CN110896110A - 光电模块 - Google Patents
光电模块 Download PDFInfo
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- CN110896110A CN110896110A CN201810959287.9A CN201810959287A CN110896110A CN 110896110 A CN110896110 A CN 110896110A CN 201810959287 A CN201810959287 A CN 201810959287A CN 110896110 A CN110896110 A CN 110896110A
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- Prior art keywords
- protective layer
- outer protective
- cellulose
- derivatives
- polymer
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01L31/042—PV modules or arrays of single PV cells
- H01L31/048—Encapsulation of modules
- H01L31/0481—Encapsulation of modules characterised by the composition of the encapsulation material
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种聚合物层，并且尤其是这种聚合物层作为光电模块的外保护层的用途。该层的聚合物选自纤维素及其衍生物，淀粉及其衍生物，海藻酸盐及其衍生物，瓜尔胶及其衍生物，甲壳质及其衍生物以及果胶及其衍生物。
Description
本发明涉及一种聚合物层；并且尤其是此聚合物层作为光电模块的外部保护层的用途。
与通过化石燃料释放的温室气体有关系的全球变暖，已经引发在运作时不会释放温室气体的可替代能源解决方案的发展，诸如：光电模块。光电模块包括：“光电池”，这个电池能够将光能转化为电能。
光电模块一般地具有玻璃制造的外部保护层，因为需要高的光透射率(＞90.5％)以及优秀的对严酷气候以及周围环境条件的耐受力(主要是湿度的耐受力，温度的耐受力，和紫外线的耐受力)。然而，由玻璃制造的外部保护层一般地是重的(密度是在2.5g/cm3的量级)并且易碎的。
用丙烯酸制造的外部保护层是众所周知的。用丙烯酸制造的外部保护层的一个缺点是其具有相对低的热耐受力。
用聚碳酸酯制造的外部保护层也是众所周知的。用聚碳酸酯制造的外部保护层的一个缺点是其具有比玻璃更低的光透射率。
人们不断地寻找新的高性能的材料。
为此目的，本发明提出一种包括至少一个外部保护层，能将太阳辐射转化为电能的内层，以及在模块背面的保护层(背板)的光电模块，这个外部保护层包括至少一种选自下列聚合物的聚合物：纤维素及其衍生物，淀粉及其衍生物，海藻酸盐及其衍生物，瓜尔胶及其衍生物，甲壳素及其衍生物以及果胶及其衍生物。
该外部保护层的聚合物可以是例如下列聚合物中的一种：纤维素，醋酸纤维素酯，丙酸纤维素酯，丁酸纤维素酯，三醋酸纤维素酯，乙基纤维素，羟乙基纤维素，甲基纤维素，羟甲基纤维素，淀粉，羟丙基淀粉，淀粉醋酸酯，淀粉丙酸酯，淀粉丁酸酯，或者是淀粉的混合酯类，阿拉伯胶，琼脂，海藻酸，海藻酸钠，海藻酸钾，海藻酸钙，黄蓍胶、瓜尔胶、和槐树豆胶。
特别是，该聚合物可以是纤维素衍生物，例如，醋酸纤维素酯、丙酸纤维素酯、丁酸纤维素酯、三醋酸纤维素酯、乙基纤维素、羟乙基纤维素、甲基纤维素和羟甲基纤维素。
根据本发明的一个具体的实施例，该纤维素衍生物获得自从特级木浆衍生的纤维素，或获得自从棉籽绒衍生的纤维素。该表述“特级木浆”应理解为意味着包括了按重量计至少95％的α-纤维素的木浆。根据ISO 692标准测定α-纤维素的量。至于衍生自棉籽绒的纤维素，优选是醋酸酯级。
更具体地说，该聚合物可以是一种纤维素酯。它们通常是有机的，并且尤其是脂肪族的，酯类。
有利的是，该纤维素酯具有一个具有从2至4个碳原子的酰基作为酯基。这些可以是纤维素的混合酯类。作为本发明的上下文内的合适的纤维素酯的实例，可能提及：醋酸纤维素酯、丙酸纤维素酯、丁酸纤维素酯、乙酰丙酸纤维素酯、乙酰丁酸纤维素酯、醋酸邻苯二甲酸纤维素酯和醋酸丙酸丁酸纤维素酯。形成丁酸酯的丁酰基可以是直链或支链的。
有利的是，纤维素的取代度在2和3之间，优选2.3和2.9之间。根据ASTM D871-72标准测定纤维素的取代度。
本发明的聚合物的本征粘度有利地在0.26和0.4之间，优选0.262和0.265之间。根据ASTM D871-72标准测量本征粘度。
该外部保护层的聚合物可以是几种聚合物的掺混物。
优选地，该聚合物是醋酸纤维素酯。
该外部保护层有利地包括按重量计至少60％，优选按重量计至少55％的聚合物。
根据本发明的一个具体的实施例，该外部保护层包括增塑剂。作为增塑剂的实例，可以提及：三乙酸甘油酯、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯、邻苯二甲酸二甲酯、丁基邻苯二甲酰丁基乙醇酸酯、柠檬酸二乙酯、二甲氧基乙基邻苯二甲酸酯、乙基邻苯二甲酰乙基乙醇酸酯、甲基邻苯二甲酰乙基乙醇酸酯、正乙基-邻/对-甲苯磺酰胺、磷酸三苯酯、磷酸三甲苯酯、邻苯二甲酸二丁氧基乙酯、邻苯二甲酸二戊酯、柠檬酸三丁酯、乙酰柠檬酸三丁酯、乙酰柠檬酸三丙酯、三丙酸甘油酯、三丁酸甘油酯、邻/对-甲苯磺酰胺、季戊四醇四乙酸酯、酒石酸二丁酯、二乙二醇二乙酸酯、二乙二醇二丙酸酯、己二酸二丁酯、己二酸二辛酯、壬二酸二丁酯、磷酸三氯乙基酯、磷酸三丁酯、癸二酸二正丁酯、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯、邻苯二甲酸二辛酯、邻苯二甲酸丁基苄基酯、己二酸2-乙基己基酯和邻苯二甲酸二-2-乙基己基酯。有利的是，增塑剂的量相对于外部保护层的重量在按重量计10％和45％之间，优选按重量计在25％和50％之间。
根据本发明的一个具体的实施例，该外部保护层包括热稳定剂(使免受热和/或热氧化的降解作用)，诸如抗氧化剂。作为热稳定剂的实例，可以提及：缩水甘油醚、弱酸的金属盐类、取代酚，等。尤其是，可以提及氢醌单缩水或二缩水甘油醚、草酸钾、环烷酸锶、间苯二酚二缩水甘油醚、甲酸镁或甲酸铝、氧化镁，等。
作为抗氧化剂的实例，可以提及受阻酚类抗氧剂。例如，描述在专利申请WO 2004/000921和WO 02/053633中的这样的抗氧化剂。这样的抗氧化剂的实例是，Irganox1076(十八烷基3，5-二叔丁基-4-羟基氢化肉桂酸)和Irganox1010(四(亚甲基(3，5-二叔丁基-4-羟基氢化肉桂酸)甲烷))。
作为抗氧化剂的实例，还可以提及含磷稳定剂，诸如烷基和/或芳基取代的亚磷酸酯，例如，Irgafos 168(三-(2，4-二叔丁基苯)亚磷酸酯)。
根据本发明的一个具体的实施例，该外部保护层包括光稳定剂。
作为光稳定剂的一个实例，可以提及具有至少一个受阻胺单元的稳定剂(受阻胺光稳定剂H.A.L.S.)。例如，这样的添加剂描述在专利申请WO 2004/000921和WO2005/040262中。
作为光稳定剂的实例，还可以提及UV吸收剂。这样的UV吸收剂特别描述在专利申请WO2004/000921中。作为UV吸收剂的实例，可以提及：草酰苯胺、二苯甲酮诸如Uvinul400(2，4-二羟基二苯甲酮)，苯并三唑诸如Tinuvin 360(二聚2-羟苯基苯并三唑)或2，2’-亚甲基双[6-(2H-苯并三唑-2-基)-4-(1，1，3，3-四甲基丁基)苯酚]，2-羟基苯三嗪诸如Tinuvin1577FF(2，4-二苯基-6-(2-羟基-4-己氧基苯基)-均三嗪)和Tinuvin 234(2-(2H-苯并三唑-2-基)-4，6-双(1-乙基-1-苯乙基)苯酚)。
该外部保护层还可以包括一种或多种选自填充料、染料、颜料、抗静电剂、表面活性剂、润滑剂、分散剂、阻燃剂、模制助剂和抗冲改性剂(必须具备接近外部保护层的折射度，以便保持透明性)的添加剂。该清单是非受限的。这些添加剂必须以最小剂量选择和使用，以便防止通过该外部保护层对太阳辐射传播的干扰。
根据本发明的一个具体的实施例，该外部保护层不包括金属化合物。
该外部保护层可以根据已知层的制备方法制备，例如，通过挤出，喷射模制，压缩模制，浇铸模制，压延等。
可行的是，首先，制备由该外部保护层的一种或多种组分化合物组成的粒料，例如，通过挤出处于棒状形式的、形成该外部保护层的聚合物或包括该聚合物的组合物，之后切割该棒状物以形成粒料。添加剂诸如增塑剂，稳定剂等可以在挤出装置的不同位置引入，
例如双螺杆挤出机的不同位置。之后，可以将这些粒料引入到上述的层转化和成形装置。
外部保护层通常是一种片材。有利的是，该外部保护层具有介于0.025mm和15mm之间的厚度，优选介于0.05mm和10mm之间的厚度，更优选的介于0.5mm和8mm之间的厚度，更优选的仍然介于1mm和8mm之间的厚度，十分优选的介于2mm和6mm之间的厚度。
本发明的外部保护层的表面可以被一种或者多种其他材料的涂层覆盖。这可以是一个防止灰尘和磨损的涂层等等。例如，这个(这些)涂层可以由含氟聚合物制造的，诸如聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)。
该光电模块可以是刚性的或者柔性的。
优选的，本发明的外部保护层是光学透明的，这就是说根据ASTMD1003标准其具有至少88％的光透射率。
除了该外部保护层外，该光电模块包括能将太阳辐射转化为电能的、通常是被封装的内层，并且包括在该模块背面的保护层(背板)。
该光电模块的内层由能够将太阳辐射转化为电流的材料组成。
为了形成内层，可以使用任何类型的光电传感器，包括基于单晶硅或者掺杂的多晶硅的一些“传统”的传感器；由例如，非结晶硅，碲化镉或者铜铟联硒化物，或者也可以使用有机材料形成的薄膜传感器。
光电感应器经常是易碎的，并且因此为了保护，其通常是被封装的。可以使用已知的封装剂。通过举例的方法，可以提及：具有过氧化物和稳定剂的聚(乙烯/醋酸乙烯酯)，或者基于α烯烃，离聚物，硅酮，聚乙烯醇缩丁醛等的热塑性的封装剂。
至于该“背板”，其必须给予该光电模块湿气不渗透性，好的抗蠕变性，好的撕裂强度(就是说由该组合物生产的薄膜必须具有好的机械强度)，和好的电绝缘性。这些通常是基于含氟聚合物(诸如聚氟乙烯PVF或者聚偏氟乙烯PVDF)和/或基于聚酯诸如聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)。
通常地，为了构成光电模块，陆续放在“背板”上的是下部的第一层的封装剂，该光电内层，上部的第二层的封装剂然后是外部保护层。额外的层也可以在这些层之前存在，尤其粘合剂或者粘性层。为了构成该模块，这些不同类型的层被组装起来。
为了组装这些不同的层，可以使用各种压制技术，例如：热压，真空压制或者层压，尤其是热层压。生产条件可以容易地由本领域的技术人员通过将温度和压力调节达到组合物的流动温度来决定。为生产本发明的光电模块，本领域的技术人员可以参考，例如：光电科学与工程手册，Wiley，2003。例如，在层压过程中，为了使封装剂交联，该模块的组件被加热到通常是在110℃和150℃之间的温度。因此该外部保护层尤其必须具有对这些温度的好的耐受性。
根据本发明的一个具体的实施例，该光电模块式是聚光型光电模块。聚光型光电模块是本领域的技术人员已知的。这样的模块通常包括：预期在光电池上汇聚太阳辐射的多个菲涅耳棱镜。与常规的光电模块比较，因为太阳辐射的汇聚，这些模块受到大的热应力。因此该外部保护层必须具有好的热耐受性。
本发明的外部保护层具有对于应用在光电模块中而言的非常好的特性。特别地，其是透明的(其具有高的光透射率)和轻质的，并且其具有好的机械特性，尤其是在模块的角度。其可以是不同的大小和形状，并且其适合于大量生产。本发明的外部保护层的另一个优点是其是由生物基材料制造的。
Claims (10)
1.一种光电模块，其包括至少一个外部保护层、能将太阳辐射转化为电能的内层、以及在该模块背面的保护层(背板)，其特征在于：该外部保护层包括至少一种选自下列聚合物中的聚合物：纤维素及其衍生物，淀粉及其衍生物，海藻酸盐及其衍生物，瓜尔胶及其衍生物，甲壳素及其衍生物以及果胶及其衍生物。
2.如权利要求1所述的光电模块，其特征在于该聚合物是酯。
3.如权利要求1或2所述的光电模块，其特征在于该聚合物是纤维素酯。
4.如权利要求3所述的光电模块，其特征在于该聚合物是醋酸纤维素酯。
5.如上述权利要求之一所述的光电模块，其特征在于该外部保护层包括至少60％的聚合物。
6.如上述权利要求之一所述的光电模块，其特征在于该外部保护层包括增塑剂。
7.如上述权利要求之一所述的光电模块，其特征在于该外部保护层包括热稳定剂。
8.如上述权利要求之一所述的光电模块，其特征在于该外部保护层包括光稳定剂。
9.如上述权利要求之一所述的光电模块，其特征在于其还包括一个或多个粘附在该外部保护层的、在暴露于外部环境的该外表面上的聚合物涂层。
10.如上述权利要求之一所述的光电模块，其特征在于其是聚光型光电模块。
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