CN111280006B - Technology for raising seedlings of salvia miltiorrhiza without covering - Google Patents
Technology for raising seedlings of salvia miltiorrhiza without covering Download PDFInfo
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- CN111280006B CN111280006B CN202010238992.7A CN202010238992A CN111280006B CN 111280006 B CN111280006 B CN 111280006B CN 202010238992 A CN202010238992 A CN 202010238992A CN 111280006 B CN111280006 B CN 111280006B
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/25—Root crops, e.g. potatoes, yams, beet or wasabi
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01B—SOIL WORKING IN AGRICULTURE OR FORESTRY; PARTS, DETAILS, OR ACCESSORIES OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINES OR IMPLEMENTS, IN GENERAL
- A01B79/00—Methods for working soil
- A01B79/02—Methods for working soil combined with other agricultural processing, e.g. fertilising, planting
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K17/00—Soil-conditioning materials or soil-stabilising materials
- C09K17/40—Soil-conditioning materials or soil-stabilising materials containing mixtures of inorganic and organic compounds
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K2101/00—Agricultural use
Abstract
The invention discloses a covering-free salvia miltiorrhiza seedling raising technology, which saves covering materials, and saves labor investment for laying and removing the covering materials; avoids the cover from pressing and damages to the seedlings when the cover is removed, and improves the strong seedling rate. A high water absorption slow release material is spread in the seedling raising soil, and the material is prepared from natural substances: the corn stalk cellulose/modified corn stalk cellulose, sodium alginate, konjak and sodium lignosulfonate, is nontoxic and harmless, does not cause pollution to soil, and can be biodegraded. The high water absorption slow release material can absorb water with hundreds of even thousands of times of self weight, can be slowly released when salvia miltiorrhiza seedlings need to absorb water, can be repeatedly absorbed and released, and can effectively improve soil, reduce water and fertilizer loss and improve the utilization rate of water and fertilizer. The coverage-free salvia miltiorrhiza seedling raising technology has high strong seedling rate and high seedling transplanting survival rate, and is very suitable for application and popularization.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of traditional Chinese medicine seedling raising, and particularly relates to a covering-free salvia miltiorrhiza seedling raising technology.
Background
The root of red sage is a perennial herb of Salvia of Labiatae, has a slender and cylindrical shape, and is named as red sage because its root is similar to ginseng and its skin is red like red lead. The salvia miltiorrhiza, which is a large traditional Chinese medicine material with a long history in China, is distributed in the provinces of Hebei, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Shandong, Henan, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui, Jiangxi, Hunan and the like. Has effects in promoting blood circulation, regulating menstruation, dispelling blood stasis, promoting tissue regeneration, tranquilizing mind, cooling blood, eliminating carbuncle, and relieving swelling and pain.
With the rapid development of the traditional Chinese medicine industry in recent years, the application field of the salvia miltiorrhiza is wider and wider, and the salvia miltiorrhiza has been applied to the field of non-traditional Chinese medicines such as functional beverages, salvia miltiorrhiza leaf tea and the like. The demand of the salvia miltiorrhiza is increasing day by day, and the wild salvia miltiorrhiza cannot meet the market demand. In recent years, the supply of salvia miltiorrhiza is very tight in the market, and the large-area artificial cultivation of salvia miltiorrhiza is started in some salvia miltiorrhiza main producing areas so as to meet the market demand.
Most of the salvia miltiorrhiza artificial planting adopts a mode of film covering seedling transplantation, and the film covering seedling has many advantages, such as warming, heat preservation, fertilizer preservation, certain inhibition effect on weeds, reduction of soil moisture evaporation, promotion of germination and rooting of salvia miltiorrhiza seeds, and improvement of quality and survival rate of salvia miltiorrhiza seedlings. Meanwhile, the method has many defects and brings many troubles to the seedling raising process, for example, the film can press seedlings, the health of the seedlings is influenced, the seedling strengthening rate is influenced to a certain extent, and a large amount of labor and money are required to be invested for laying and removing the covering.
Therefore, there is a need to develop a cover-free seedling raising technology for salvia miltiorrhiza, which can avoid the disadvantages of film-covered seedling raising and maintain the advantages thereof.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the above-mentioned drawbacks of the prior art, the technical problems to be solved by the present invention are: aiming at the problem of low strong seedling rate of salvia miltiorrhiza seedlings cultivated by the covering seedling technology in the prior art, the covering-free salvia miltiorrhiza seedling technology is provided.
In order to solve the technical problems, the invention adopts the technical scheme that:
a technology for cultivating a cover-free salvia miltiorrhiza comprises the following steps:
(1) selecting land;
(2) pre-soil preparation;
(3) soil preparation;
(4) ridging;
(5) laying a main pipeline;
(6) pretreating seeds;
(7) sowing;
(8) laying a spray pipe;
(9) watering;
(10) weeding;
(11) cutting leaves;
(12) preparing seedling emergence;
(13) seedling emergence;
(14) and (5) transporting.
The invention also provides a technical scheme that:
a technology for cultivating a cover-free salvia miltiorrhiza comprises the following steps:
(1) selecting land: the traffic is convenient, the water source is sufficient, and the electric power guarantee is better provided; the soil is sandy loam which is beneficial to draining water, and the previous crop is a land parcel of gramineous plants.
(2) Pre-soil preparation: crushing the straws and returning the straws to the field when the previous crops are harvested, and leaving the straws idle after timely deep ploughing; and (3) carrying out rotary tillage once by using a stubble cleaner for idling when the weeds grow to 7-8 leaves, carrying out rotary tillage once by using the stubble cleaner for idling again when the weeds grow to 7-8 leaves, and repeatedly treating till 7 middle ten days.
(3) Land preparation: in the middle 7 th month, when the soil moisture content is appropriate, 2500kg of high-quality harmless farmyard manure or 40-60kg of potassium sulfate compound fertilizer is broadcast per mu, the soil is rotary-tilled until the soil is finely crushed, and if underground insects are serious, the pesticide is applied along with the rotary tillage.
(4) Ridging: and after rotary tillage, timely ridging, wherein the direction of the ridge is consistent with the natural direction of water on the surface of the land block, the ridge distance is 1.5-3m, and the ridge height is 20-30 cm.
(5) Laying a main pipeline: from the water source to the high end of the seedling raising land, water conveying pipelines with the length of 2-3 feet are laid along the direction vertical to the ridges at the high end of the land, and tee joints with omnidirectional valves are installed every other from the first furrow.
(6) Seed pretreatment: drying fresh seeds collected in the current year in the air, screening, measuring thousand seed weight and germination rate, and storing in dry and cool places for later use.
(7) Sowing: sowing with a salvia miltiorrhiza seeder, adjusting the size of a discharge port to 5-7kg per mu, and sowing between 10 days after sunstroke.
(8) Laying a spray pipe: after sowing, a fog pipe with the length of 2-3 feet is laid along the furrow corresponding to the three-way outlet of the main pipeline, the nozzle is upward, one end of the fog pipe is butted and fastened with the three-way, the other end of the fog pipe is folded and fastened, and the length of the fog pipe is equal to that of the ridge.
(9) Watering: immediately spraying and watering after the whole seedling raising land is sowed; 1-2 fog pipes can be opened at one time according to the water supply pressure, and the water spray of two adjacent fog pipes can be crossed as the standard; watering for the first time and continuously spraying water for 0.5-1h according to soil moisture content; the surface of the seedling growing land must be ensured to be moist within 15 days after the first watering, and water is sprayed for 2-4 times every day for 3-6min every time in sunny days according to weather conditions; sprouting 4-5 days after the first water spraying, and basically completing emergence 15 days; gradually reducing the water spraying amount after 15 days until 4 true leaves of the salvia miltiorrhiza seedling are formed, preferably wetting the earth surface in the early morning, and spraying water once in 1-2 days in sunny days according to the weather condition; after 4 main leaves of the seedling, controlling the moisture of the seedling field on the basis of no soil moisture shortage.
(10) Weeding: the weeds in the salvia miltiorrhiza seedling field need to be removed in time when 3-4 leaves are needed, the gramineous weeds are killed by spraying quizalofop-p-ethyl, the broad leaf weeds which cannot be killed are artificially pulled out, and the weeds are removed for 2-3 times in the seedling stage.
(11) Cutting leaves: after 8 pieces of true leaves of the salvia miltiorrhiza seedlings, the excessive growth phenomenon can occur in part of plots, if the height of the seedlings exceeds 10cm, leaves of the excessive growth seedlings are cut to prevent the excessive seedlings from eliminating the small seedlings to influence the seedling emergence amount, and the parts of the excessive growth seedlings with the height of more than 10cm are cut by a mower.
(12) Preparation of seedling emergence: spreading 3-6kg of urea per mu of seedling field 10 days before seedling emergence, spraying water once along with fertilization, and retracting an irrigation pipeline after soil is slightly dry.
(13) And (3) seedling emergence: transplanting seedlings of Saviae Miltiorrhizae radix after winter solstice, digging by digging machine with 15cm soil, manually picking up, collecting every 100 plants; transplanting the salvia miltiorrhiza seedlings in time after the salvia miltiorrhiza seedlings come out of the soil, storing the seedlings in a flat manner and shading the seedlings in a wet place if needed, wherein the storage period is not more than 15 days.
(14) And (3) transportation: if the salvia miltiorrhiza seedlings need to be transported in a long distance, the bundled seedlings are put into woven bags, 1 million seedlings are put into each bag, the loading and stacking height does not exceed 7 layers, and the transportation time needs to be controlled within 24 hours; if the time exceeds 24 hours, a ventilation facility is additionally arranged during loading to prevent heating and seedling burning on the way; when the seedlings reach the destination, the seedling bag is spread in time, and if the seedlings cannot be transplanted in time, the seedlings are poured out of the bag and flatly stacked in a moist and cool place.
On the basis of the technical scheme, the invention also discloses a technical scheme, and a covering-free salvia miltiorrhiza cultivation technology comprises the following steps:
(1) selecting land: the traffic is convenient, the water source is sufficient, and the electric power guarantee is better provided; the soil is sandy loam which is beneficial to draining water, and the previous crop is a land parcel of gramineous plants.
(2) Pre-soil preparation: crushing the straws and returning the straws to the field when the previous crops are harvested, and leaving the straws idle after timely deep ploughing; and (3) carrying out rotary tillage once by using a stubble cleaner for idling when the weeds grow to 7-8 leaves, carrying out rotary tillage once by using the stubble cleaner for idling again when the weeds grow to 7-8 leaves, and repeatedly treating till 7 middle ten days.
(3) Land preparation: 7, spreading in middle ten days of the month: a) the method comprises the steps of (a) carrying out rotary tillage on a uniform mixture of 1500-2500kg of harmless farmyard manure and 1-3kg of high-water-absorptivity slow-release materials, or b) carrying out rotary tillage on a uniform mixture of 40-60kg of potassium sulfate compound fertilizer and 1-3kg of high-water-absorptivity slow-release materials until soil is finely crushed, and applying pesticides along with the rotary tillage if underground insects are serious.
(4) Ridging: and after rotary tillage, timely ridging, wherein the direction of the ridge is consistent with the natural direction of water on the surface of the land block, the ridge distance is 1.5-3m, and the ridge height is 20-30 cm.
(5) Laying a main pipeline: from the water source to the high end of the seedling raising land, water conveying pipelines with the length of 2-3 feet are laid along the direction vertical to the ridges at the high end of the land, and tee joints with omnidirectional valves are installed every other from the first furrow.
(6) Seed pretreatment: drying fresh seeds collected in the current year in the air, screening, measuring thousand seed weight and germination rate, and storing in dry and cool places for later use.
(7) Sowing: sowing with a salvia miltiorrhiza seeder, adjusting the size of a discharge port to 5-7kg per mu, and sowing between 10 days after sunstroke.
(8) Laying a spray pipe: after sowing, a fog pipe with the length of 2-3 feet is laid along the furrow corresponding to the three-way outlet of the main pipeline, the nozzle is upward, one end of the fog pipe is butted and fastened with the three-way, the other end of the fog pipe is folded and fastened, and the length of the fog pipe is equal to that of the ridge.
(9) Watering: immediately spraying and watering after the whole seedling raising land is sowed; 1-2 fog pipes can be opened at one time according to the water supply pressure, and the water spray of two adjacent fog pipes can be crossed as the standard; watering for the first time and continuously spraying water for 0.5-1h according to soil moisture content; the surface of the seedling growing land must be ensured to be moist within 15 days after the first watering, and water is sprayed for 2-4 times every day for 3-6min every time in sunny days according to weather conditions; sprouting 4-5 days after the first water spraying, and basically completing emergence 15 days; gradually reducing the water spraying amount after 15 days until 4 true leaves of the salvia miltiorrhiza seedling are formed, preferably wetting the earth surface in the early morning, and spraying water once in 1-2 days in sunny days according to the weather condition; after 4 main leaves of the seedling, controlling the moisture of the seedling field on the basis of no soil moisture shortage.
(10) Weeding: the weeds in the salvia miltiorrhiza seedling field need to be removed in time when 3-4 leaves are needed, the gramineous weeds are killed by spraying quizalofop-p-ethyl, the broad leaf weeds which cannot be killed are artificially pulled out, and the weeds are removed for 2-3 times in the seedling stage.
(11) Cutting leaves: after 8 pieces of true leaves of the salvia miltiorrhiza seedlings, the excessive growth phenomenon can occur in part of plots, if the height of the seedlings exceeds 10cm, leaves of the excessive growth seedlings are cut to prevent the excessive seedlings from eliminating the small seedlings to influence the seedling emergence amount, and the parts of the excessive growth seedlings with the height of more than 10cm are cut by a mower.
(12) Preparation of seedling emergence: spreading 3-6kg of urea per mu of seedling field 10 days before seedling emergence, spraying water once along with fertilization, and retracting an irrigation pipeline after soil is slightly dry.
(13) And (3) seedling emergence: transplanting seedlings of Saviae Miltiorrhizae radix after winter solstice, digging by digging machine with 15cm soil, manually picking up, collecting every 100 plants; transplanting the salvia miltiorrhiza seedlings in time after the salvia miltiorrhiza seedlings come out of the soil, storing the seedlings in a flat manner and shading the seedlings in a wet place if needed, wherein the storage period is not more than 15 days.
(14) And (3) transportation: if the salvia miltiorrhiza seedlings need to be transported in a long distance, the bundled seedlings are put into woven bags, 1 million seedlings are put into each bag, the loading and stacking height does not exceed 7 layers, and the transportation time needs to be controlled within 24 hours; if the time exceeds 24 hours, a ventilation facility is additionally arranged during loading to prevent heating and seedling burning on the way; when the seedlings reach the destination, the seedling bag is spread in time, and if the seedlings cannot be transplanted in time, the seedlings are poured out of the bag and flatly stacked in a moist and cool place.
The preparation method of the high water absorption slow release material comprises the following steps:
weighing 800g of 300-plus-800 g of straw cellulose, adding the straw cellulose into 8-15L of water, heating to 50-80 ℃, stirring and dispersing for 10-30min at the rotation speed of 800-plus-1500 r/min, and then cooling to room temperature to obtain the straw cellulose dispersion liquid. Weighing 800 plus 1500g sodium lignosulfonate into 3-8L water, and stirring at 25 ℃ and 1500r/min for 10-30min to obtain sodium lignosulfonate solution. Uniformly mixing the straw cellulose dispersion liquid and the sodium lignosulphonate solution, then adding 4000g of sodium alginate of 2000-plus-2000 g and 2000g of purified konjac flour of 1000-plus-2000 g, stirring for 4-8h at the rotation speed of 1500-plus-1500 r/min, adding 1-2L of calcium chloride aqueous solution with the mass fraction of 30-50%, stirring and stirring for 20-40min at the rotation speed of 1500-plus-1500 r/min, freezing for 24-48h, and vacuum drying for 48-72h at the temperature of 50-70 ℃ to obtain the super absorbent slow-release material.
The straw cellulose is corn straw cellulose or modified corn straw cellulose.
The high water absorption slow release material can absorb water with hundreds of even thousands of times of self weight, can be slowly released when agricultural plants need the water, can be repeatedly absorbed and released, and is well utilized in the fields of agriculture and forestry in the prior art such as soil improvement, reduction of water and fertilizer loss, improvement of water and fertilizer utilization rate and the like. At present, the super absorbent slow-release material products on the market are all made of monomers or polymers of acrylic acid and polyacrylamide, which are extracted from petroleum products and are difficult to degrade in soil, or degradation products of the super absorbent slow-release material products have potential biological toxicity. For example, acrylic acid and acrylamide monomers may have toxic effects on the respiratory and nervous systems of humans or animals. The corn stalk cellulose, sodium alginate, konjak and sodium lignosulfonate are used as natural substances, are nontoxic and harmless and can be biologically degraded. The sodium lignosulfonate is used as a framework and is crosslinked with corn straw cellulose, konjak and sodium alginate to prepare a novel high-water-absorptivity slow-release material which can provide sufficient water for the growth cycle of agricultural plants.
The corn stalk cellulose can be biodegraded and can become nutrient components required by agricultural plants after being degraded, and the nutrient components can be provided for the agricultural plants just and continuously in the degradation process.
The preparation method of the corn stalk cellulose comprises the following steps:
cleaning 1-2kg of corn straws, drying the corn straws for 5-10h in a drying oven at 70-90 ℃, then crushing the corn straws, sieving the corn straws with a 40-60-mesh sieve to obtain corn straw powder, and adding the corn straw powder into a 10-20 wt% nitric acid aqueous solution, wherein the solid-liquid mass ratio is 1 (25-30) g/mL. Setting the temperature at 80-120 ℃, and stirring for 3-7h at 800-. And then filtering and washing the mixed solution for 2-3 times, and drying the filter residue in an oven at 70-90 ℃ for 3-6h to obtain the corn stalk cellulose.
The preparation method of the modified corn stalk cellulose comprises the following steps:
cleaning 1-2kg of corn straws, drying in a 70-90 ℃ drying oven for 5-10h, then crushing, sieving with a 40-60 mesh sieve to obtain corn straw powder, drying in the 70 ℃ drying oven for 10h, uniformly mixing 500 plus material 1000g of corn straw powder with 1-2L of epichlorohydrin and 2-3L of N, N-dimethylformamide, heating in a 100 plus material 120 ℃ oil bath at the rotation speed of 800 plus material 1500r/min for stirring reaction for 1-2h, then adding 300 plus material 500mL of diethylenetriamine for continuously stirring reaction for 1-2h, finally adding 1-2L of grafting monomer for grafting reaction, stirring reaction for 2-4h at the temperature of 100 plus material 120 ℃, soaking and cleaning with water, filtering, drying in a 50-70 ℃ vacuum drying oven for 24-48h, obtaining the modified corn straw powder.
Adding the modified corn straw powder into 10-20 wt% of nitric acid aqueous solution, wherein the solid-liquid mass ratio is 1 (25-30) g/mL. Setting the temperature at 80-120 ℃, and stirring for 3-7h at 800-. And then filtering and washing the mixed solution for 2-3 times, and drying the filter residue in an oven at 70-90 ℃ for 3-6h to obtain the modified corn stalk cellulose.
The grafting monomer is one or more of triethylamine and N, N-diethylethanolamine.
Preferably, the grafting monomer is a mixture of triethylamine and N, N-diethylethanolamine, and the mass ratio of the grafting monomer to the N, N-diethylethanolamine is 1: (1-3).
The modified corn stalk cellulose has hydroxyl and amino functional groups with adsorption effect, can adsorb partial trace elements in the fertilizer, and releases the adsorbed trace elements after the modified corn stalk cellulose is degraded, so that the required trace elements are continuously provided for the agricultural plants.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
1. the invention adopts the mechanical seeding: the seeding accuracy and uniformity are ensured. And (3) adopting uncovered spraying: the covering is saved, and the labor investment for paving and removing the covering is saved; avoids the cover from pressing and damages to the seedlings when the cover is removed, and improves the rate of emergence. Cutting leaves: avoiding the elimination of the big seedlings and the small seedlings, improving the rate of emergence and ensuring the uniformity of the seedlings.
2. The high water absorption slow release material and the fertilizer are mixed and then are applied to the soil together, the high water absorption slow release material can absorb water with the dead weight of hundreds or even thousands of times, when the salvia miltiorrhiza seedlings are needed, the water can be slowly released, and the water can be repeatedly absorbed and released, so that the soil can be effectively improved, the water and fertilizer loss can be reduced, and the water and fertilizer utilization rate can be improved.
3. The corn stalk cellulose, sodium alginate, konjak and sodium lignosulfonate are used as natural substances, are nontoxic and harmless and can be biologically degraded. Does not bring chemical pollution to the soil, and is safe and environment-friendly. And after the corn straw cellulose is degraded, the corn straw cellulose can be changed into a fertilizer for providing required nutrition for the growth of the salvia miltiorrhiza seedlings.
Detailed Description
In the examples, the sources of the raw materials are as follows:
sodium lignosulfonate: CAS number 8061-51-6;
sodium alginate: CAS number 9005-38-3;
purifying the konjac flour: the fresh konjak is processed by edible alcohol wet method or purified by edible alcohol to obtain the konjak powder with the glucomannan content of more than 70 percent and the granularity of less than or equal to 0.425mm (40 meshes) and the granularity of more than 90 percent.
Commercially available water-retaining agents: watersap water-retaining agent with the mark of Watersap-004.
Example 1
A technology for cultivating a cover-free salvia miltiorrhiza comprises the following steps:
(1) selecting land: the traffic is convenient, the water source is sufficient, and the electric power guarantee is better provided; the soil is sandy loam which is beneficial to draining water, and the previous crop is a land parcel of gramineous plants.
(2) Pre-soil preparation: crushing the straws and returning the straws to the field when the previous crops are harvested, and leaving the straws idle after timely deep ploughing; and (3) carrying out rotary tillage once by using a stubble cleaner for idling when the weeds grow to 7-8 leaves, carrying out rotary tillage once by using the stubble cleaner for idling again when the weeds grow to 7-8 leaves, and repeatedly treating till 7 middle ten days.
(3) Land preparation: in 7 middle of the month, 50kg of high-quality potassium sulfate compound fertilizer is broadcast to each mu when the soil moisture is appropriate, the soil is rotated in a rotary manner until the soil is finely divided, if the underground insects are serious, the pesticide is applied along with the rotary cultivation.
(4) Ridging: and after rotary tillage, timely ridging is carried out, the direction of the ridge is consistent with the natural direction of water on the surface of the land block, the ridge distance is 2m, and the ridge height is 25 cm.
(5) Laying a main pipeline: from a water source to the high end of a seedling raising land plot, a water conveying pipeline with the length of 2.5 feet is laid along the direction vertical to the ridges at the high end of the land, and tee joints with omnidirectional valves are installed every other from the first furrow.
(6) Seed pretreatment: drying fresh seeds collected in the current year in the air, screening, measuring thousand seed weight and germination rate, and storing in dry and cool places for later use.
(7) Sowing: sowing the seeds by using a salvia miltiorrhiza (small-particle seed) sowing machine, adjusting the size of a discharge port to 6kg per mu of sowing, and sowing the seeds between 10 days after sunstroke and sunstroke.
(8) Laying a spray pipe: after sowing, a fog pipe with the length of 2.5 feet is laid along the furrow corresponding to the three-way outlet of the main pipeline, the nozzle is upward, one end of the fog pipe is in butt joint with the three-way pipe tightly, the other end of the fog pipe is folded and tightened, and the length of the fog pipe is equal to that of the ridge.
(9) Watering: immediately spraying and watering after the whole seedling raising land is sowed. According to the water supply pressure, 2 fog pipes can be opened at one time, and the water spray of two adjacent fog pipes can be crossed. The first watering is needed to be performed thoroughly, and water is continuously sprayed for 1h according to soil moisture content. The surface of the seedling culture ground is ensured to be wet within 15 days after the first watering, no white skin can appear, and water is sprayed for 3 times each day in sunny days according to weather conditions, wherein the water is sprayed for 3-6min each time. Seedlings began to emerge 4 days after the first water spraying, and basically emerge completely 15 days later. After 15 days, the water spraying amount is gradually reduced until 4 true leaves of the salvia miltiorrhiza seedling are formed, the surface of the earth is preferably moistened in the early morning, and water is sprayed once in 2 days in sunny days according to the weather conditions. After 4 main leaves of the seedling, controlling the moisture of the seedling field on the basis of no soil moisture shortage.
(10) Weeding: the weeds in the salvia miltiorrhiza seedling field need to be removed in time when 3-4 leaves are needed, the gramineous weeds are killed by spraying quizalofop-p-ethyl, the broad leaf weeds which cannot be killed are artificially pulled out, and the weeds are generally removed for 2 times in the seedling stage.
(11) Cutting leaves: after 8 pieces of true leaves of the salvia miltiorrhiza seedlings, the excessive growth phenomenon can occur in part of plots, if the height of the seedlings exceeds 10cm, leaves of the excessive growth seedlings are cut to prevent the excessive seedlings from eliminating the small seedlings to influence the seedling emergence amount, and the parts of the excessive growth seedlings with the height of more than 10cm are cut by a mower.
(12) Preparation of seedling emergence: spreading 5kg of urea in each mu of seedling field 10 days before seedling emergence, spraying water once along with fertilization, and retracting an irrigation pipeline after soil is slightly dry.
(13) And (3) seedling emergence: the salvia miltiorrhiza is transplanted after emergence of seedlings after winter solstice, the salvia miltiorrhiza is dug by digging into the soil by 15cm by a digging machine, the salvia miltiorrhiza is manually picked up, each 100 seedlings are bundled and collected, and about 30 tens of thousands of seedlings can emerge per mu. The seedlings of the salvia miltiorrhiza are preferably transplanted in time after coming out of the soil, if the seedlings need to be stored, the seedlings are leveled and shaded in a wet place, and the storage period is preferably not more than 15 days.
(14) And (3) transportation: if the salvia miltiorrhiza seedlings need to be transported in a long distance, the bundled seedlings can be put into woven bags, 1 million seedlings are put into each bag, the loading and stacking height is preferably not more than 7 layers, and the transportation time needs to be controlled within 24 hours; if the time exceeds 24 hours, a ventilation facility is additionally arranged during loading to prevent heating and seedling burning on the way. When the seedlings reach the destination, the seedling bag is spread in time, and if the seedlings cannot be transplanted in time, the seedlings are poured out of the bag and flatly stacked in a moist and cool place.
Example 2
A technology for cultivating a cover-free salvia miltiorrhiza comprises the following steps:
(1) selecting land: the traffic is convenient, the water source is sufficient, and the electric power guarantee is better provided; the soil is sandy loam which is beneficial to draining water, and the previous crop is a land parcel of gramineous plants.
(2) Pre-soil preparation: crushing the straws and returning the straws to the field when the previous crops are harvested, and leaving the straws idle after timely deep ploughing; and (3) carrying out rotary tillage once by using a stubble cleaner for idling when the weeds grow to 7-8 leaves, carrying out rotary tillage once by using the stubble cleaner for idling again when the weeds grow to 7-8 leaves, and repeatedly treating till 7 middle ten days.
(3) Land preparation: in 7 middle of the month, when the soil moisture content is appropriate, a uniform mixture of 50kg of high-quality potassium sulfate compound fertilizer and 2kg of super absorbent slow-release material is broadcast to each mu, the soil is rotary-tilled until the soil is finely crushed, and if underground insects are serious, the pesticide is applied along with the rotary tillage.
(4) Ridging: and after rotary tillage, timely ridging is carried out, the direction of the ridge is consistent with the natural direction of water on the surface of the land block, the ridge distance is 2m, and the ridge height is 25 cm.
(5) Laying a main pipeline: from a water source to the high end of a seedling raising land plot, a water conveying pipeline with the length of 2.5 feet is laid along the direction vertical to the ridges at the high end of the land, and tee joints with omnidirectional valves are installed every other from the first furrow.
(6) Seed pretreatment: drying fresh seeds collected in the current year in the air, screening, measuring thousand seed weight and germination rate, and storing in dry and cool places for later use.
(7) Sowing: sowing the seeds by using a salvia miltiorrhiza (small-particle seed) sowing machine, adjusting the size of a discharge port to 6kg per mu of sowing, and sowing the seeds between 10 days after sunstroke and sunstroke.
(8) Laying a spray pipe: after sowing, a fog pipe with the length of 2.5 feet is laid along the furrow corresponding to the three-way outlet of the main pipeline, the nozzle is upward, one end of the fog pipe is in butt joint with the three-way pipe tightly, the other end of the fog pipe is folded and tightened, and the length of the fog pipe is equal to that of the ridge.
(9) Watering: immediately spraying and watering after the whole seedling raising land is sowed. According to the water supply pressure, 2 fog pipes can be opened at one time, and the water spray of two adjacent fog pipes can be crossed. The first watering is needed to be performed thoroughly, and water is continuously sprayed for 1h according to soil moisture content. The surface of the seedling culture ground is ensured to be wet within 15 days after the first watering, no white skin can appear, and water is sprayed for 3 times each day in sunny days according to weather conditions, wherein the water is sprayed for 3-6min each time. Seedlings began to emerge 4 days after the first water spraying, and basically emerge completely 15 days later. After 15 days, the water spraying amount is gradually reduced until 4 true leaves of the salvia miltiorrhiza seedling are formed, the surface of the earth is preferably moistened in the early morning, and water is sprayed once in 2 days in sunny days according to the weather conditions. After 4 main leaves of the seedling, controlling the moisture of the seedling field on the basis of no soil moisture shortage.
(10) Weeding: the weeds in the salvia miltiorrhiza seedling field need to be removed in time when 3-4 leaves are needed, the gramineous weeds are killed by spraying quizalofop-p-ethyl, the broad leaf weeds which cannot be killed are artificially pulled out, and the weeds are generally removed for 2 times in the seedling stage.
(11) Cutting leaves: after 8 pieces of true leaves of the salvia miltiorrhiza seedlings, the excessive growth phenomenon can occur in part of plots, if the height of the seedlings exceeds 10cm, leaves of the excessive growth seedlings are cut to prevent the excessive seedlings from eliminating the small seedlings to influence the seedling emergence amount, and the parts of the excessive growth seedlings with the height of more than 10cm are cut by a mower.
(12) Preparation of seedling emergence: spreading 5kg of urea in each mu of seedling field 10 days before seedling emergence, spraying water once along with fertilization, and retracting an irrigation pipeline after soil is slightly dry.
(13) And (3) seedling emergence: the salvia miltiorrhiza is transplanted after emergence of seedlings after winter solstice, the salvia miltiorrhiza is dug by digging into the soil by 15cm by a digging machine, the salvia miltiorrhiza is manually picked up, each 100 seedlings are bundled and collected, and about 30 tens of thousands of seedlings can emerge per mu. The seedlings of the salvia miltiorrhiza are preferably transplanted in time after coming out of the soil, if the seedlings need to be stored, the seedlings are leveled and shaded in a wet place, and the storage period is preferably not more than 15 days.
(14) And (3) transportation: if the salvia miltiorrhiza seedlings need to be transported in a long distance, the bundled seedlings can be put into woven bags, 1 million seedlings are put into each bag, the loading and stacking height is preferably not more than 7 layers, and the transportation time needs to be controlled within 24 hours; if the time exceeds 24 hours, a ventilation facility is additionally arranged during loading to prevent heating and seedling burning on the way. When the seedlings reach the destination, the seedling bag is spread in time, and if the seedlings cannot be transplanted in time, the seedlings are poured out of the bag and flatly stacked in a moist and cool place.
The preparation method of the high water absorption slow release material comprises the following steps:
weighing 500g of corn straw cellulose, adding the corn straw cellulose into 10L of deionized water, heating to 60 ℃, stirring and dispersing for 20min at the rotating speed of 1000r/min, then cooling to room temperature to obtain corn straw cellulose dispersion liquid, weighing 1000g of sodium lignin sulfonate, adding the sodium lignin sulfonate into 5L of deionized water, stirring for 20min at the temperature of 25 ℃ and the rotating speed of 1000r/min to obtain sodium lignin sulfonate solution, uniformly mixing the corn straw cellulose dispersion liquid and the sodium lignin sulfonate solution, and then adding 3000g of sodium alginate and 1500g of purified konjac flour. Stirring for 6h at the rotation speed of 1000r/min, adding 1.5L of 40% calcium chloride aqueous solution, stirring and stirring for 30min at the rotation speed of 1000r/min, freezing for 36h, and vacuum drying at 60 ℃ for 60h to obtain the super absorbent sustained-release material.
The preparation method of the corn stalk cellulose comprises the following steps:
cleaning 1.5kg of corn straws, drying in an oven at 80 ℃ for 6h, then crushing, sieving with a 50-mesh sieve to obtain corn straw powder, and adding the corn straw powder into a 15 wt% nitric acid aqueous solution, wherein the solid-liquid mass ratio is 1:30 g/mL. The temperature was set at 100 ℃ and stirred at 1000r/min for 5 h. And then filtering and washing the mixed solution for 3 times, and drying filter residues in an oven at 80 ℃ for 4 hours to obtain the corn stalk cellulose.
Example 3
In substantial agreement with example 2, the only difference is that:
the preparation method of the high water absorption slow release material comprises the following steps:
weighing 500g of modified corn straw cellulose, adding the modified corn straw cellulose into 10L of deionized water, heating to 60 ℃, stirring and dispersing at the rotating speed of 1000r/min for 20min, then cooling to room temperature to obtain corn straw cellulose dispersion liquid, weighing 1000g of sodium lignin sulfonate, adding the sodium lignin sulfonate into 5L of deionized water, stirring at the temperature of 25 ℃ and the rotating speed of 1000r/min for 20min to obtain sodium lignin sulfonate solution, uniformly mixing the corn straw cellulose dispersion liquid and the sodium lignin sulfonate solution, and then adding 3000g of sodium alginate and 1500g of purified konjac flour. Stirring for 6h at the rotation speed of 1000r/min, adding 1.5L of 40% calcium chloride aqueous solution, stirring and stirring for 30min at the rotation speed of 1000r/min, freezing for 36h, and vacuum drying at 60 ℃ for 60h to obtain the super absorbent sustained-release material.
The preparation method of the modified corn stalk cellulose comprises the following steps:
cleaning 1.5kg of corn straws, drying in an oven at 80 ℃ for 6h, crushing, sieving with a 50-mesh sieve to obtain corn straw powder, uniformly mixing 800g of the corn straw powder with 1.5L of epoxy chloropropane and 2L of N, N-dimethylformamide, heating in an oil bath at 110 ℃, stirring at the rotating speed of 1000r/min for reaction for 1h, then adding 400mL of diethylenetriamine, continuously stirring for reaction for 1.5h, finally adding 1.5L of grafting monomer for grafting reaction, stirring at 110 ℃ for reaction for 3h, soaking and cleaning with distilled water, performing suction filtration, and drying in a vacuum drying oven at 60 ℃ for 36h to obtain the modified corn straw powder.
Adding the modified corn straw powder into a 15 wt% nitric acid aqueous solution, wherein the solid-liquid mass ratio is 1:30 g/mL. The temperature was set at 100 ℃ and stirred at 1000r/min for 5 h. And then filtering and washing the mixed solution for 3 times, and drying the filter residue in an oven at 80 ℃ for 4 hours to obtain the modified corn stalk cellulose.
The grafting monomer is triethylamine.
Example 4
In substantial agreement with example 3, the only difference is that:
the grafting monomer is N, N-diethylethanolamine.
Example 5
In substantial agreement with example 3, the only difference is that:
the grafting monomer is a mixture of triethylamine and N, N-diethylethanolamine, and the mass ratio of the grafting monomer to the N, N-diethylethanolamine is 1: 2.
comparative example 1
In substantial agreement with example 2, the only difference is that:
the preparation method of the high water absorption slow release material comprises the following steps:
weighing 1000g of sodium lignosulfonate, adding into 5L of deionized water, stirring at 25 ℃ and 1000r/min for 20min to obtain sodium lignosulfonate solution, uniformly mixing the sodium lignosulfonate solution, and then adding 3000g of sodium alginate and 1500g of purified konjac flour. Stirring for 6h at the rotation speed of 1000r/min, adding 1.5L of 40% calcium chloride aqueous solution, stirring and stirring for 30min at the rotation speed of 1000r/min, freezing for 36h, and vacuum drying at 60 ℃ for 60h to obtain the super absorbent sustained-release material.
Comparative example 2
In substantial agreement with example 2, the only difference is that:
the super absorbent slow release material is a common water retention agent (Watter water retention agent with the trade name of Watersap-004) sold in the market.
Test example
The strong seedling is characterized in that: short and thick stem, compact internode, large and thick leaves, positive leaf color, many fibrous roots and no plant diseases and insect pests.
The runt seedling is characterized in that: the cotyledon and the leaf are small and dark or yellow, the hypocotyl and the internode of the stem base are thin and weak, the hypocotyl and the internode of the stem base are hard and brittle, the root system is dysplastic, and the flower organ is rust-colored, differentiates and develops late and is easy to senilis.
The spindly seedling is characterized in that: the plants with weak development show that cotyledons and true leaves are larger and thinner, hypocotyls with light colors and thin basal parts and undeveloped root systems of the hypocotyls are differentiated late in flower organs, and plants with slow development show that the plants grow fast and develop slowly without coordination.
And (4) respectively taking 200 salvia miltiorrhiza seedlings in one mu of salvia miltiorrhiza seedling culture land according to a five-point sampling method, totaling 1000 salvia miltiorrhiza seedlings, and counting the strong seedling rate according to the seedling standard. And (4) transplanting and cultivating 1000 strong seedlings for 1 month, and then counting the survival rate of the strong seedlings.
TABLE 1 Red sage root seedling strengthening rate and survival rate after 1 month of strong seedling transplantation
As can be seen from Table 1, the application of the high water absorption slow release material in example 2, the strong seedling rate and the survival rate of transplanted strong seedlings of Salvia miltiorrhiza seedlings are significantly higher than those in example 1 without the application of the high water absorption slow release material. The reason for this is that: the super absorbent slow release material can absorb water with hundreds of even thousands of times of self weight, can be slowly released when the salvia miltiorrhiza seedlings are needed, and can be repeatedly absorbed and released, thereby effectively improving soil, reducing water and fertilizer loss and improving the utilization rate of water and fertilizer. Example 2 the corn stalk cellulose is added in the preparation process of the super absorbent slow release material, the strong seedling rate of the salvia miltiorrhiza seedlings and the survival rate of the transplanted strong seedlings are obviously higher than those of the comparative example 1 without the corn stalk cellulose in the preparation process of the super absorbent slow release material. The reason for this is that: the corn stalk cellulose is a high water absorption material and a degradable material, and can become nutrient components required by the growth of seedlings after being degraded. In the examples 3-5, the modified corn straw cellulose is added in the preparation process of the high water absorption slow release material, so that the strong seedling rate of the salvia miltiorrhiza seedlings and the survival rate of transplanted strong seedlings are further improved. The modified corn stalk cellulose has hydroxyl and amino functional groups, can adsorb partial trace elements in the fertilizer, can ensure that the trace elements are not quickly lost but slowly released, and ensures that the salvia miltiorrhiza seedlings are continuously supplied in the growth process.
The foregoing detailed description of the preferred embodiments of the invention has been presented. It should be understood that numerous modifications and variations could be devised by those skilled in the art in light of the present teachings without departing from the inventive concepts. Therefore, the technical solutions available to those skilled in the art through logic analysis, reasoning and limited experiments based on the prior art according to the concept of the present invention should be within the scope of protection defined by the claims.
Claims (2)
1. A technology for cultivating a cover-free salvia miltiorrhiza is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) selecting land: the traffic is convenient, the water source is sufficient, and the electric power guarantee is provided; the soil is sandy loam which is beneficial to draining water, and the previous crop is a land parcel of gramineous plants;
(2) pre-soil preparation: crushing the straws and returning the straws to the field when the previous crops are harvested, and leaving the straws idle after timely deep ploughing; when the weeds grow to 7-8 leaves, the rotary tillage is carried out once by using a stubble cleaner and the weeds are idle, when the weeds grow to 7-8 leaves, the rotary tillage is carried out once again by using the stubble cleaner and the weeds are idle, and the treatment is repeated until 7 middle ten days;
(3) land preparation: 7, spreading in middle ten days of the month: a) the method comprises the following steps of (a) carrying out rotary tillage on a uniform mixture of 1500-2500kg of harmless farmyard manure and 1-3kg of high-water-absorption slow-release materials, or b) carrying out rotary tillage on a uniform mixture of 40-60kg of potassium sulfate compound fertilizer and 1-3kg of high-water-absorption slow-release materials until soil is finely crushed, and applying pesticides along with the rotary tillage if underground insects are serious;
(4) ridging: ridging is carried out in time after rotary tillage, the direction of the ridge is consistent with the natural direction of water on the surface of the land block, the ridge distance is 1.5-3m, and the ridge height is 20-30 cm;
(5) laying a main pipeline: laying water conveying pipelines with the length of 2-3 feet along the direction vertical to the ridges from the water source to the high end of the seedling raising land, and installing tee joints with omnidirectional valves every other from the first furrow;
(6) seed pretreatment: drying fresh seeds collected in the current year in the air, screening the seeds clean, measuring thousand seed weight and germination rate, and storing the seeds in a dry and cool place for later use;
(7) sowing: sowing with a salvia miltiorrhiza seeder, adjusting the size of a discharge port to 5-7kg per mu, and sowing between 10 days after sunstroke;
(8) laying a spray pipe: after sowing, paving a fog pipe with the length of 2-3 feet along the furrow corresponding to the outlet of the main pipeline tee joint, wherein the nozzle is upward, one end of the fog pipe is butted and fastened with the tee joint, the other end of the fog pipe is folded and fastened, and the length of the fog pipe is equal to that of the ridge;
(9) watering: immediately spraying and watering after the whole seedling raising land is sowed; 1-2 fog pipes can be opened at one time according to the water supply pressure, and the water spray of two adjacent fog pipes can be crossed as the standard; watering for the first time and continuously spraying water for 0.5-1h according to soil moisture content; the surface of the seedling growing land must be ensured to be moist within 15 days after the first watering, and water is sprayed for 2-4 times every day for 3-6min every time in sunny days according to weather conditions; sprouting 4-5 days after the first water spraying, and basically completing emergence 15 days; gradually reducing the water spraying amount after 15 days until 4 true leaves of the salvia miltiorrhiza seedling are formed, preferably wetting the earth surface in the early morning, and spraying water once in 1-2 days in sunny days according to the weather condition; controlling the moisture of the seedling culture land after 4 main leaves of the seedling culture land, and taking the absence of soil moisture as the standard;
(10) weeding: timely removing 3-4 weeds in a salvia miltiorrhiza seedling field, spraying quizalofop-p-ethyl to kill gramineous weeds, manually removing broad-leaved weeds which cannot be killed, and weeding for 2-3 times in a seedling stage;
(11) cutting leaves: after 8 pieces of true leaves of the salvia miltiorrhiza seedlings, the excessive growth phenomenon can occur in part of plots, if the height of the seedlings exceeds 10cm, leaves of the excessive growth seedlings are cut to prevent the excessive seedlings from eliminating the small seedlings to influence the seedling emergence amount, and the parts of the excessive growth seedlings with the height of more than 10cm are cut by a mower;
(12) preparation of seedling emergence: spreading 3-6kg of urea per mu of seedling field 10 days before seedling emergence, spraying water once along with fertilization, and collecting an irrigation pipeline after soil is slightly dry;
(13) and (3) seedling emergence: transplanting seedlings of Saviae Miltiorrhizae radix after winter solstice, digging by digging machine with 15cm soil, manually picking up, collecting every 100 plants; transplanting the salvia miltiorrhiza seedlings in time after the salvia miltiorrhiza seedlings come out of the soil, storing the seedlings in a flat manner and shading the seedlings in a wet place if needed, wherein the storage period is not more than 15 days;
(14) and (3) transportation: if the salvia miltiorrhiza seedlings need to be transported in a long distance, the bundled seedlings are put into woven bags, 1 million seedlings are put into each bag, the loading and stacking height does not exceed 7 layers, and the transportation time needs to be controlled within 24 hours; if the time exceeds 24 hours, a ventilation facility is additionally arranged during loading to prevent heating and seedling burning on the way; spreading the seedling bag in time after the seedling bag reaches the destination, and pouring the seedling out of the bag and flatly stacking the seedling in a moist and cool place if the seedling bag cannot be transplanted in time;
the preparation method of the high water absorption slow release material comprises the following steps: weighing 800g of 300-; stirring for 4-8h at the rotation speed of 800-;
the straw cellulose is modified corn straw cellulose;
the preparation method of the modified corn stalk cellulose comprises the following steps:
cleaning 1-2kg of corn straws, drying in a 70-90 ℃ drying oven for 5-10h, then crushing, sieving with a 40-60 mesh sieve to obtain corn straw powder, drying in the 70 ℃ drying oven for 10h, uniformly mixing 500 plus materials of corn straw powder with 1-2L of epoxy chloropropane and 2-3L of N, N-dimethylformamide, heating in an oil bath at 100 plus materials and 120 ℃ with the rotation speed of 800 plus materials and stirring for reaction for 1-2h, then adding 300 plus materials of 500mL of diethylenetriamine, continuously stirring for reaction for 1-2h, finally adding 1-2L of grafting monomers for grafting reaction, stirring for reaction for 2-4h at 100 plus materials and 120 ℃, soaking and cleaning with water, filtering, drying in a vacuum drying oven at 50-70 ℃ for 24-48h, obtaining modified corn straw powder;
adding the modified corn straw powder into 10-20 wt% of nitric acid aqueous solution, wherein the solid-liquid mass ratio is 1 (25-35) g/mL, the set temperature is 80-120 ℃, stirring is carried out for 3-7h at the temperature of 800-.
2. The cultivation technique of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge as claimed in claim 1, wherein the grafting monomer is one or more of triethylamine and N, N-diethylethanolamine.
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