black soldier fly excrement and the excrement leavening agent are mixed according to the mass ratio of (4.5-5 t): 1kg of additive ratio.
In the composting fermentation process, the hermetia illucens feces and the feces leavening agent enter a high-temperature fermentation stage when the temperature reaches over 45 ℃. The thermophilic microorganisms in the feces leavening agent decompose and convert organic matters in the black soldier fly feces, and meanwhile, complex organic matters such as hemicellulose, cellulose, protein and the like begin to decompose to form substances such as amino acid, insect feces acid, chitin and the like, and a large amount of heat is generated. When the temperature reaches 70 ℃, thermophilic microorganisms are not suitable, and a large number of microorganisms enter a death or dormancy state, so that the decomposition heat is reduced, and the temperature is reduced. Organic matters in the black soldier fly excrement form humus in a fermentation stage at the temperature of 60-70 ℃, black substances dissolved in weak alkali appear, and the C/N ratio is obviously reduced. In addition, the pathogens in the excrements of the hermetia illucens can be effectively killed through the high-temperature fermentation reaction at the temperature of 60-70 ℃, so that the sterilization effect is achieved. When the fermentation temperature is reduced to 40 ℃, the first high-temperature fermentation is finished.
S03: and uniformly mixing the hermetia illucens excrement subjected to the first high-temperature fermentation with bacillus subtilis and bacillus according to a ratio, and performing second high-temperature fermentation to form fermented hermetia illucens excrement.
And after the first high-temperature fermentation is finished, uniformly mixing the fermented black soldier fly excrement with the bacillus subtilis and the bacillus according to the proportion, and performing second high-temperature fermentation to form the fermented black soldier fly excrement. In the present application, the fermentation temperature of the second high temperature fermentation is 50-60 ℃. The black soldier fly excrement, the bacillus subtilis and the bacillus are mixed according to the mass ratio of (4.5-5 t): (0.5-1.5 kg): (0.5-1.5kg) in proportion. The bacillus subtilis is a mesophilic microorganism, and in the initial fermentation stage, the bacillus subtilis further decomposes the organic matters which are heavy and difficult to decompose in the black soldier fly manure after the first high-temperature fermentation to form humus and generate heat. As the fermentation temperature increases, Bacillus, which is a thermophilic microorganism, becomes dominant, and the undecomposed organic matter is further decomposed. Through twice high-temperature fermentation, the black soldier fly excrement can be thoroughly fermented, and then the tobacco seedling cultivation nutrient soil prepared from the black soldier fly excrement can not be fermented again when in use, and can not damage the tobacco seedlings by generating heat.
The tobacco seedling fertilizer is a special seedling raising fertilizer for tobacco seedling transplantation so as to provide nutrient substances for the tobacco seedling in the earlier stage.
Peat is a product in the process of marsh development and is also called peat. The peat contains a large amount of organic substances, and can improve the phenomena of hardening and hardening of soil, recover and improve the water holding capacity, the ventilation capacity and the fertilizer holding capacity of the soil, and further improve the survival rate of tobacco seedlings during transplanting. In addition, the addition of the turf can also improve the cold protection capability of the tobacco seedlings and ensure that the tobacco seedlings are not frozen after being transplanted.
Further, the tobacco seedling cultivation nutrient soil provided by the application also comprises an insecticide. The Tianjiang insecticidal bacterium agent can prevent and control insect pests and diseases during tobacco seedling planting, and further improve the survival rate of tobacco seedlings. The addition amount of the insecticide preparation in the application is 1-5% of the quality of the fermented hermetia illucens feces.
Based on the tobacco seedling cultivation nutrient soil provided by the application, the application also provides a preparation method of the tobacco seedling cultivation nutrient soil, and the method comprises the following steps:
s11: and uniformly mixing the soil, the fermented hermetia illucens excrements, the tobacco seedling fertilizer and the turf according to the proportion.
And (3) after the fermented hermetia illucens manure is aired to normal temperature, respectively measuring the soil, the fermented hermetia illucens manure, the tobacco seedling fertilizer and the grass peat according to the proportion. And (4) putting the weighed raw materials into a stirrer to be uniformly stirred.
S12: and (4) uniformly mixing, and then sterilizing to obtain the tobacco seedling cultivation nutrient soil.
And sterilizing the uniformly mixed raw materials to obtain the tobacco seedling cultivation nutrient soil. The sterilization treatment in the present application may be hot air sterilization, high-pressure steam sterilization, pasteurization, or the like.
The tobacco seedling cultivation nutrient soil or the nutrient soil prepared by the preparation method of the tobacco seedling cultivation nutrient soil is used for transplanting tobacco seedlings.
The technical scheme provided by the embodiment of the invention can have the following beneficial effects:
the invention provides a tobacco seedling cultivation nutrient soil, a preparation method and application thereof, and the nutrient soil comprises the following components: the fertilizer comprises soil, fermented hermetia illucens feces, tobacco seedling fertilizer and grass peat, wherein the soil is laterite. The fermented black soldier fly excrement contains amino acid, humus, insect faecal acid, chitin and other substances. The amino acid can be directly absorbed by the tobacco seedling, and the utilization rate of nutrient substances in the black soldier fly manure is improved. The humus can promote the formation of soil aggregate structure, thereby promoting the rooting and the survival of the tobacco seedlings, shortening the seedling raising period and improving the survival rate of the tobacco seedlings during transplanting. Chitin is a carbohydrate substance that can provide carbohydrates for the growth of tobacco seedlings. The tobacco seedling fertilizer is a special seedling raising fertilizer for tobacco seedling transplantation so as to provide nutrient substances for the tobacco seedling in the earlier stage. The peat contains a large amount of organic substances, and can improve the phenomena of hardening and hardening of soil, recover and improve the water holding capacity, the ventilation capacity and the fertilizer holding capacity of the soil, and further improve the survival rate of tobacco seedlings during transplanting.
It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only and are not restrictive of the invention, as claimed.
Drawings
In order to more clearly explain the technical solution of the present application, the drawings needed to be used in the embodiments will be briefly described below, and it is obvious to those skilled in the art that other drawings can be obtained according to the drawings without any creative effort.
FIG. 1 is a preparation method of tobacco seedling cultivation nutrient soil provided by the embodiment of the invention;
fig. 2 is a method for preparing fermented black soldier fly manure according to an embodiment of the invention.
Detailed Description
Referring to fig. 1 and 2, wherein fig. 1 shows a preparation method of a tobacco seedling cultivation nutrient soil provided by an embodiment of the invention; fig. 2 shows a method for preparing fermented black soldier fly feces according to an embodiment of the invention. The following description of the embodiments is based on figures 1 and 2.
Example 1
The embodiment of the invention provides tobacco seedling cultivation nutrient soil which comprises the following components in parts by weight: 85 parts of soil, 1 part of fermented hermetia illucens manure, 5 parts of tobacco seedling fertilizer and 9 parts of grass peat.
The embodiment of the invention provides a preparation method of tobacco seedling cultivation nutrient soil, which comprises the following steps:
s111: uniformly mixing soil, fermented hermetia illucens feces, tobacco seedling fertilizer and turf according to a ratio;
s112: and (4) uniformly mixing, and then sterilizing to obtain the tobacco seedling cultivation nutrient soil.
The preparation method of the fermented hermetia illucens feces comprises the following steps:
s101: controlling the water content of the fresh hermetia illucens feces to be 50%;
s102: uniformly mixing the hermetia illucens feces after humidity control with an excrement leavening agent according to a ratio, and performing first high-temperature fermentation; the fermentation temperature of the first high-temperature fermentation is 65 ℃;
s103: and uniformly mixing the hermetia illucens excrement subjected to the first high-temperature fermentation with bacillus subtilis and bacillus according to a ratio, and performing second high-temperature fermentation to form fermented hermetia illucens excrement. The fermentation temperature of the second high temperature fermentation was 55 ℃.
Example 2
The embodiment of the invention provides tobacco seedling cultivation nutrient soil which comprises the following components in parts by weight: 80 parts of soil, 1.5 parts of fermented hermetia illucens manure, 6 parts of tobacco seedling fertilizer and 8 parts of turf.
The embodiment of the invention provides a preparation method of tobacco seedling cultivation nutrient soil, which comprises the following steps:
s211: uniformly mixing soil, fermented hermetia illucens feces, tobacco seedling fertilizer and turf according to a ratio;
s212: and (4) uniformly mixing, and then sterilizing to obtain the tobacco seedling cultivation nutrient soil.
The preparation method of the fermented hermetia illucens feces comprises the following steps:
s201: controlling the water content of the fresh hermetia illucens feces to be 60%;
s202: uniformly mixing the hermetia illucens feces after humidity control with an excrement leavening agent according to a ratio, and performing first high-temperature fermentation; the fermentation temperature of the first high-temperature fermentation is 60 ℃;
s203: and uniformly mixing the hermetia illucens excrement subjected to the first high-temperature fermentation with bacillus subtilis and bacillus according to a ratio, and performing second high-temperature fermentation to form fermented hermetia illucens excrement. The fermentation temperature of the second high-temperature fermentation is 50 ℃.
Example 3
The embodiment of the invention provides tobacco seedling cultivation nutrient soil which comprises the following components in parts by weight: 86 parts of soil, 1.2 parts of fermented hermetia illucens feces, 5 parts of tobacco seedling fertilizer, 8.5 parts of grass carbon and an insecticide agent, wherein the addition amount of the insecticide agent is 5% of the mass of the fermented hermetia illucens feces.
The embodiment of the invention provides a preparation method of tobacco seedling cultivation nutrient soil, which comprises the following steps:
s311: uniformly mixing soil, fermented hermetia illucens feces, tobacco seedling fertilizer and turf according to a ratio;
s312: and (4) uniformly mixing, and then sterilizing to obtain the tobacco seedling cultivation nutrient soil.
The preparation method of the fermented hermetia illucens feces comprises the following steps:
s301: controlling the water content of the fresh hermetia illucens feces to be 50%;
s302: uniformly mixing the hermetia illucens feces after humidity control with an excrement leavening agent according to a ratio, and performing first high-temperature fermentation; the fermentation temperature of the first high-temperature fermentation is 70 ℃;
s303: and uniformly mixing the hermetia illucens excrement subjected to the first high-temperature fermentation with bacillus subtilis and bacillus according to a ratio, and performing second high-temperature fermentation to form fermented hermetia illucens excrement. The fermentation temperature of the second high-temperature fermentation is 60 ℃.
Example 4
The embodiment of the invention provides tobacco seedling cultivation nutrient soil which comprises the following components in parts by weight: 88 parts of soil, 0.5 part of fermented hermetia illucens feces, 4 parts of tobacco seedling fertilizer, 10 parts of grass carbon and an insecticide agent, wherein the addition amount of the insecticide agent is 1% of the mass of the fermented hermetia illucens feces.
The embodiment of the invention provides a preparation method of tobacco seedling cultivation nutrient soil, which comprises the following steps:
s411: uniformly mixing soil, fermented hermetia illucens feces, tobacco seedling fertilizer and turf according to a ratio;
s412: and (4) uniformly mixing, and then sterilizing to obtain the tobacco seedling cultivation nutrient soil.
The preparation method of the fermented hermetia illucens feces comprises the following steps:
s401: controlling the water content of the fresh hermetia illucens feces to be 52%;
s402: uniformly mixing the hermetia illucens feces after humidity control with an excrement leavening agent according to a ratio, and performing first high-temperature fermentation; the fermentation temperature of the first high-temperature fermentation is 63 ℃;
s403: and uniformly mixing the hermetia illucens excrement subjected to the first high-temperature fermentation with bacillus subtilis and bacillus according to a ratio, and performing second high-temperature fermentation to form fermented hermetia illucens excrement. The fermentation temperature of the second high-temperature fermentation was 56 ℃.
Example 5
The embodiment of the invention provides tobacco seedling cultivation nutrient soil which comprises the following components in parts by weight: 85 parts of soil, 1 part of fermented hermetia illucens feces, 5 parts of tobacco seedling fertilizer, 9 parts of grass peat and an insecticide agent, wherein the addition amount of the insecticide agent is 2% of the mass of the fermented hermetia illucens feces.
The embodiment of the invention provides a preparation method of tobacco seedling cultivation nutrient soil, which comprises the following steps:
s411: uniformly mixing soil, fermented hermetia illucens feces, tobacco seedling fertilizer and turf according to a ratio;
s412: and (4) uniformly mixing, and then sterilizing to obtain the tobacco seedling cultivation nutrient soil.
The preparation method of the fermented hermetia illucens feces comprises the following steps:
s401: controlling the water content of the fresh hermetia illucens feces to be 52%;
s402: uniformly mixing the hermetia illucens feces after humidity control with an excrement leavening agent according to a ratio, and performing first high-temperature fermentation; the fermentation temperature of the first high-temperature fermentation is 68 ℃;
s403: and uniformly mixing the hermetia illucens excrement subjected to the first high-temperature fermentation with bacillus subtilis and bacillus according to a ratio, and performing second high-temperature fermentation to form fermented hermetia illucens excrement. The fermentation temperature of the second high temperature fermentation was 53 ℃.
Other embodiments of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art from consideration of the specification and practice of the disclosure herein. This application is intended to cover any variations, uses, or adaptations of the invention following, in general, the principles of the invention and including such departures from the present disclosure as come within known or customary practice within the art to which the invention pertains. It is intended that the specification and examples be considered as exemplary only, with a true scope and spirit of the invention being indicated by the following claims.
It is to be understood that relational terms such as "first" and "second," and the like, may be used solely to distinguish one entity or action from another entity or action without necessarily requiring or implying any actual such relationship or order between such entities or actions. The invention is not limited to the precise arrangements described above and shown in the drawings, and various modifications and changes may be made without departing from the scope thereof. The scope of the invention is limited only by the appended claims.
Claims (9)
1. The tobacco seedling cultivation nutrient soil is characterized by comprising the following components: the fertilizer comprises soil, fermented hermetia illucens feces, tobacco seedling fertilizer and grass peat, wherein the soil is laterite.
2. The tobacco seedling cultivation nutrient soil as claimed in claim 1, wherein the nutrient soil comprises the following components in parts by weight: 80-88 parts of soil, 0.5-1.5 parts of fermented hermetia illucens manure, 4-6 parts of tobacco seedling fertilizer and 8-10 parts of turf.
3. The tobacco seedling cultivation nutrient soil as claimed in claim 1, wherein the nutrient soil comprises the following components in parts by weight: 85 parts of soil, 1 part of fermented hermetia illucens manure, 5 parts of tobacco seedling fertilizer and 9 parts of grass peat.
4. The tobacco seedling cultivation nutrient soil as claimed in claim 1, wherein the preparation method of the fermented hermetia illucens feces comprises the following steps:
controlling the water content of fresh hermetia illucens feces to be 50-60%;
uniformly mixing the hermetia illucens feces after humidity control with an excrement leavening agent according to a ratio, and performing first high-temperature fermentation;
and uniformly mixing the hermetia illucens excrement subjected to the first high-temperature fermentation with bacillus subtilis and bacillus according to a ratio, and performing second high-temperature fermentation to form fermented hermetia illucens excrement.
5. The tobacco seedling cultivation nutrient soil as claimed in claim 4, wherein the fermentation temperature of the first high temperature fermentation is 60-70 ℃.
6. The tobacco seedling cultivation nutrient soil as claimed in claim 4, wherein the fermentation temperature of the second high temperature fermentation is 50-60 ℃.
7. The tobacco seedling cultivation nutrient soil according to any one of claims 1 to 6, further comprising an insecticide.
8. A preparation method of tobacco seedling cultivation nutrient soil is characterized by comprising the following steps:
uniformly mixing soil, fermented hermetia illucens feces, tobacco seedling fertilizer and turf according to a ratio;
and (4) uniformly mixing, and then sterilizing to obtain the tobacco seedling cultivation nutrient soil.
9. Transplanting the tobacco seedlings by using the tobacco seedling cultivation nutrient soil of any one of claims 1 to 7.
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| CN202010278003.7A CN111280017A (en) | 2020-04-10 | 2020-04-10 | Tobacco seedling cultivation nutrient soil, preparation method and application |
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| CN202010278003.7A CN111280017A (en) | 2020-04-10 | 2020-04-10 | Tobacco seedling cultivation nutrient soil, preparation method and application |
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| CN111280017A true CN111280017A (en) | 2020-06-16 |
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| CN202010278003.7A Pending CN111280017A (en) | 2020-04-10 | 2020-04-10 | Tobacco seedling cultivation nutrient soil, preparation method and application |
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Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN113800976A (en) * | 2021-10-11 | 2021-12-17 | 杭州谷胜科技有限公司 | Organic compound fertilizer prepared from gadfly manure and application thereof |
| CN115677424A (en) * | 2022-11-01 | 2023-02-03 | 上海老港废弃物处置有限公司 | Method for preparing organic fertilizer by using kitchen garbage and application thereof |
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| CN115677424B (en) * | 2022-11-01 | 2024-04-12 | 上海老港废弃物处置有限公司 | Method for preparing organic fertilizer by utilizing kitchen waste and application thereof |
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Application publication date: 20200616 |
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