CN111165401B - Quick and efficient breeding method for tilapia mossambica - Google Patents
Quick and efficient breeding method for tilapia mossambica Download PDFInfo
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- CN111165401B CN111165401B CN202010124781.0A CN202010124781A CN111165401B CN 111165401 B CN111165401 B CN 111165401B CN 202010124781 A CN202010124781 A CN 202010124781A CN 111165401 B CN111165401 B CN 111165401B
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- 238000009395 breeding Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 29
- 241000276701 Oreochromis mossambicus Species 0.000 title claims description 5
- 241000251468 Actinopterygii Species 0.000 claims abstract description 60
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 43
- 241000276707 Tilapia Species 0.000 claims abstract description 41
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 40
- 241000276703 Oreochromis niloticus Species 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 230000001488 breeding effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 230000012447 hatching Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 claims description 20
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 18
- 230000003203 everyday effect Effects 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000012216 screening Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000013601 eggs Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000009027 insemination Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000009423 ventilation Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000020681 well water Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000002349 well water Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000013011 mating Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 abstract description 10
- 230000004083 survival effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 6
- 238000009360 aquaculture Methods 0.000 abstract description 5
- 244000144974 aquaculture Species 0.000 abstract description 5
- 235000013372 meat Nutrition 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000018109 developmental process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000013505 freshwater Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Carbonate Chemical compound [O-]C([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- AHLPHDHHMVZTML-BYPYZUCNSA-N L-Ornithine Chemical compound NCCC[C@H](N)C(O)=O AHLPHDHHMVZTML-BYPYZUCNSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AHLPHDHHMVZTML-UHFFFAOYSA-N Orn-delta-NH2 Natural products NCCCC(N)C(O)=O AHLPHDHHMVZTML-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UTJLXEIPEHZYQJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ornithine Natural products OC(=O)C(C)CCCN UTJLXEIPEHZYQJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000006978 adaptation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012258 culturing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012214 genetic breeding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002068 genetic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000036541 health Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229940088597 hormone Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000005556 hormone Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000036512 infertility Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011031 large-scale manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229960003104 ornithine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005057 refrigeration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000013535 sea water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001568 sexual effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010998 test method Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K61/00—Culture of aquatic animals
- A01K61/10—Culture of aquatic animals of fish
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
- Y02A40/80—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in fisheries management
- Y02A40/81—Aquaculture, e.g. of fish
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- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Environmental Sciences (AREA)
- Marine Sciences & Fisheries (AREA)
- Zoology (AREA)
- Animal Husbandry (AREA)
- Biodiversity & Conservation Biology (AREA)
- Farming Of Fish And Shellfish (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a rapid and efficient breeding method of tilapia, which comprises the following steps: (1) Selecting Orita tilapia as a basic breeding population, and selecting Orita tilapia swarm with good cold resistance; (2) Selecting YY-type super-male nile tilapia as a breeding basic population, and selecting YY-type super-male nile tilapia shoal with good saline-alkali resistance; (3) Establishing cold-resistant Oreotilapia mossambica family by using the fish shoal in the step (1) through selfing propagation; (4) Selecting the Oreotilapia mossambica in the step (3) as a female parent, and hybridizing and hatching fish fries by using the Nile mossambica in the step (2) as a male parent to obtain the Nile mossambica with excellent cold resistance and saline-alkali resistance. The Niao fish provided by the invention has better adaptability and growth performance in low-temperature and saline-alkali water environment, has the advantages of high hatching rate, good survival rate, fast growth speed, strong physique and good meat quality, almost all fries are male, and provides good benefits for increasing the economic benefits of aquaculture.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of aquaculture, in particular to a rapid and efficient breeding method of tilapia mossambica.
Background
At present, the fishery production of China is feasibleThe fresh water resource is gradually withered, but about 0.31 hundred million hm of China exists 2 The saline-alkali water area is barren in most of biological resources in the water body, is basically idle, and can reasonably utilize saline-alkali water to carry out aquaculture, so that the non-conventional resource of the saline-alkali water can be converted into regional characteristic economic advantages, and the environment is protected and improved, wherein the development of varieties suitable for the saline-alkali water aquaculture is an important way for achieving the aim.
The Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) has the excellent characteristics of fast growth, delicious taste, less thorns and the like, and is an important export-oriented dominant breed in China. The nile tilapia is a kind of wide-salt fish, can survive in sea and fresh water, and can survive in water with carbonate alkalinity of 41.6mg equivalent/L, pH =9.42, so that the nile tilapia is suitable for being used as a breeding object of new saline-alkali resistant varieties.
The cold resistance of tilapia is poor, and the death temperature is 7-12 ℃. In recent years, due to continuous deterioration of the environment, increased extreme weather and longer duration of low water temperature, the tilapia is frozen and dead during the overwintering period, so that huge economic loss is caused for the tilapia breeding industry, and the continuous healthy development of the tilapia industry is seriously hindered. Therefore, it is important to accelerate the cultivation of cold-resistant tilapia varieties. Wherein, breeding cold-resistant fine breeds, and utilizing the genetic factors of tilapia to resist low-temperature stress is the most fundamental approach.
The Ornithine in tilapia is hybridized by the Ornithogali female (XX) fish Ornithogali male (ZZ), and has been used in production for many years due to its obvious heterosis. However, the male rate of the large-scale production of the hybrid is generally 80-95%, which is far from meeting the requirements of the breeding industry, and the yield and quality of commercial fish are affected, so that the young fish is induced to be so-called all-male fish by adopting male hormone treatment by a plurality of breeding units, and the health and ecological environment of consumers are seriously affected.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to overcome the defects of the prior art and provides a rapid breeding method for tilapia, so as to obtain the Niao fish with high growth speed, good cold resistance and good salt and alkali resistance.
In order to achieve the above purpose, the technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows:
the rapid and efficient tilapia breeding method provided by the invention comprises the following steps:
(1) Selecting the Orita tilapia as a breeding basic population, evaluating and screening cold resistance, and selecting Orita tilapia swarm with good cold resistance;
(2) Selecting YY-type super-male Nile tilapia as a breeding basic population, evaluating and screening the saline-alkali resistance, and selecting YY-type super-male Nile tilapia swarm with good saline-alkali resistance;
(3) Establishing cold-resistant Oreotilapia mossambica family by using the fish shoal in the step (1) through selfing propagation;
(4) Selecting the Oreotilapia mossambica in the step (3) as a female parent, and hybridizing and hatching fish fries by using the Nile mossambica in the step (2) as a male parent to obtain the Nile mossambica with excellent cold resistance and saline-alkali resistance.
Preferably, the specific steps of the step (1) are as follows:
selecting an Oriotic tilapia group body, and performing an artificial low-temperature stress test on the group by using a temperature control type aquarium: the water temperature is kept at 20 ℃ for 24 hours, the temperature is slowly reduced to 15 ℃ for 24 hours, then reduced to 10 ℃ for 24-36 hours, and the temperature is stopped when the death rate of the fish shoal is reduced to 40-45% every day by 0.5 ℃ and the temperature is slowly returned to 20 ℃ by adopting a mode of 1.5 ℃/day, and after the fish shoal is continuously fed for one week, the living individuals are selected, so that the Oria tilapia group with good cold resistance is obtained.
Preferably, the specific steps of step (2) are:
selecting YY-type super-male Nile tilapia, feeding by using underground deep well water, changing water once every 2 days, wherein the water change amount is 1/3 of the total volume, the initial salt concentration of a salinity death test is 0, then increasing the initial alkali concentration of the salinity death test by 4-8g/L every day, and increasing the initial alkali concentration of the alkalinity death test by 0, and then increasing the initial alkali concentration by 2g/L every day until the death rate of fish shoal reaches 50-60%, controlling the salt concentration and the alkali concentration after water change to decrease to 0 at the concentration of 1g/L every day, continuously feeding for one week, and selecting surviving individuals to obtain the YY-type super-male Nile tilapia with good salt and alkali resistance.
Preferably, the specific steps for establishing the cold-resistant Oreochromis mossambicus family in the step (3) are as follows:
taking the Oreotilapia group body with good cold resistance screened in the step (1) as the 0 th generation, carrying out selfing propagation to obtain the 1 st generation, carrying out cold resistance assessment and screening on the 1 st generation, and carrying out selfing propagation to obtain the 2 nd generation to obtain the cold-resistant Oreotilapia family.
Preferably, the specific steps of step (4) are:
in 3 months each year, selecting fish with excellent individual, obvious characteristics and good maturity as parent fish, taking YY-type super-male Nile tilapia in the step (2) as male parent, taking cold-resistant Oritides tilapia in the step (3) as female parent, placing them in a pool for cultivation, controlling the ratio of male and female to 2-3:1, controlling the water temperature at 20-25 ℃ and the putting density at 8-10 tails/m 2 When the fish shoal is sexually mature, artificial insemination is carried out, fertilized eggs are hatched under the environment of 18-25 ℃ and ventilation and running water, the hatched fish fries are fed in a special pool, when the fish fries grow to 1.2-1.5cm, the fish fries are transferred into a water body with 10 per mill salinity, 6g/L alkalinity and 8-10 ℃ for feeding, and after 24 hours of observation, the surviving fish fries are selected, so that the cold-resistant and salt-tolerant Niao fish is obtained.
Preferably, the YY-type super-male tilapia is cultivated by a two-line matching method, and is internationally called YY/GMT technology.
Due to the adoption of the technical scheme, the invention has the following beneficial effects:
1. the invention carries out the determination and screening of cold resistance and salt and alkali resistance of tilapia groups in a manual mode through the technologies of group breeding, family breeding, specialized strain breeding and the like, builds the basic group and the core group of breeding by excellent individuals and groups with outstanding capabilities, establishes the germplasm resource library of cold-resistant tilapia and salt and alkali resistance tilapia, is a good material for systematically researching the biological characteristics of cold-resistant tilapia and salt and alkali resistance tilapia, has important significance in the aspects of fish genetic breeding and fish species evolution research, and simultaneously accelerates the breeding process.
2. Through experiments, the semi-lethal temperature of the Niao fish is 7.8 ℃ at low temperature, the death rate of low-temperature stress is 45.69%, the death rate is reduced by 11.64% compared with that of parent fish, and the death rate is reduced by more than 12% compared with that of common tilapia. In addition, the obtained Niao fish bred by the method has better adaptability and growth performance in a saline-alkali water environment, the semi-lethal salinity is 12 per mill, the semi-lethal alkalinity is 8g/L, the overall saline-alkali stress death rate is 54.06%, and the Niao fish has more excellent performance compared with parent fish. The breeding method provides high-quality fries for tilapia cultivation in areas with colder and higher saline-alkali degree, and has obvious cultivation advantages.
3. The hatching rate of the fish fries of the invention is 86.48 percent, the overwintering survival rate is 82.55 percent, the male proportion in the hatched fish fries is 99.2 percent, and the growth period is 4.8 months. The invention has the characteristics of high fish fry hatching rate, good survival rate, high growth speed, strong physique, almost male fish fries, obvious growth advantage, potential sterility, fast growth and good meat quality, and provides good assistance for increasing the economic benefit of aquaculture.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent, the present invention will be described in further detail by referring to preferred embodiments. It should be noted, however, that many of the details set forth in the description are merely provided to provide a thorough understanding of one or more aspects of the invention, and that these aspects of the invention may be practiced without these specific details.
Example 1
A rapid and efficient tilapia breeding method comprises the following steps:
(1) Selecting the Oreotilapia mossambica as a basic breeding population, evaluating and screening cold resistance, and selecting the Oreotilapia mossambica population with good cold resistance, wherein the specific steps are as follows:
selecting an Oriotic tilapia group body, and performing an artificial low-temperature stress test on the group by using a temperature control type aquarium: keeping the water temperature at 20 ℃ for 24 hours, slowly reducing the water temperature to 15 ℃ for 24 hours, then reducing the water temperature to 10 ℃ for 36 hours, stopping reducing the temperature when the death rate of the fish school reaches about 50% after reducing the water temperature by 0.5 ℃ every day, recovering the water temperature to 20 ℃ in a mode of slowly returning the water temperature by 1.5 ℃ per day, and selecting surviving individuals after continuously raising the fish in a week to obtain the Oria tilapia group body with good cold resistance;
(2) Selecting YY type super-male nile tilapia cultured by YY/GMT technology as a basic breeding population, evaluating and screening the salt and alkali resistance, and selecting a YY type super-male nile tilapia group body with good salt and alkali resistance, wherein the specific steps are as follows:
selecting YY-type super-male nile tilapia, feeding by adopting underground deep well water, changing water once every 2 days, wherein the water change amount is 1/3 of the total volume, the initial salt concentration of a salinity death test is 0, then increasing the initial alkali concentration of the salinity death test by 4-6g/L every day, and increasing the initial alkali concentration of the alkalinity death test by 0, and then increasing the initial alkali concentration by 2g/L every day until the death rate of the fish shoal reaches 50%, controlling the salt concentration and the alkali concentration after water change to decrease to 0 at the concentration of 1g/L every day, continuously feeding for one week, and selecting surviving individuals to obtain YY-type super-male nile tilapia shoal with good saline-alkali resistance;
(3) The method comprises the steps of (1) establishing cold-resistant Oreotilapia family by utilizing fish shoals in the step of (1) through selfing propagation, wherein the method comprises the following steps:
taking the Oreotilapia group body with good cold resistance screened in the step (1) as the 0 th generation, carrying out selfing propagation to obtain the 1 st generation, carrying out cold resistance assessment and screening on the 1 st generation, and carrying out selfing propagation to obtain the 2 nd generation to obtain the cold-resistant Oreotilapia family;
(4) Selecting the Oreotilapia mossambica in the step (3) as a female parent, and hybridizing and hatching fries by using the Nile mossambica in the step (2) as a male parent to obtain Niaofish with excellent cold resistance and salt and alkali resistance, wherein the Niaofish specifically comprises the following steps:
in 3 months each year, selecting fish with strong body, obvious sexual characteristics, good maturity and specification of more than 400g as parent fish, taking YY type super-male Nile tilapia in the step (2) as male parent, taking cold-resistant Oriya type tilapia in the step (3) as female parent, placing them in a pool for cultivation, wherein the ratio of male and female is 3:1, controlling the water temperature at 20 ℃ and the putting density at 8 tails/m 2 When the fish shoal is sexually mature, artificial insemination is carried out, fertilized eggs are hatched in an environment of 22 ℃ and ventilation and running water, the hatched fish fries are fed in a special pool, when the fish fries grow to 1.2cm, the fish fries are transferred to a salinity of 10 per mill and an alkalinity of 6 g%And (3) raising in water body with the temperature of 10 ℃ for 24 hours, and then selecting out surviving fish fries to obtain cold-resistant and salt-resistant Niao fish.
Cold resistance test
The Oreotilapia with the mass of 100+/-1.5 g, the Nile tilapia with the mass of Nile are selected from a tilapia fine breed field respectively, and the Oreotilapia with the mass of Nile is divided into Oreotilapia groups, nile tilapia groups and test groups, wherein each group is provided with 3 repeats, 30 repeats are respectively carried out on each group, after 10 days of temporary culture, 9 refrigeration aquariums with the specification of 50cm multiplied by 60cm multiplied by 80cm are respectively put into the tilapia for 24 hours, and the tilapia for test is obtained after environmental adaptation. The cold tolerance evaluation method of the step (1) in the example 1 is adopted to obtain the low temperature stress mortality and the semi-lethal temperature of 3 tilapia varieties.
Salt and alkali resistance test
And (3) selecting test materials and a grouping mode according to a cold resistance test method, temporarily culturing for 10 days, respectively placing into 9 constant-temperature aquariums with the specification of 50cm multiplied by 60cm multiplied by 80cm, respectively performing a semi-lethal salinity test and a semi-lethal alkalinity test, and adopting a saline-alkali tolerance assessment method in the step (2) of the embodiment 1 to obtain the saline-alkali tolerance degree of 3 groups.
The results of the above 2 tests are shown in Table 1.
TABLE 1
As shown in Table 1, the Niaofish of the present invention has excellent cold resistance and salt and alkali resistance as compared with pure Oriotilapia and Niiotilapia. In addition, the inventor also carries out the measurement of the items such as the hatching rate, the overwintering survival rate, the male proportion and the like of the fries of the Ornithogale, wherein the hatching rate of the fries is 86.48%, the overwintering survival rate is 82.55%, the male proportion is 99.2%, and the growth period is 4.8 months. The invention has the advantages of high fish fry hatching rate, good survival rate, high growth speed, strong physique, almost male fish fries and good breeding benefit.
Claims (2)
1. A rapid and efficient tilapia breeding method is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) Selecting the Orita tilapia as a breeding basic population, evaluating and screening cold resistance, and selecting Orita tilapia swarm with good cold resistance;
(2) Selecting YY-type super-male Nile tilapia as a breeding basic population, evaluating and screening the saline-alkali resistance, and selecting YY-type super-male Nile tilapia swarm with good saline-alkali resistance;
(3) Establishing cold-resistant Oreotilapia mossambica family by using the fish shoal in the step (1) through selfing propagation;
(4) Selecting the Oreotilapia mossambica in the step (3) as a female parent, and hybridizing and hatching fish fries by using the Nile mossambica in the step (2) as a male parent to obtain the Nile mossambica with excellent cold resistance and saline-alkali resistance;
the specific steps of the step (1) are as follows:
selecting an Oriotic tilapia group body, and performing an artificial low-temperature stress test on the group by using a temperature control type aquarium: keeping the water temperature at 20 ℃ for 24 hours, slowly reducing the water temperature to 15 ℃ for 24 hours, then reducing the water temperature to 10 ℃ for 24-36 hours, stopping reducing the temperature when the death rate of the fish shoal reaches 40-45% after reducing the water temperature by 0.5 ℃ every day, recovering the water temperature to 20 ℃ in a mode of slowly returning the water temperature by 1.5 ℃/day, and selecting surviving individuals after continuously raising the fish shoal for one week to obtain the Oligold tilapia shoal body with good cold resistance;
the specific steps of the step (2) are as follows:
selecting YY-type super-male Nile tilapia, feeding by using underground deep well water, changing water once every 2 days, wherein the water change amount is 1/3 of the total volume, the initial salt concentration of a salinity death test is 0, then increasing the initial alkali concentration of the salinity death test by 4-8g/L every day, and increasing the initial alkali concentration of the alkalinity death test by 0, and then increasing the initial alkali concentration by 2g/L every day until the death rate of fish shoal reaches 50-60%, controlling the salt concentration and the alkali concentration after water change to decrease to 0 at the concentration of 1g/L every day, continuously feeding for one week, and selecting surviving individuals to obtain YY-type super-male Nile tilapia group with good salt and alkali resistance;
the specific steps of establishing the cold-resistant Oreochromis mossambicus family in the step (3) are as follows:
taking the Oreotilapia group body with good cold resistance screened in the step (1) as the 0 th generation, carrying out selfing propagation to obtain the 1 st generation, carrying out cold resistance assessment and screening on the 1 st generation, and carrying out selfing propagation to obtain the 2 nd generation to obtain the cold-resistant Oreotilapia family;
the specific steps of the step (4) are as follows:
in 3 months each year, selecting fish with excellent individual, obvious characteristics and good maturity as parent fish, taking YY-type super-male Nile tilapia in the step (2) as male parent, taking cold-resistant Oritides tilapia in the step (3) as female parent, placing them in a pool for cultivation, controlling the ratio of male and female to 2-3:1, controlling the water temperature at 20-25 ℃ and the putting density at 8-10 tails/m 2 When the fish shoal is sexually mature, artificial insemination is carried out, fertilized eggs are hatched under the environment of 18-25 ℃ and ventilation and running water, the hatched fish fries are fed in a special pool, when the fish fries grow to 1.2-1.5cm, the fish fries are transferred into a water body with 10 per mill salinity, 6g/L alkalinity and 8-10 ℃ for feeding, and after 24 hours of observation, the surviving fish fries are selected, so that the cold-resistant and salt-tolerant Niao fish is obtained.
2. The rapid and efficient tilapia breeding method according to claim 1, wherein the YY-type super-male tilapia is cultivated by a two-line mating method, and is internationally called YY/GMT technology.
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