CN110975796A - 一种纳米马达及其制备方法和应用 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明公开一种纳米马达,其采用磁性纳米颗粒为核,在磁性纳米颗粒表面包裹无机氧化物形成核壳结构的纳米颗粒,然后将含N有机化学基团通过共价键的作用固定在纳米颗粒表面;该纳米马达合成简单、成本低廉、吸附时间短、吸附容量大、操作方便、经济高效,不仅适用于含不同种类重金属离子废水的高效处理,还解决了传统方法吸附材料无法再生、不易与水相分离且耗时耗能的问题。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及水处理技术领域,具体涉及一种纳米马达的制备及其应用。
背景技术
重金属水污染的处理技术有三类:①化学处理技术②物理处理技术③生物处理技术。传统的化学处理技术主要有沉淀技术和氧化还原技术两种,此处理技术广泛应用于离子浓度较大的重金属废水中。沉淀技术在消除污染中的重金属应用极为广泛,其主要是利用化学反应将废水中重金属离子产生沉积的重金属物质,从而实现重金属的消除。沉淀技术具有反应时间段、工艺简单,对高浓度重金属污染废水处理效果好的特点,但是存在处理成本高、易导致二次污染等问题。物理处理技术主要包含离子互换技术、黏附技术和膜分离技术,此技术多应用于对重金属浓度较低的废水处理中。传统的物理法,如电析法、过滤法、渗透法等存在处理重金属成本高,能耗高、电极消耗量大等问题。生物处理技术包含生物凝固、生物黏附和植物修复等技术。此处理技术在重金属水污染处理中,具有低成本、高效益、不产生二次水污染、有效改善自然生态的特点,并且在水污染的解毒也占有很大的优势,但是存在处理时间长、易被环境因素影响等问题。
发明内容
针对工业废水中重金属离子难以有效去除,对含重金属离子废水治理不彻底的问题,本发明提供了一种合成简单、吸附时间短、吸附容量大、易与水相分离、经济高效的新型纳米马达。该新型纳米马达由氨(胺)类有机化学基团、磁性纳米材料、无机化学类物质合成。即采用磁性纳米颗粒为核,在磁性纳米颗粒表面包裹无机氧化物形成核壳结构的纳米颗粒,然后将含N有机化学基团通过共价键的作用固定在纳米颗粒表面。
所述磁性纳米颗粒为纳米铁粉、三氧化二铁、四氧化三铁中的一种,粒径50-200nm。
所述无机氧化物为二氧化硅、二氧化钛、二氧化钼中的一种。
所述含N有机化学基团为亚氨基、氨基、偕胺肟基、羟肟酸基、酰胺基、仲胺基、伯胺基、伯酰胺基、仲酰胺基中的一种或几种。
本发明另一目的是提供上述纳米马达的制备方法,按常规方法将无机氧化物包裹于磁性纳米颗粒表面,将合成的核壳结构的纳米颗粒分散在无水乙醇中,然后加入胺类有机化合物,其中纳米颗粒与胺类有机化合物的质量比为1:0.5-1:0.2,在50-80℃条件下回流反应或室温反应,反应完成后产物用水和乙醇交替清洗3次,干燥制得纳米马达。
所述胺类有机化合物为3-氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷、碳酰胺、间苯二胺、乙二胺、顺式二氨基马来腈、N-环己基酰胺中的一种。
本发明另一目的是将纳米马达应用在处理含重金属废水中,其是将纳米马达放在含重金属有机废水中,在外加磁场作用下处理废水,磁场强度为0.001-1T,并在磁场作用下实现分离,完成水的净化处理。
本发明纳米马达对重金属的吸附为化学吸附与物理吸附相耦合的结果;利用氨(胺)类有机化学基团与重金属离子发生络合及螯合反应,以及和核壳颗粒本身物理吸附相耦合的方式,去除废水中的重金属离子。氨(胺)类有机化学基团中的氮原子含有未成键的孤对电子,可以与重金属离子发生配位作用形成稳定的螯合物;氨(胺)类有机化学基团中的氮原子上还有的孤对电子可以进入重金属的空轨道形成配位键,与游离在废水中的重金属离子构成稳定的络合物,将重金属离子吸附在纳米马达颗粒表面;合成核壳颗粒粒径小,比表面积巨大,其表面波动的偶极矩与重金属离子会产生香相互作用,从而将重金属离子吸附在纳米马达颗粒表面。
为保证良好的吸附效果,纳米马达颗粒粒径为60~230nm,此时氨(胺)类有机化学基团易于到合成颗粒表面。磁性纳米颗粒的核粒径为50-200nm保证了与含重金属离子废水能够充分混合,且易于与在外加磁场的作用下发生定向移动,从含重金属离子的废水中分离。无机化学类物质的壳厚度为10-30nm保障了在酸性环境下,磁性纳米颗粒不会被氧化分解,同时提供大量的活性官能团为其嫁接氨(胺)类有机化学基团提供帮助。
本发明的优点:
本发明纳米马达合成简单、成本低廉、吸附时间短、吸附容量大、操作方便、易与水相分离、经济高效;
本发明纳米马达可根据处理含重金属离子选用不同的核、壳和氨(胺)类有机化学基团合成对不同重金属选择性高的纳米马达;本发明纳米马达对重金属的吸附为化学吸附与物理吸附相耦合的结果;利用氨(胺)类有机化学基团与重金属离子发生络合及螯合反应和核壳颗粒本身物理吸附相耦合的方式,去除废水中的重金属离子;氨(胺)类有机化学基团中的氮原子含有未成键的孤对电子,可以与重金属离子发生配位作用形成稳定的螯合物。氨(胺)类有机化学基团中的氮原子上还有的孤对电子可以进入重金属的空轨道形成配位键,与游离在废水中的重金属离子构成稳定的络合物,将重金属离子吸附在纳米马达颗粒表面。合成核壳颗粒粒径小,比表面积巨大,其表面波动的偶极矩与重金属离子会产生香相互作用,从而将重金属离子吸附在纳米马达颗粒表面。
本发明可实现对重金属离子的高效处理,同时纳米马达具有良好的稳定性和循环利用,材料的可再生性能有效降低水处理的成本,多次再生后纳米马达质量无损耗,吸附效果无明显下降。
附图说明
图1为实施例1纳米马达的红外光谱图。
具体实施方式
下面通过实施例对本发明进行进一步详细描述,但本发明保护范围不局限于所述内容。
实施例1:本纳米马达采用四氧化三铁纳米颗粒(粒径50-100nm)为核,在磁性纳米颗粒表面包裹二氧化硅形成核壳结构的纳米颗粒,然后将氨基通过共价键的作用固定在纳米颗粒表面。
(1)以纳米四氧化三铁为核,在其表面包裹一层二氧化硅
取100mL无水乙醇、25mL去离子水、1mL氨水,置于圆底烧瓶内混溶;加入0.1g纳米四氧化三铁,超声使得四氧化三铁颗粒分散均匀;边搅拌,边向该混合物中逐渐滴加1mL正硅酸乙酯,持续搅拌6h;所得褐色沉淀用去离子水和乙醇交替洗涤三次,置于60℃真空烘箱中干燥,得Fe3O4@SiO2的核壳颗粒;
(2)在核壳颗粒表面嫁接氨基,利用硅烷偶联剂3-氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷(APTES)将氨基引入到Fe3O4@SiO2核壳颗粒表面
(3)取0.5gFe3O4@SiO2核壳颗粒加入到50mL无水乙醇中,加入0.1g APTES,在80℃下回流16h;所得样品用去离子水和乙醇交替洗涤三次,置于60℃真空烘箱中干燥,得到Fe3O4@SiO2-氨基的纳米马达(图1);从图中可以看出3444cm-1处、1635 cm-1处分别对应氨基中N-H键的伸缩振动和N-H键的弯曲振动(面内)证明氨基固定到了颗粒表面。
Fe3O4@SiO2- NH2的纳米马达对含重金属离子的废水进行处理,置于含Cu2+浓度为30mg/L、Hg2+浓度为20mg/L、pH为5的电镀废水中,室温下、磁场强度0.001-0.005T下搅拌吸附3h,该纳米马达表面上的氨基对Hg2+和Cu2+具有超高的络合及螯合作用,迅速的在纳米马达表面形成稳定的络合及螯合产物,测定体系中Cu2+、Hg2去除率分别为95%、96%,达到吸附平衡;其中1h测定体系中Cu2+、Hg2去除率均达到90%;调节外加磁场,纳米马达迅速向磁体移动,10min水样达到清澈,室温下、磁场强度0.005-1T下,纳米马达全部富集在磁体上,实现与水相的分离。
实施例2:本纳米马达采用四氧化三铁纳米颗粒(粒径100-150nm)为核,在磁性纳米颗粒表面包裹二氧化钛形成核壳结构的纳米颗粒,然后将氨基通过共价键的作用固定在纳米颗粒表面。
(1)将2.16g三氯化铁、0.033g磷酸二氢铵和0.025硫酸钠加入400mL去离子水中搅拌5min,将混合溶液倒入高压釜中在220℃下加热48h;待高压釜温度降至室温后,将高压釜底的沉淀取出,用去离子水和无水乙醇清洗,在80℃下干燥12h,得到Fe3O4纳米颗粒;
(2)将0.075g Fe3O4纳米颗粒超声分散到100mL水中,1.5h内于30±5℃,缓慢加入25mL浓度为0.05mol/L硫酸钛溶液并保持温度继续搅拌3h,然后停止搅拌加热,使混合溶液中的物质沉降3h,将沉淀用水和乙醇清洗,在空气干燥后得到Fe3O4@TiO2核壳纳米管在Ar/H2下,在350℃退火3小时,得到Fe3O4@TiO2纳米颗粒;
(3)取0.5g Fe3O4@TiO2核壳颗粒加入到50mL无水乙醇中,加入0.1g APTES,在80℃下回流16h;所得样品用去离子水和乙醇交替洗涤三次,置于60℃真空烘箱中干燥,得到Fe3O4@TiO2-氨基的纳米马达;
Fe3O4@TiO2-NH2的纳米马达对含重金属离子的废水进行处理,置于含Cr6-浓度为40mg/L,Cd2+浓度为30mg/L、pH为6的冶金废水中,室温下、磁场强度0.001-0.005T下吸附3h,该纳米马达表面上的氨基对Cr6-和Cd2+具有超高的络合及螯合作用,迅速的在纳米马达表面形成稳定的络合及螯合产物,测定体系中Cr6-、Cd2+去除率分别为91%、92%,达到吸附平衡。其中1h测定体系中Cr6-、Cd2+去除率均达到90%。调节外加磁场,纳米马达迅速向磁体移动,10min水样达到清澈,室温下、磁场强度0.005-1T下纳米马达全部富集在磁体上,实现与水相的分离。
实施例3:本纳米马达采用四氧化三铁纳米颗粒为核,在磁性纳米颗粒表面包裹二氧化钛形成核壳结构的纳米颗粒,然后将伯胺基通过多步氧化还原反应,以共价键的形式固定在纳米颗粒表面。Fe3O4@SiO2核壳结构的制备参照“Dong Y , Wen B , Chen Y , etal. Autoclave-free facile approach to the synthesis of highly tunablenanocrystal clusters for magnetic responsive photonic crystals[J]. RSC Adv.2016, 6(69):64434-64440.”;伯胺基的嫁接方法参照“Patil U S , Qu H , Caruntu D,et al.Labeling Primary Amine Groups in Peptides and Proteins with N-Hydroxysuccinimidyl Ester Modified Fe3O4@SiO2 Nanoparticles ContainingCleavable Disulfide-Bond Linkers[J]. Bioconjugate Chemistry, 2013, 24(9):1562-1569.”;
Fe3O4@TiO2-NH2的纳米马达对含重金属离子的废水进行处理,置于含Pb2+浓度为30mg/L,As5+浓度为30mg/L、pH为5的印染废水中,室温下、磁场强度0.001-0.005T下吸附3h,该纳米马达表面上的伯胺基对Pb2+和As5+具有超高的络合及螯合作用,迅速的在纳米马达表面形成稳定的络合及螯合产物,测定体系中Pb2+、As5+去除率分别为91%、92%,达到吸附平衡。其中1h测定体系中Pb2+、As5+去除率均达到90%。调节外加磁场,纳米马达迅速向磁体移动,10min水样达到清澈,室温下、磁场强度0.005-1T下纳米马达全部富集在磁体上,实现与水相的分离。
实施例4:本纳米马达采用四氧化三铁纳米颗粒(粒径50-100nm)为核,在磁性纳米颗粒表面包裹二氧化钛形成核壳结构的纳米颗粒,然后将酰胺基通过多步氧化还原反应,以共价键的形式固定在纳米颗粒表面。Fe3O4@SiO2核壳结构的制备参照“Dong Y , Wen B ,Chen Y , et al. Autoclave-free facile approach to the synthesis of highlytunable nanocrystal clusters for magnetic responsive photonic crystals[J].RSC Adv. 2016, 6(69):64434-64440.”;酰胺基的嫁接方法参照“Banaei M , MehdiSalami‐Kalajahi. A “Grafting to” Approach to Synthesize Low Cytotoxic Poly(aminoamide)‐Dendrimer‐grafted Fe3O4 Magnetic Nanoparticles[J]. Advances inPolymer Technology, 2018, 37.”。
Fe3O4@TiO2-NH2的纳米马达对含重金属离子的废水进行处理,置于含Cu2+浓度为40mg/L、Cd2+浓度为30mg/L、pH为4的冶炼废水中,室温下、磁场强度0.001-0.005T下吸附3h,该纳米马达表面上的酰胺基对Cu2+和Cd2+具有超高的络合及螯合作用,迅速的在纳米马达表面形成稳定的络合及螯合产物,测定体系中Cu2+、Cd2+去除率分别为94%、93%,达到吸附平衡。其中1h测定体系中Cu2+、Cd2+去除率均达到85%。调节外加磁场,纳米马达迅速向磁体移动,10min水样达到清澈,室温下、磁场强度0.005-1T下纳米马达全部富集在磁体上,实现与水相的分离。
实施例5:本纳米马达采用四氧化三铁纳米颗粒(粒径50-100nm)为核,在磁性纳米颗粒表面包裹二氧化钛形成核壳结构的纳米颗粒,然后将偕胺肟基通过多步氧化还原反应,以共价键的形式固定在纳米颗粒表面。Fe3O4@SiO2核壳结构的制备参照“Dong Y , WenB , Chen Y , et al. Autoclave-free facile approach to the synthesis of highlytunable nanocrystal clusters for magnetic responsive photonic crystals[J].RSC Adv. 2016, 6(69):64434-64440.”;偕胺肟基的嫁接方法参照“Banaei M , MehdiSalami‐Kalajahi. A “Grafting to” Approach to Synthesize Low Cytotoxic Poly(aminoamide)‐Dendrimer‐grafted Fe3O4 Magnetic Nanoparticles[J]. Advances inPolymer Technology, 2018, 37.”。
Fe3O4@TiO2-NH2的纳米马达对含重金属离子的废水进行处理,置于含Cr6-浓度为40mg/L、As5+浓度为25mg/L、pH为6的养殖废水中,室温下、磁场强度0.001-0.005T下吸附3h,该纳米马达表面上的偕胺肟基对Cr6-和As5+具有超高的络合及螯合作用,迅速的在纳米马达表面形成稳定的络合及螯合产物,测定体系中Cr6-、As5+去除率分别为88%、85%,达到吸附平衡。其中1h测定体系中Cr6-、As5+去除率均达到78%。调节外加磁场,纳米马达迅速向磁体移动,10min水样达到清澈,室温下、磁场强度0.005-1T下纳米马达全部富集在磁体上,实现与水相的分离。
Claims (7)
1.一种纳米马达,其特征在于:采用磁性纳米颗粒为核,在磁性纳米颗粒表面包裹无机氧化物形成核壳结构的纳米颗粒,然后将含N有机化学基团通过共价键的作用固定在纳米颗粒表面。
2.根据权利要求1所述的纳米马达,其特征在于:无机氧化物为二氧化硅、二氧化钛、二氧化钼中的一种。
3.根据权利要求1所述的纳米马达,其特征在于:含N有机化学基团为亚氨基、氨基、偕胺肟基、羟肟酸基、酰胺基、仲胺基、伯胺基、伯酰胺基、仲酰胺基中的一种或几种。
4.根据权利要求1所述的纳米马达,其特征在于:磁性纳米颗粒为纳米铁粉、三氧化二铁、四氧化三铁中的一种,粒径50-200nm。
5.权利要求1-4中任一项所述的纳米马达的制备方法,其特征在于:按常规方法将无机氧化物包裹于磁性纳米颗粒表面,将合成的核壳结构的纳米颗粒分散在无水乙醇中,然后加入胺类有机化合物,其中纳米颗粒与胺类有机化合物的质量比为1:0.5-1:0.2,在50-80℃条件下回流反应或室温反应,反应完成后产物用水和乙醇交替清洗3次,干燥制得纳米马达。
6.根据权利要求4所述的纳米马达的制备方法,其特征在于:胺类有机化合物为3-氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷、碳酰胺、间苯二胺、乙二胺、顺式二氨基马来腈、N-环己基酰胺中的一种。
7.权利要求1所述的纳米马达在处理含重金属废水中的应用,其特征在于:将纳米马达放在含重金属有机废水中,在外加磁场作用下处理废水,磁场强度为0.001-1T,并在磁场作用下实现分离,完成水的净化处理。
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