CN110966357A - 精密控制用减速机 - Google Patents
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- F16H—GEARING
- F16H55/00—Elements with teeth or friction surfaces for conveying motion; Worms, pulleys or sheaves for gearing mechanisms
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种精密控制用减速机,涉及机器人减速机技术领域,包括针齿壳及置于其中的两级减速部件:第一级部件包括输入轴、太阳轮及行星轮;第二级部件包括2~3只均布偏心轴、摆线轮、针销、左、右刚性盘、轴承,偏心轴两偏心段上用轴承支承摆线轮,偏心轴偏心段两侧轴伸用轴承支承在左、右刚性盘上,刚性盘用轴承支承在针齿壳两侧内孔,摆线轮修形后,针销与摆线轮齿槽两侧的侧隙Δc=(0.7~5)λ(mm),λ为额定扭矩下做功时摆线轮热膨胀量。通过上述方式,本发明中侧隙Δc与摆线轮热膨胀量λ密切相关,因而具有良好的动态特性不过热;常规制造精度成本低;可与RV减速机互换。
Description
背景技术
本发明涉及工业机器人减速机技术领域,尤其涉及具有良好动态特性,一种精密控制用减速机(Reducer For High Precision Control)。
发明内容
机器人是制造业皇冠顶端的明珠;机器人是衡量一个国家科技创新和高端制造业水平的重要标志。但是,国内机器人关节装的多数是日本RV减速机。
国产RV减速机的问题是运转时发热温升高磨损寿命短动态特性差,动态特性差是因为:
(一)国内研究者缺少摆线轮修形合理啮合侧隙理论依据的研究
《齿轮传动设计手册》804页指出:“理论与实践均已证明,正等距-正移距组合修形可以得到如下的理想齿形:① 能形成合理啮合侧隙与径向间隙,既能补偿实际的制造安装误差,又能保证足够的同时啮合齿数;② 齿形工作部分逼近共轭齿形使传动平稳;③磨削工艺简单。”捡索文献证明,国内至今未见有关于摆线轮修形合理啮合侧隙的论述。
(二)物理学阐明合理啮合侧隙与摆线轮热膨胀量密切相关
国内研究者对RV减速器热-结构耦合方面研究较少,而减速器脂润滑散热条件不好,运转中各种状况都和热密切相关,必须考虑温度对零件体积的影响,以免因温度过高膨胀卡死。
物理学阐明,固体在各方向上膨胀规律相同,因此可以用固体在一个方向上的线膨胀规律来表征它的体膨胀。因此得出:针销与摆线轮齿槽之间形成的径隙及两侧隙Δc应与减速机在额定扭矩下做功时摆线轮热膨胀量 λ 密切相关。
(三)国内研究者采用的负移距-负等距组合修形隐藏着一致命特性,即侧隙Δc远小于摆线轮热膨胀量λ
例证如下:
(例1)2017.04月大连交大,×教授《基于…RV传动摆线轮…啮合刚度研究》参数:RZ=77、e=1.50、Za=39、K1=0.7792,Δrz= - 0.022、ΔRZ= - 0.027、回差0.60′
当回差= 0.60′ 、径隙= 0.05(mm)时: 侧隙Δc =0.003(mm)(过小);
(例2)哈工大《中小功率壳固定RV-E减速器的设计研究》RV-450E:RZ=155、e=3.0、Za=37、K1=0.7355,Δrz= - 0.015、ΔRZ= - 0.03、回差0.33′,
当回差= 0.33′ 、径隙= 0.116(mm)时: 侧隙Δc=0.007(mm)(过小);
(例3)同济大学×教授《基于…高精度RV减速器轮齿间隙研究》RV-40E参数:RZ=64、e=1.30、Za=39;K1= 0.8125,Δrz= - 0.002、ΔRZ= - 0.008、回差0.36′
当回差= 0.36′ 、径隙= 0.045(mm)时: 侧隙Δc= 0.003(mm)(过小)。
发明内容
本发明目的是:提出摆线轮修形合理的啮合侧隙Δc与热膨胀量λ关系式,用以解决背景技术中运转时发热寿命短的缺陷,提供一种动态特性好的精密控制用减速机。
本发明技术方案是:一种精密控制用减速机,包括针齿壳及置于其中的两级减速部件:
第一级减速部件包括输入轴、太阳轮及行星轮;
第二级减速部件包括2~3只均布偏心轴、摆线轮、针销、左刚性盘及右刚性盘,摆线轮采用修形,使针销与摆线轮齿槽之间形成径隙及两侧隙,所述的侧隙Δc = (0.7~ 5)λ(mm), λ 为减速机在额定扭矩下做功时摆线轮热膨胀量:
λ= ( d0 Δt ) αt = 0.00062d0(mm),式中:
轴承钢热膨胀系数αt =1.379·10-5(1/℃),d0为摆线轮平均直径,温升Δt=45℃。
在本发明一个较佳实施例中,所述针销与摆线轮齿槽之间的侧隙Δc=(0.8 ~3)λ(mm)。
在本发明一个较佳实施例中,所述针销与摆线轮齿槽之间的侧隙Δc=(0.9~2)λ(mm)。
在本发明一个较佳实施例中,所述针销与摆线轮齿槽之间的侧隙Δc=(1~1.4)λ(mm)。
在本发明一个较佳实施例中,所述针销与摆线轮齿槽之间的侧隙Δc ≈1.1 λ(mm)。
在本发明一个较佳实施例中,所述摆线轮采用‘正等距-正移距’组合修形。
在本发明一个较佳实施例中,所述第三轴承为带密封的单列向心推力球轴承、或薄壁密封四点接触球轴承、或薄壁密封交叉滚子轴承,能承受径向载荷、双向推力载荷和倾覆力矩。
本发明的有益效果是:
(1)本发明采用的等距-移距组合修形产生的侧隙Δc与摆线轮热膨胀量λ密切相关,因而具有良好的动态特性:在额定载荷下运转做功不过热;
(2)本发明国产机床,常规制造精度,工艺简单,成本低;
(3)本发明外型尺寸与日本纳博特斯克的RV减速器相同,因而可与之互换。
附图说明
为清楚说明本发明实施例中的技术方案,下面将对实施例描述中所需要使用的附图作简单介绍。显而易见,下面描述中的附图仅仅是本发明的一些实施例,对于本领域普通技术人员来讲,在不付出创造性劳动的前提下,还可以根据这些附图获得其它的结构形式。
图1是本发明一较佳实施例的结构剖面示意图;
图中:1.针齿壳、2. 第三轴承、3. 左摆线轮、4.针销、5.右摆线轮、6.偏心轴、7. 第二轴承、8. 第一轴承、9.输入轴、10.第四轴承、11.凸缘、12.右刚性盘、13. 左刚性盘、14.太阳轮、15.行星轮。
具体实施方式
下面将对本发明实施例中的技术方案进行清楚、完整地描述。
请参阅图1,本发明实施例包括:
一种精密控制用减速机,包括针齿壳1及置于其中的两级减速部件:第一级减速部件包括输入轴9、太阳轮14及行星轮15;第二级减速部件包括2~3只均布的偏心轴8、摆线轮、针销4、左刚性盘13及右刚性盘12,摆线轮包括左摆线轮3与右摆线轮5,所述偏心轴6轴伸端连接行星轮15,所述偏心轴6两偏心段上设有用以支承摆线轮的第一轴承8,偏心段两侧轴伸用第二轴承7分别支承在左刚性盘13和右刚性盘12周边孔中,左刚性盘13和右刚性盘12用第三轴承2分别支承在针齿壳1两侧内孔,所述输入轴9用第四轴承10分别支承在左刚性盘13和右刚性盘12中心孔,所述左刚性盘13上均布的凸缘11穿过摆线轮相应孔与右刚性盘12用螺钉与定位销连接成刚性体,所述摆线轮采用等距-移距组合修形,修形使针销4与摆线轮齿槽之间形成径隙及两侧的侧隙Δc,所述侧隙Δc = (0.7~ 5) λ(mm),
式中: 减速机在额定扭矩下做功时摆线轮热膨胀量:λ= ( d0 Δt ) αt = 0.00062d0(mm)
轴承热膨胀系数αt =1.379·10-5(1/℃),d0为摆线轮平均直径,温升Δt=45℃
侧隙Δc 大小与针销相邻距加工精度、针销直径加工精度、针销与半埋孔配合间隙、摆线轮齿距偏差及装配产生的偏差等因素相关,与RV减速机型号大小有关,侧隙Δc过小易发热,过大且输入转速偏高时易出现振动。
北方工业大学《RV减速器热-结构耦合分析》:“国内对RV减速器热-结构耦合方面研究较少,而减速器用的是脂润滑,散热条件不好,运转中各种状况都和热密切相关。要考虑温度对零件体积的影响,以免因温度过高膨胀卡死。摆线轮是热量的主要来源。”(2016.06)。
所述针销4与摆线轮齿槽之间的侧隙Δc =(0.8 ~3)λ(mm)。
所述针销4与摆线轮齿槽之间的侧隙Δc =(0.9 ~2)λ(mm)。
所述针销4与摆线轮齿槽之间的侧隙Δc =(1~1.4)λ(mm)。
所述针销4与摆线轮齿槽之间的侧隙Δc≈1.1 λ(mm)。其依据来自下表:
必须指出的是,侧隙Δc过小时,摆线轮与针销4间在负载运转时热膨胀导致噪声加大、磨损、振动及寿命缩短。
所述摆线轮采用‘正等距-正移距’组合修形,正等距-正移距组合修形的轮齿与针销之间的作用力为负等距-负移距组合修形的49%;正等距-正移距组合修形的承载力为负等距-负移距组合修形的1.71倍。正等距-正移距组合修形回差用消隙原理减至设计要求。
等距修形:砂轮磨削半径增大为正等距;反之,减小为负等距;
移距修形:磨轮背离工作台中心为正移距;反之,移进为负移距。
所述第三轴承2为带密封的单列向心推力球轴承,或薄壁密封四点接触球轴承,能承受径向载荷、双向推力载荷和倾覆力矩,能简化主机结构及调整游隙非常方便,或为薄壁密封交叉滚子轴承,由于滚子与滚道为线接触, 其载荷容量是球轴承额定载荷的5 ~ 15倍, 因此可靠性高,、寿命较长,交叉滚子轴承施加预载,能有效提高刚度和旋转精度。
采用带密封的轴承的目的是提高轴承的使用寿命,其依据如下:
(1)“润滑不良是引起轴承早期破坏的主要原因” (刘泽九《滚动轴承应用手册》891页);
(2)“轴承早期失效往往不是材质引起的疲劳破坏,而是污染物进入轴承内部后润滑脂质逐渐变坏,在滚动接触面上产生压痕所致。”(《密封深沟球轴承的密封技术》轴承2009.05);
(3)“结构紧凑时,最好使用装有两面密封的向心球轴承。装有两面密封圈的向心球轴承已装入足够轴承整个使用期限的润滑脂。”(埃斯曼《滚动轴承设设计与应用手册》221页)。
本发明提供的精密控制用减速机,与现有技术相比具有如下优点:
(1)本发明采用的等距-移距组合修形产生的侧向间隙Δc与摆线轮热膨胀量λ密切相关,因而具有良好的动态特性:在额定载荷下运转做功不过热;
(2)本发明国产机床,常规制造精度,工艺简单,成本最低,不怕日本降价打压;
(3)本发明外型尺寸与日本纳博特斯克的RV减速器相同,因而可与之互换。
以上所述仅为本发明的实施例,并非因此限制本发明的专利范围,凡是利用本发明说明书内容所作的等效结构或等效流程变换,或直接或间接运用在其它相关的技术领域,均同理包括在本发明的专利保护范围内。
Claims (7)
1.一种精密控制用减速机,包括针齿壳(1)及置于其中的两级减速部件:第一级减速部件包括输入轴(9)、太阳轮(14)及行星轮(15);第二级减速部件包括2~3只均布的偏心轴(8)、摆线轮、针销(4)、左刚性盘(13)及右刚性盘(12),摆线轮包括左摆线轮(3)与右摆线轮(5),所述偏心轴(6)轴伸端连接行星轮(15),偏心轴(6)两偏心段上设有用以支承摆线轮的第一轴承(8),而偏心段两侧轴伸用第二轴承(7)分别支承在左刚性盘(13)和右刚性盘(12)周边孔中,左刚性盘(13)和右刚性盘(12)用第三轴承(2)分别支承在针齿壳(1)两侧内孔,所述输入轴(9)用第四轴承(10)分别支承在左刚性盘(13)和右刚性盘(12)中心孔,左刚性盘(13)上均布凸缘(11)穿过摆线轮上相应孔与右刚性盘(12)用螺钉及定位销连接成刚性体,所述摆线轮采用‘等距 - 移距’组合修形,修形使针销(4)与摆线轮齿槽之间形成径隙及两侧隙Δc,其特征在于:
所述针销(4)与摆线轮齿槽之间的侧隙Δc =(0.7~5) λ(mm), 式中:
λ 为减速机在额定扭矩下做功时摆线轮热膨胀量:λ= ( d0 Δt ) αt = 0.00062d0(mm),
轴承钢热膨胀系数αt =1.379·10-5(1/℃),d0为摆线轮平均直径,温升Δt=45℃。
2.根据权利要求1所述精密控制用减速机,其特征在于:所述针销(4)与摆线轮齿槽之间的侧隙Δc =(0.8 ~3)λ(mm)。
3.根据权利要求2所述精密控制用减速机,其特征在于:所述针销(4)与摆线轮齿槽之间的侧隙Δc =(0.9 ~2)λ(mm)。
4.根据权利要求3所述精密控制用减速机,其特征在于:所述针销(4)与摆线轮齿槽之间的侧隙Δc =(1~1.4)λ(mm)。
5.根据权利要求4所述精密控制用减速机,其特征在于:所述针销(4)与摆线轮齿槽之间的侧隙Δc≈1.1 λ(mm)。
6.根据权利要求1至5之一所述的精密控制用减速机,其特征在于:所述左摆线轮(3)与右摆线轮(5)采用‘正等距-正移距’组合修形。
7.根据权利要求1所述精密控制用减速机,其特征在于:所述第三轴承(2)为带密封的单列向心推力球轴承或薄壁密封四点接触球轴承或薄壁密封交叉滚子轴承。
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