CN111032603B - 铁催化的酯向醇的转移氢化 - Google Patents
铁催化的酯向醇的转移氢化 Download PDFInfo
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- CN111032603B CN111032603B CN201880050163.7A CN201880050163A CN111032603B CN 111032603 B CN111032603 B CN 111032603B CN 201880050163 A CN201880050163 A CN 201880050163A CN 111032603 B CN111032603 B CN 111032603B
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- QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen group Chemical group [N] QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
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- 235000014113 dietary fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 229930195729 fatty acid Natural products 0.000 description 3
- 239000000194 fatty acid Substances 0.000 description 3
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- 125000001624 naphthyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 238000000655 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum Methods 0.000 description 3
- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 3
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- PMQZNGSMBAGPRU-UHFFFAOYSA-N propan-2-yl cyclohexanecarboxylate Chemical compound CC(C)OC(=O)C1CCCCC1 PMQZNGSMBAGPRU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960000380 propiolactone Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000001572 propyl (E)-3-phenylprop-2-enoate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940090181 propyl acetate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- UBEVLTHYAFYOEU-UHFFFAOYSA-N propyl cyclohexanecarboxylate Chemical compound CCCOC(=O)C1CCCCC1 UBEVLTHYAFYOEU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridine Natural products COC1=CC=CN=C1 UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000035484 reaction time Effects 0.000 description 1
- DCKVNWZUADLDEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N sec-butyl acetate Chemical compound CCC(C)OC(C)=O DCKVNWZUADLDEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000002914 sec-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
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- URGAHOPLAPQHLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium aluminosilicate Chemical compound [Na+].[Al+3].[O-][Si]([O-])=O.[O-][Si]([O-])=O URGAHOPLAPQHLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- WMOVHXAZOJBABW-UHFFFAOYSA-N tert-butyl acetate Chemical compound CC(=O)OC(C)(C)C WMOVHXAZOJBABW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LYDRKKWPKKEMNZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N tert-butyl benzoate Chemical compound CC(C)(C)OC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 LYDRKKWPKKEMNZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WFYWVWNFVSGLFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N tert-butyl cyclohexanecarboxylate Chemical compound CC(C)(C)OC(=O)C1CCCCC1 WFYWVWNFVSGLFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000000999 tert-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C(*)(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000001973 tert-pentyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C(*)(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003626 triacylglycerols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- WLPUWLXVBWGYMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N tricyclohexylphosphine Chemical compound C1CCCCC1P(C1CCCCC1)C1CCCCC1 WLPUWLXVBWGYMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000005580 triphenylene group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- NQPDZGIKBAWPEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N valeric acid Chemical compound CCCCC(O)=O NQPDZGIKBAWPEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
由螯配体支撑的铁基均相催化剂用于酯的转移氢化,该转移氢化使用C2‑C12醇作为牺牲性氢供体,以由酯生产相应的醇。不需要外部H2压力。反应可以在环境压力下进行。
Description
技术领域
本发明大体涉及有机化学领域。其特别涉及氢从醇到酯的催化转移,以由酯形成相应的醇。
背景技术
酯的氢化是重要的方法。它通常用于在工业规模上制造醇以用于多种应用,包括增塑剂和聚酯合成。工业上,酯氢化通常是在非常苛刻的反应条件下(250-300℃和2000-5000psig的H2压力),用非均相催化剂(如亚铬酸铜)进行的。这些苛刻的条件通常由于形成多种副产物而导致向期望的醇产物的较低的选择性。从能源成本和安全性的角度出发,迫切需要开发一种用于酯氢化的均相催化系统,因为该系统可能在更温和的条件下有效,并实现更高的选择性。
为此目的已经做出了努力。然而,这种努力面临一种或多种缺点,例如需要使用昂贵的贵金属催化剂、高温和/或高的氢气压力。
因此,本领域需要一种没有面临这些缺点的氢化酯的方法。
本发明解决了这种需求以及其它需求,这将在以下描述和所附权利要求中变得明显。
发明内容
本发明如在所附权利要求中阐述的。
简言之,本发明提供了一种由酯制备醇的方法。该方法包括:在反应器中,在环境压力和升高的温度下,在式(I)的催化剂存在下,使酯与无水C2-C12醇接触一段时间,该段时间足以由酯形成相应的醇
其中,
R1和R2各自独立地为具有1至12个碳原子的烷基、芳基、烷氧基、芳氧基、二烷基氨基、二芳基氨基或烷基芳基氨基;
如果E是氮,则R3和R4各自独立地为具有1至12个碳原子的烷基或芳基;
如果E是磷,则R3和R4各自独立地为具有1至12个碳原子的烷基、芳基、烷氧基、芳氧基、二烷基氨基、二芳基氨基或烷基芳基氨基;
R1、R2和P可连接以形成5或6元杂环;
R3、R4和E可连接以形成5或6元杂环;
R5和R6各自独立地为C1-C6亚烷基或亚芳基;
E是磷或氮;以及
L是中性配体。
具体实施方式
令人惊讶地发现,在存在作为牺牲性供体的醇时,某些铁基催化剂对于酯向醇的转移氢化是有效的。转移氢化(transfer hydrogenation,TH)使用牺牲性醇(RR’CHOH)供体分子代替H2气体作为还原剂。由于不需要额外的H2压力,这些反应可以在环境压力和温和的温度(例如~100℃)下进行。
例如,本文所述的铁催化剂可以在过量乙醇存在下,在100℃下将模型底物1,4-环己烷二甲酸二甲酯(DMCD)选择性还原为1,4-环己烷二甲醇(CHDM)。不需要高压H2气体将DMCD还原为CHDM。
因此,本发明提供了一种由酯制备醇的方法。该方法包括:在反应器中,在环境压力和升高的温度下,在式(I)的催化剂存在下,使酯与无水C2-C12醇接触一段时间,该段时间足以由酯形成相应的醇
式(I)中的R1和R2各自独立地为具有1至12个碳原子的烷基、芳基、烷氧基、芳氧基、二烷基氨基、二芳基氨基或烷基芳基氨基。
如果E是氮,则式(I)中的R3和R4各自独立地为具有1至12个碳原子的烷基或芳基。
如果E是磷,则式(I)中的R3和R4各自独立地为具有1至12个碳原子的烷基、芳基、烷氧基、芳氧基、二烷基氨基、二芳基氨基或烷基芳基氨基。
式(I)中的R5和R6各自独立地为C1-C6亚烷基或亚芳基。
式(I)中的E为磷或氮。
式(I)中的L为中性配体。
式(I)中的R1、R2和P可连接以形成5或6元杂环。
式(I)中的R3、R4和E可连接以形成5或6元杂环。
R1、R2、R3和R4中的一个或多个可取代有选自醚和酰胺的一个或多个基团。如果有的话,R1、R2、R3和R4上的取代基可以相同或不同。
醚基的例子包括甲氧基、乙氧基、异丙氧基等。
酰胺基的例子包括二甲基氨基、二乙基氨基、二异丙基氨基等。
如本文所用,术语“烷基”是指直链、支化或环状烷基。这些基团的例子包括甲基、乙基、正丙基、异丙基、正丁基、仲丁基、异丁基、叔丁基、正戊基、叔戊基、新戊基、异戊基、仲戊基、3-戊基、环戊基、正己基、异己基、环己基等。
术语“芳基”是指苯基或萘基。
术语“亚烷基”是指二价烷基。
术语“亚芳基”是指二价芳基。
术语“烷氧基”是指-OR基团,例如,-OCH3、-OEt、-OiPr、-OBu、-OiBu等。
术语“芳氧基”是指-OAr基团,例如-OPh、-O(取代的Ph)、-O萘基等。
术语“二烷基氨基”是指-NR'R"基团,例如二甲基氨基、二乙基氨基、二异丙基氨基等。
术语“二芳基氨基”是指-NAr'Ar"基团,例如二苯基氨基。
术语“烷基芳基氨基”是指-NRAr基团,例如甲基苯基氨基。
术语“中性配体”是指具有中性电荷的配体。中性配体的例子包括一氧化碳、醚化合物、膦化合物、胺化合物、酰胺化合物、腈化合物和含N杂环化合物等。中性膦配体的例子包括三甲基膦、三环己基膦、三苯基膦等。中性胺配体的例子包括三烷基胺、烷基芳基胺和二烷基芳基胺,例如三甲胺和N,N-二甲基苯胺。中性腈配体的例子包括乙腈。中性含N杂环配体的例子包括吡啶和1,3-二烷基-或二芳基-咪唑碳烯。
在一实施例中,R1、R2、R3和R4都是异丙基。在另一实施例中,R1、R2、R3和R4都是苯基。
在一实施例中,R5和R6都是-(CH2CH2)-。
在一实施例中,E是磷。
在多种实施例中,式(I)的催化剂具有式(1c):
其中iPr代表异丙基。
在本发明中有用的酯没有特别的限制。这些酯可以是脂族或芳族的。脂族酯可以是支化、直链或环状的。在各种实施例中,酯可具有3至40个碳原子、3至30个碳原子、3至20个碳原子、4至20个碳原子、6至20个碳原子、8至20个碳原子、10至20个碳原子或12至20个碳原子。酯可具有一个或多个酯基,例如一个、两个或三个酯基。
在各种实施例中,酯可以是烷基羧酸酯。烷基羧酸酯可具有式R10CO2R10,其中R10各自独立地表示具有1至12个碳原子的烷基或芳基。烷基羧酸酯的具体例子包括:乙酸甲酯、乙酸乙酯、乙酸丙酯、乙酸异丙酯、乙酸丁酯、乙酸异丁酯、乙酸仲丁酯、乙酸叔丁酯、丙酸丙酯、丁酸丁酯、异丁酸异丁酯、2-乙基己酸-2-乙基己酯、异丁酸甲酯、丁酸甲酯、丙酸甲酯、环己酸甲酯、环己酸乙酯、环己酸丙酯、环己酸异丙酯、环己酸丁酯、环己酸异丁酯、环己酸仲丁酯、环己酸叔丁酯、环己酸-2-乙基己酯、环己酸环己酯、肉桂酸甲酯、肉桂酸乙酯、肉桂酸丙酯、肉桂酸异丙酯、肉桂酸丁酯、肉桂酸异丁酯、肉桂酸仲丁酯等。
在各种其它实施例中,酯可以是烷基脂肪羧酸酯(脂肪酸酯)。烷基脂肪羧酸酯可具有式CH3(CH2)nCO2R10,其中R10代表具有1至12个碳原子的烷基或芳基,n为2至20的整数。在一实施例中,脂肪酸酯具有总共10至28个碳原子。在另一实施例中,脂肪酸酯具有总共10至20个碳原子。烷基脂肪羧酸酯的具体例子包括庚酸甲酯、辛酸甲酯、壬酸甲酯、癸酸甲酯、十一酸甲酯、月桂酸甲酯、豆蔻酸甲酯、棕榈酸甲酯、硬脂酸甲酯、花生酸甲酯、山嵛酸甲酯、亚油酸甲酯、油酸甲酯、亚麻酸甲酯等。烷基脂肪羧酸酯的其它具体例子包括,例如,所列举的甲基脂肪羧酸酯的乙基、丙基和丁基衍生物。
在其它各种实施例中,酯可以是烷基二羧酸酯。烷基二羧酸酯可以具有式R10O2C(CH2)mCO2R10,其中R10各自独立地代表具有1至12个碳原子的烷基或芳基,m代表1至12的整数。烷基二羧酸酯的具体例子包括:环己烷二羧酸二甲酯、环己烷二羧酸二乙酯、环己烷二羧酸二丙酯、环己烷二羧酸二异丙酯、环己烷二羧酸二丁酯、环己烷二羧酸二异丁酯、环己烷二羧酸二仲丁酯、环己烷二羧酸双(2-乙基己)酯、环己烷二羧酸二叔丁酯、丙烷二羧酸二甲酯、丙烷二羧酸二乙酯、丙烷二羧酸二丙酯、丙烷二羧酸二异丙酯、丙烷二羧酸二丁酯、丙烷二羧酸二异丁酯、丙烷二羧酸二仲丁酯、丙烷二羧酸双(2-乙基己)酯、丙烷二羧酸二叔丁酯、丁烷二羧酸二甲酯、丁烷二羧酸二乙酯、丁烷二羧酸二丙酯、丁烷二羧酸二异丙酯、丁烷二羧酸二丁酯、丁烷二羧酸二异丁酯、丁烷二羧酸二仲丁酯、丁烷二羧酸二叔丁酯、丁烷二羧酸双(2-乙基己)酯等。
在其它各种实施例中,酯可以是芳基羧酸酯。为此,术语“芳基”不仅包括苯基和萘基,而且包括含有交替的单键和双键的其它烃环,例如茚、苊烯、蒽、菲、三亚苯、芘等。芳基羧酸酯可以具有一个或多个酯基,例如一个、两个或三个酯基。芳基二羧酸酯的具体例子包括苯甲酸甲酯、苯甲酸乙酯、苯甲酸丙酯、苯甲酸异丙酯、苯甲酸丁酯、苯甲酸异丁酯、苯甲酸仲丁酯、苯甲酸叔丁酯、苯甲酸环己酯、苯甲酸苄酯、苯甲酸萘酯、苯二羧酸二甲酯(3种异构体)、苯二羧酸二乙酯(3种异构体)、苯二羧酸二丙酯(3种异构体)、苯二羧酸二异丙酯(3种异构体)、苯二羧酸二丁酯(3种异构体)、苯二羧酸二异丁酯(3种异构体)、苯二羧酸二仲丁酯(3种异构体)、苯二羧酸双(2-乙基己)酯(3种异构体)、苯二羧酸双苄酯(3种异构体)、苯二羧酸双萘酯(3种异构体)、萘二甲酸甲酯(methyl naphthalate)、萘二甲酸乙酯、萘二甲酸丙酯、萘二甲酸丁酯、萘二甲酸异丁酯、萘二甲酸仲丁酯、萘二甲酸叔丁酯、萘二甲酸环己酯、萘二甲酸萘酯、萘二甲酸苄酯、萘二羧酸二甲酯、萘二羧酸二乙酯、萘二羧酸二丙酯、萘二羧酸二异丙酯、萘二羧酸二丁酯、萘二羧酸二异丁酯、萘二羧酸二仲丁酯、萘二羧酸二叔丁酯、萘二羧酸双(2-乙基己)酯、萘二羧酸双苄酯等。
在其它各种实施例中,酯可以是甘油酯。甘油酯可具有下式结构:
其中R10各自独立地代表具有1至12个碳原子的烷基或芳基。甘油酯的例子包括甘油的甘油三酯、甘油二酯和甘油单酯衍生物。
可以将甘油酯氢化至不同程度以形成例如甘油二酯、甘油单酯和/或甘油。
在其它各种实施例中,酯可以是环状酯(内酯)。内酯的例子包括β-丙内酯、γ-丁内酯、δ-戊内酯、ε-己内酯等。
在本发明中有用的无水醇通常含有2至12个碳原子。醇可以是直链的、支化的或环状的。合适的醇的具体例子包括乙醇、正丙醇、异丙醇、正丁醇、异丁醇等。
在各种实施例中,醇是乙醇。无水乙醇可以以各种等级商购获得,例如200标准酒精度、按体积计乙醇≥99%、按体积计乙醇≥99.5%、按体积计水<1%、按体积计水<0.5%,或按体积计水<0.005%。这些等级中的任何一种都可用于TH反应。
优选地,基于反应混合物的总重量,反应混合物含有如下含量的水:小于1wt%、小于0.5wt%、小于0.4wt%、小于0.3wt%、小于0.2wt%、小于0.1wt%、小于0.05wt%、小于0.01wt%、小于0.005wt%或小于0.001wt%。在一实施例中,TH反应在无水情况下进行。
优选使用过量的醇进行接触步骤/TH反应。例如,C2-C12醇与酯的摩尔比可以是2:1至100:1,以及所有在此之间的范围——包括2:1至50:1和10:1至30:1。
在一实施例中,酯包括乙酸甲酯,C2-C12醇包括异丁醇,相应的醇包括甲醇和乙醇。
在另一实施例中,酯包括1,4-环己烷二甲酸二甲酯(DMCD),C2-C12醇包括乙醇,相应的醇包括1,4-环己烷二甲醇。
式(I)的催化剂可以以多种方式制备。例如,催化剂可原位形成:通过将式(IIa)或(IIb)的预催化剂引入反应器中
并将该预催化剂暴露于热、酸、碱或其组合,以形成式(I)的催化剂。
式(IIa)或(IIb)中的R1、R2、R3、R4、R5、R6、E和L如式(I)中所定义。
式(IIa)中的Z为R7或X。
R7为氢或烷基或芳基。
X为[BH4]-或卤化物。
式(IIb)中的L2为中性配体。
R7所代表的烷基或芳基可含有1至12个碳原子。
X所代表的卤化物包括氯化物、溴化物和碘化物。在一实施例中,X是氯化物或溴化物。
中性配体L2的例子包括醚化合物、酰胺化合物、腈化合物和含N杂环化合物等。
在一实施例中,当X是卤化物时,将预催化剂暴露于碱中,并且可选地暴露于热,以产生催化剂。
在另一实施例中,当X为[BH4]-时,将预催化剂暴露于热,但可选地不存在碱,以产生催化剂。
除非上下文另外明确地建议,否则如本文所用,“不存在”这一表述是指不由外部来源(即,独立于反应物的来源)添加所提及的组分,或者,如果添加的话,不以在可察觉的程度上影响TH反应的量添加,例如这样的量——可以使相应的醇的产率改变超过10%、超过5%、超过1%、超过0.5%或超过0.1%。
在多种实施例中,式(IIa)的预催化剂具有式(1a):
其中iPr代表异丙基。
在多种实施例中,式(IIb)的预催化剂具有式(1b):
其中iPr代表异丙基。
或者,式(I)的催化剂可以通过以下步骤原位形成:
(a)将下述物质引入反应器中以形成预催化剂混合物:(i)包含中性配体(L)的铁盐或铁络合物,(ii)式(III)的配体
可选地,和(iii)中性配体(L);以及
(b)可选地,将预催化剂混合物暴露于热、酸、碱或其组合,以形成式(I)的催化剂。
式(III)中的R1、R2、R3、R4、R5、R6和E如式(I)中所定义。
适于制备式(I)催化剂的铁盐的例子包括[Fe(H2O)6](BF4)2、Fe(CO)5、FeCl2、FeBr2、FeI2、[Fe3(CO)12]、Fe(NO3)2、FeSO4等。
包含中性配体(L)的铁络合物可通过本领域已知的方法制备和/或商购获得。
式(III)的配体可通过本领域已知的方法制备和/或商购获得。
用于产生催化剂的所采用的热没有特别限制。它可以与用于TH反应的热相同。例如,可将预催化剂或预催化剂混合物暴露在升高的温度下,例如40至200℃、40至160℃、40至150℃、40至140℃、40至130℃、40至120℃、40至100℃、80至160℃、80至150℃、80至140℃、80至130℃、80至120℃或80至100℃,以形成催化剂。
用于形成催化剂的酸没有特别限制。合适的酸的例子包括甲酸、HBF4、HPF6、HOSO2CF3等。
用于形成催化剂的碱没有特别限制。无机碱和有机碱均可使用。合适的无机碱的例子包括Na、K、NaH、NaOH、KOH、CsOH、LiHCO3、NaHCO3、KHCO3、CsHCO3、Li2CO3、Na2CO3、K2CO3、Cs2CO3等。合适的有机碱包括金属醇盐和含氮化合物。合适的金属醇盐的例子包括碱金属C1-C6醇盐,例如LiOEt、NaOEt、KOEt和KOt-Bu。在一实施例中,碱是甲醇钠(NaOMe)。在另一实施例中,碱是乙醇钠(NaOEt)。含氮碱的例子包括三烷基胺,例如三乙胺。
通常,使用1:1摩尔当量的碱与催化剂前体来产生催化剂。可以使用大于1:1的摩尔当量比,例如,碱与催化剂前体的比为2:1。然而,应避免使用大量过量的碱,因为它可能会抑制相应的醇的形成。
有效形成相应的醇的条件包括升高的温度。有利于TH反应的温度可以在例如50至180℃的范围内,包括在此之间的所有范围,例如75至100℃。
有利地,TH反应可以在环境压力下进行。如上所述,本发明的方法不需要分子氢气氛。因此,优选地,反应在不存在外源分子氢(H2)的情况下进行。
优选地,接触步骤/TH反应在不存在碱的情况下进行。反应期间的碱性条件可趋于抑制相应的醇的形成。
TH反应可以在存在或不存在溶剂的情况下进行。在一实施例中,接触步骤/TH反应在存在溶剂的情况下进行。在另一实施例中,接触步骤/TH反应在不存在溶剂的情况下进行。
如果需要,TH反应可以在普通的非极性溶剂中进行,例如脂族或芳族的烃,或者在弱极性、非质子溶剂中进行,例如醚。脂族溶剂的例子包括戊烷和己烷。芳族溶剂的例子包括苯、二甲苯、甲苯和三甲苯。醚的例子包括四氢呋喃、二噁烷、乙醚和聚醚。
在各种实施例中,在大气压下,反应在苯、二甲苯、均三甲苯或甲苯中进行。
如果使用,相对于醇反应物的量,溶剂可以以1:1至100:1或1:1至20:1(v/v)的量加入。
可以以≥10ppm(0.001mol%)的催化剂负载量发生TH反应。例如,反应可以以如下催化剂负载量进行:10至20000ppm(0.001至2mol%)、10至15000ppm(0.001至1.5mol%)、10至10000ppm(0.001至1mol%)、10至1000ppm(0.001至0.1mol%)或10至500ppm(0.01至0.05mol%)。
本发明的方法可以以分批或连续模式进行。可以通过常规方式分离反应产物,并且可以将催化剂再循环。
根据本发明的方法可以生产相应的醇,其产率为:至少50%、至少60%、至少70%、至少80%、至少85%、至少90%、至少95%或至少99%。可以得到这些产率的反应时间包括20小时或更短、18小时或更短、16小时或更短、12小时或更短、10小时或更短或者8小时或更短。
本发明包括并明确地考虑了本文公开的实施例、特征、特性、参数和/或范围的任何的和所有的组合。也就是说,本发明可由本文提到的实施例、特征、特性、参数和/或范围的任何组合来限定。
如本文所用,不定冠词“一(个/种)”是指一个/种或者多个/种,除非上下文另外明确地建议。类似地,名词的单数形式包括其复数形式,反之亦然,除非上下文另外明确地建议。
尽管已经尝试精确,但是本文描述的数值和范围应被认为是近似值(即使在没有用术语“约”限定时)。这些值和范围可以根据其声称的数值而变化,这取决于本发明试图获得的期望特性以及在测量技术中发现的由标准偏差引起的变化。此外,本文描述的范围旨在并且具体地预期为包括所声称范围内的所有子范围和值。例如,50至100的范围旨在描述并包括该范围内的所有值,包括子范围,例如60至90以及70至80。
本文引用的所有文献的内容,包括专利和非专利文献,均通过引用其全文而并入本文。在任何并入的主题与本文的任何公开内容相矛盾的程度上,本文的公开内容应优先于并入的内容。
本发明可以通过其优选实施例的以下实例进一步说明,但是应当理解,除非另有明确说明,仅是出于说明的目的而包括这些实例,并不旨在限制本发明的范围。
实例
总体实验信息
除非另有说明,否则所有的有机金属化合物都是在氮气气氛下使用标准Schlenk(施兰克)和手套箱技术制备和处理的。无水EtOH(200标准酒精度)和甲苯购自西格玛奥德里奇公司(Sigma Aldrich)并用分子筛保存。使用前,将EtOH和甲苯均新鲜蒸馏。1,4-环己烷二甲酸二甲酯(DMCD,顺式和反式异构体的混合物,纯度>90%)购自阿法埃莎(AlfaAesar),使用时无需进一步纯化。先前已经在文献中报道了化合物1a-c。它们是根据由文献步骤稍加改良后的步骤合成的。
实例1
1a[(iPrPNHP)Fe(H)(CO)(Br)]的合成
在手套箱中,在氮气气氛下,向200-mL的烘箱干燥的Schlenk烧瓶中装入络合物[iPrPNHP]FeBr2(CO)(850mg,1.545mmol)、NaBH4(60mg,1.545mmol,纯度98%)和100mL干燥EtOH。将所得的黄色溶液在室温下搅拌18小时,通过Celite(赛力特)过滤。将滤液蒸发至干,得到纯的1a(分离产率86%)。1a的1H和31P{1H}NMR光谱与报道值(参见S.Chakrabortyet al.,J.Am.Chem.Soc.2014,136,7869)非常吻合。
实例2
1b[(iPrPNHP)Fe(H)(CO)(HBH3)]的改良合成
在手套箱中,在氮气气氛下,向200-mL的烘箱干燥的Schlenk烧瓶中装入络合物[iPrPNHP]FeBr2(CO)(850mg,1.545mmol)、NaBH4(131mg,3.399mmol,纯度98%)和100mL干燥EtOH。将所得的黄色溶液在室温下搅拌18小时,通过Celite过滤。将滤液蒸发至干,得到纯的1b(分离产率84%)。1b的1H和31P{1H}NMR光谱与报道值(参见S.Chakraborty et al.,J.Am.Chem.Soc.2014,136,7869)非常吻合。
实例3
1c[(iPrPNP)Fe(H)(CO)]的改良合成
在手套箱中,在氮气气氛下,向200-mL的烘箱干燥的Schlenk烧瓶中装入络合物1b(500mg,1.06mmol)、NaOtBu(106mg,1.07mmol,纯度97%)和60mL干燥THF。立即得到深红色溶液,将其在室温下再搅拌30分钟。之后,在真空下除去溶剂,将所期望的产物萃取到戊烷中,并通过Celite塞过滤,以除去NaBr。真空下蒸发所得滤液以提供纯的1c(分离产率76%)。1c的1H和31P{1H}NMR光谱与报道值(参见S.Chakaraborty et al.,J.Am.Chem.Soc.2014,136,8564)非常吻合。
实例4
在EtOH存在下,铁催化的DMCD的转移氢化
在惰性气氛下,向配备有搅拌棒的烘箱干燥的200-mL厚壁Schlenk管中装入铁络合物1b(0.1mmol)、DMCD(0.01mol,2.00g)、无水EtOH(0.2mol,11.7mL)和20mL无水甲苯。使用油浴将所得混合物加热至100℃,8.5小时。8.5小时后,将棕色溶液冷却至室温,在通风橱内小心排出挥发物,并通过气相色谱(GC)分析所得溶液。
在这些条件下,87.1%的DMCD发生转化。CHDM的GC产率为78.7%。其他DMCD衍生的有机材料以8.4%(合计产率)存在。
实例5
在EtOH存在下,铁催化的DMCD的转移氢化
在惰性气氛下,向配备有搅拌棒的烘箱干燥的200-mL厚壁Schlenk管中装入铁催化剂1c(0.1mmol)、DMCD(0.01mol,2.00g)、无水EtOH(0.2mol,11.7mL)和20mL无水甲苯。使用油浴将所得混合物加热至100℃,8.5小时。8.5小时后,将棕色溶液冷却至室温,在通风橱中小心排出挥发物,并通过气相色谱(GC)分析所得溶液。
在这些条件下产生了74.3%的CHDM。观察到EtOAc、MeOH和痕量甲酸甲酯为其他挥发性副产物。
实例6
在iPrOH存在下,铁催化的DMCD的转移氢化
在惰性气氛下,向配备有搅拌棒的烘箱干燥的200-mL厚壁Schlenk管中装入铁催化剂1c(0.1mmol)、DMCD(0.01mol,2.00g),无水iPrOH(0.2mol,15.3mL)和16.4mL无水甲苯。使用油浴将所得混合物加热至100℃,8.5小时。8.5小时后,将棕色溶液冷却至室温,在通风橱中小心排出挥发物,并通过气相色谱(GC)分析所得溶液。
在这些条件下,62.9%的DMCD发生转化。CHDM的GC产率为57.4%。其他DMCD衍生的有机材料以5.5%(合计产率)存在。观察到丙酮和MeOH为其他挥发性副产物。
实例7(比较)
在MeOH存在下,铁催化的DMCD的转移氢化
在惰性气氛下,向配备有搅拌棒的烘箱干燥的200-mL厚壁Schlenk管中装入铁催化剂1c(0.1mmol)、DMCD(0.01mol,2.00g),无水MeOH(0.2mol,8.1mL)和23.6mL无水甲苯。使用油浴将所得混合物加热至100℃,8.5小时。8.5小时后,将棕色溶液冷却至室温,在通风橱中小心排出挥发物,并通过气相色谱(GC)分析所得溶液。
没有生产出CHDM。在这些条件下,30.5%的DMCD发生转化,以产生甲基和乙基酯衍生物。MeOCHO作为MeOH脱氢偶联的副产物而生产出来,但由于其高挥发性,不能准确测量MeOCHO的%产率。
在说明书中,已经公开了本发明的某些实施例,尽管采用了特定的术语,但是它们仅以一般性和描述性意义使用,而不是为了限制的目的,本发明的范围在伴随的权利要求中阐述。
Claims (15)
1.一种由酯制备醇的方法,所述方法包括:在反应器中,在环境压力和升高的温度下,在式(I)的催化剂存在下,使酯与无水C2-C12醇接触一段时间,所述一段时间足以由酯形成相应的醇
其中,
R1和R2各自独立地为具有1至12个碳原子的烷基;
R3和R4各自独立地为具有1至12个碳原子的烷基;
R1、R2和P可连接以形成5或6元杂环;
R3、R4和E可连接以形成5或6元杂环;
R5和R6各自独立地为C1-C6亚烷基;
E是磷;以及
L是一氧化碳。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中,所述催化剂通过下述形成:将式(IIa)或(IIb)的预催化剂引入所述反应器中
并将所述预催化剂暴露于热、酸、碱或其组合;以及
其中,
R1、R2、R3、R4、R5、R6、E和L如式(I)中所定义;
Z为R7或X;
R7为氢或烷基或芳基;
X为[BH4]-或卤化物;以及
L2为中性配体。
3.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中,所述催化剂通过以下步骤形成:
(a)将下述物质引入反应器中以形成预催化剂混合物:(I)包含中性配体(L)的铁盐或铁络合物,(ii)式(III)的配体
可选地,和(iii)中性配体(L);以及
(b)可选地,将所述预催化剂混合物暴露于热、酸、碱或其组合;
其中,R1、R2、R3、R4、R5、R6和E如式(I)中所定义。
4.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中,R1、R2、R3和R4各自独立地为甲基、乙基、丙基、异丙基、丁基、戊基、异戊基、环戊基、己基或环己基。
5.根据权利要求4所述的方法,其中,R1、R2、R3和R4中的每一个为异丙基。
6.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中R5和R6中的每一个为-(CH2CH2)-。
7.根据权利要求2所述的方法,其中,L2为醚、酰胺、腈或含N杂环配体。
8.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中,所述接触步骤在50至180℃的温度下进行。
9.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中,所述接触步骤在不存在外源分子氢(H2)的情况下进行。
10.根据权利要求2所述的方法,其中,所述碱是金属醇盐或含氮化合物。
11.根据权利要求10所述的方法,其中,所述碱为甲醇钠、乙醇钠或三乙胺。
12.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述C2-C12醇与酯的摩尔比的范围在2:1至100:1。
13.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述C2-C12醇包括乙醇、异丙醇或异丁醇。
14.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述酯包括甘油酯。
15.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述酯包括内酯。
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US16/043,317 US10266466B2 (en) | 2017-08-02 | 2018-07-24 | Iron-catalyzed transfer hydrogenation of esters to alcohols |
PCT/US2018/044521 WO2019027967A1 (en) | 2017-08-02 | 2018-07-31 | HYDROGENATION BY TRANSFER CATALYZED BY IRON ESTERS TO ALCOHOLS |
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