CN110856872A - 用于生产粉末冶金产品的方法 - Google Patents

用于生产粉末冶金产品的方法 Download PDF

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CN110856872A
CN110856872A CN201910789801.3A CN201910789801A CN110856872A CN 110856872 A CN110856872 A CN 110856872A CN 201910789801 A CN201910789801 A CN 201910789801A CN 110856872 A CN110856872 A CN 110856872A
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海科·黑肯多恩
莉莉娅·库马纳耶娃
帕特里克·舒泰
克劳斯·温特里希
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种用于制造粉末冶金产品,特别是轴承元件或发动机部件的方法。根据该方法,金属粉末,优选粒度为2μm至15μm的金属粉末以熔融冶金方式生产并通过有机黏结剂和蜡附聚成平均粒度小于400μm的粉末混合物。此后,附聚的粉末混合物优选通过单轴压制形成生坯,并将形成的生坯热脱黏。最后,脱黏的生坯优选在1000℃至1300℃的温度下烧结,并将烧结的生坯再加工成粉末冶金产品。

Description

用于生产粉末冶金产品的方法
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于生产粉末冶金产品,特别是轴承元件或发动机部件的方法,且涉及一种通过该方法生产的粉末冶金产品。此外,本发明涉及具有这种粉末冶金产品的摩擦系统,且涉及具有这种粉末冶金产品、可替代地或另外地具有这种摩擦系统的内燃机,和具有这种粉末冶金产品、可替代地或另外地具有这种摩擦系统的电动机。
背景技术
已知以粉末冶金方式生产轴承元件和发动机部件。这种粉末冶金生产方法使得仅需要很少的再加工步骤的高精度制造成为可能。同时,可以容易地以粉末冶金方式添加组成部分,例如润滑剂和助滑添加剂,否则它们可能很难混合。
在这些常规方法中,阀座环或轴承元件例如由铁素体铸造材料制成。然而,在该过程中,在产品的铁素体结构中产生相对大的碳化物,并且产品的抗蠕变和耐磨性经常不足。相反,当使用马氏体铸造材料或常规烧结方法时,特别是在采用液体烧结方法的情况下,不能确保产品的高耐腐蚀性。在通过这些烧结方法生产的轴承元件的情况下,由于低耐热性,经常发生产品的“膨胀”,这可能导致轴从轴承元件中脱落或卡住。后一个缺点在使用奥氏体材料时也存在。
发明内容
本发明的一个目的是制造一种用于粉末冶金产品、特别是用于轴承元件和发动机部件的改进的生产方法。特别是,通过这种方法生产具有改进的抗蠕变性、耐热性、耐腐蚀性和耐磨性的粉末冶金产品,使得所生产的粉末冶金产品在内燃机或电动机中使用时也具有增加的寿命和更高的配合精度。
根据本发明,该目的通过独立权利要求的主题解决。有利的实施方案是从属权利权利要求的主题。
本发明涉及一种用于制造粉末冶金产品、特别是轴承元件或发动机部件的方法。根据该方法,平均粒度为2μm至15μm的金属粉末以熔融冶金方式生产并通过有机黏结剂和蜡附聚成粉末混合物,优选平均粒度小于400μm。此后,附聚的粉末混合物优选通过单轴压制形成生坯,并将形成的生坯热脱黏。最后,脱黏的生坯优选在1000℃至1300℃的温度下烧结,并将烧结的生坯再加工成粉末冶金产品。
根据该方法的一个有利的实施方案,所生产的金属粉末基于铁,并且替代地或另外地,含有大于20重量%的铬和大于1重量%的碳。
根据该方法的另一个有利的实施方案,在附聚过程中,各自比例小于或等于5重量%的金属粉末,和替代地或另外地,固体润滑剂,和替代地或另外地,硬质相,和替代地或另外地,其他铁基金属粉末混合到金属粉末中。
优选地,附聚的粉末混合物含有1重量%至2.8重量%的碳,20重量%至39重量%的铬,0.1重量%至1.8重量%的锰,0重量%至4重量%的镍,0.5重量%至5重量%的钼,0.5重量%至3.5重量%的硅,和各自为0重量%至3.5重量%的钒、钴、铜、钨和铌。借助于该实施方案,甚至可以进一步优化通过根据本发明的方法生产的粉末冶金产品的抗蠕变性、耐热性、耐腐蚀性和耐磨性。
特别是实际上,附聚的粉末混合物特别是通过压力为400MPa至1500MPa的单轴压制形成生坯。这证明对于进一步加工特别有利,并且对于通过根据本发明的方法生产的粉末冶金产品也是如此。
同样地,特别是实际上,将所形成的生坯在45℃至820℃的温度下进行脱黏。这同样证明对于进一步加工和通过根据本发明的方法生产的粉末冶金产品特别有利。
特别有利地,在1115℃至1275℃的温度下烧结脱黏生坯。
实际上,金属粉末是通过水雾化产生的。
同样实际上,金属粉末通过喷雾干燥而附聚。
此外,本发明涉及通过根据本发明的方法生产的粉末冶金产品。因此,上面解释的根据本发明的方法的优点也适用于根据本发明的粉末冶金产品。
优选地,粉末冶金产品的主要部分具有铁素体结构。
根据本发明的粉末冶金产品的一个有利的实施方案,根据本发明的粉末冶金产品含有1重量%至2.8重量%的碳,20重量%至39重量%的铬,0.1重量%至1.8重量%的锰,0重量%至4重量%的镍,0.5重量%至5重量%的钼,0.5重量%至3.5重量%的硅和各自为0重量%至3.5重量%的钒、钨、钴、铌、铜和与生产有关的污染物。
根据本发明的粉末冶金产品的另一个有利的实施方案,根据本发明的粉末冶金产品含有1.8重量%至2.5重量%的碳,29重量%至36重量%的铬,0.2重量%至1.2重量%的锰,0重量%至1重量%的镍,1重量%至5重量%的钼,0.8重量%至3.5重量%的硅和与生产有关的污染物。
根据一个特别优选的实施方案,粉末冶金产品的相对密度大于94%。以这种方式可以表明,通过根据本发明的方法生产的粉末冶金产品的抗蠕变性和耐磨性可以得到显著改善。
根据另一个特别优选的实施方案,粉末冶金产品的铁素体结构中的碳化物具有小于50μm的尺寸。以这种方式可以表明,通过根据本发明的方法生产的粉末冶金产品的抗蠕变性和耐磨性也可以得到显著改善。
此外,本发明涉及一种摩擦系统,其包括上面介绍的粉末冶金产品。因此,上述根据本发明的方法和根据本发明的粉末冶金产品的优点也适用于根据本发明的摩擦系统。
根据本发明的摩擦系统的一个优选实施方案,根据本发明的粉末冶金产品的表面与含有0重量%至0.1重量%的碳、0重量%至0.5重量%的硅、0重量%至0.5重量%的锰、各自为0重量%至0.015重量%的磷和硫、13.5重量%至15.5重量%的铬、30重量%至33.5重量%的镍、0.4重量%至1.4重量%的钼、1.6重量%至2.2重量%的铝、2.3重量%至2.9重量%的钛、0.4重量%至1重量%的铌和由铁和与生产有关的污染物形成的总重量剩余部分的制品机械接触。
此外,本发明涉及一种用于机动车辆的内燃机。内燃机包括上述粉末冶金产品和,替代地或另外地,上述摩擦系统。因此,上述根据本发明的方法的优点、根据本发明的粉末冶金产品的优点和根据本发明的摩擦系统的优点也适用于根据本发明的内燃机。
此外,本发明涉及一种用于机动车辆的电动机。电动机包括上述粉末冶金产品和,替代地或另外地,上述摩擦系统。因此,上述根据本发明的方法的优点、根据本发明的粉末冶金产品的优点和根据本发明的摩擦系统的优点也适用于根据本发明的电动机。
附图说明
本发明的其他重要特征和优点可从从属权利要求、附图和附图相关的附图说明中获得。
应当理解的是,上述特征以及下面还要说明的特征不仅可以用于所述的各个组合,而且可以用于所述的其他组合,但也可以用于其他组合或者它们自身,而不脱离本发明的范围。
附图中示出了本发明的优选示例性实施方案,并且在以下描述中对其进行了更详细的说明。
唯一的图1示出了根据本发明的摩擦系统10的简化实例,其用于机动车辆的内燃机或机动车辆的电动机中。
具体实施方式
摩擦系统10包括布置在轴承壳体4中的轴承元件1、轴3和连接到轴3的轴颈2。在摩擦系统10中,在轴承元件1和轴颈2之间产生摩擦和,替代地或另外地,在轴承元件1和轴3之间产生摩擦,因为轴颈2与轴3一起相对于轴承元件1绕轴A旋转。
除此之外,轴承元件1的表面可以与含有0重量%至0.1重量%的碳、0重量%至0.5重量%的硅、0重量%至0.5重量%的锰、各自为0重量%至0.015重量%的磷和硫、13.5重量%至15.5重量%的铬、30重量%至33.5重量%的镍、0.4重量%至1.4重量%的钼、1.6重量%至2.2重量%的铝、2.3重量%至2.9重量%的钛、0.4重量%至1重量%的铌和由铁和与生产有关的污染物形成的总重量剩余部分的制品机械接触。
轴承元件1的主要部分可以具有铁素体结构。
此外,轴承元件1另外可以含有1重量%至2.8重量%的碳,20重量%至39重量%的铬,0.1重量%至1.8重量%的锰,0重量%至4重量%的镍,0.5重量%至5重量%的钼,0.5重量%至3.5重量%的硅和各自为0重量%至3.5重量%的钒、钨、钴、铌、铜和与生产有关的污染物。
粉末冶金产品可以含有1.8重量%至2.5重量%的碳、29重量%至36重量%的铬、0.2重量%至1.2重量%的锰、0重量%至1重量%的镍、1重量%至5重量%的钼、0.8重量%至3.5重量%的硅和与生产有关的污染物。
轴承元件1可以具有大于95%的相对密度,和替代地或另外地,轴承元件1的铁素体结构中的碳化物可以具有小于50μm的尺寸。这里,“相对密度”是指绝对密度相对于在3.98℃标准状态下纯水密度的比。
轴承元件1通过根据本发明的方法制造,即粉末冶金方法制造。
在根据本发明的生产轴承元件1的方法中,平均粒度为2μm至15μm的金属粉末以熔融冶金方式生产并通过有机黏结剂和蜡附聚成粉末混合物,优选平均粒度小于400μm。作为本发明一部分的平均粒度是指一定量粉末颗粒的粒径的算术平均值。附聚的粉末混合物优选通过单轴压制形成生坯。随后对形成的生坯进行热脱黏以除去有机黏结剂和蜡,然后将脱黏的生坯优选在1000℃至1300℃的温度下进行烧结。这里,烧结可以在真空中或在氮气-氢气气氛中进行。最后,将烧结的生坯再加工成轴承元件。
这里所生产的金属粉末可以是基于铁的,和替代地或另外地,含有大于20重量%的铬和大于1重量%的碳。
除此之外,在粉末混合物附聚过程中,各自比例小于或等于5重量%的其他金属粉末,和替代地或另外地,固体润滑剂,和替代地或另外地,硬质相,和替代地或另外地,其他铁基金属粉末混合。
附聚的粉末混合物可以含有1重量%至2.8重量%的碳,20重量%至39重量%的铬,0.1重量%至1.8重量%的锰,0重量%至4重量%的镍,0.5重量%至5重量%的钼,0.5重量%至3.5重量%的硅和各自为0重量%至3.5重量%的钒、钴、铜、钨和铌。
除此之外,可以用400MPa至1500MPa的压力使附聚的粉末混合物形成生坯。
此外,形成的生坯可以在45℃至820℃的温度下进行脱黏。脱黏的生坯又可以在1115℃至1275℃的温度下烧结。
金属粉末可以通过水雾化来制备,和替代地或另外地,通过喷雾干燥来附聚。
以上面所示的方式,可以类似地生产其他粉末冶金产品,特别是密封或滑动元件、阀门驱动和涡轮增压器组件、阀门组件、气门导管、轴套、凸轮轴、运行和导向衬套、轴密封环、阀体、阀座环或者排放控制或废气再循环系统中的组件。

Claims (19)

1.一种用于生产粉末冶金产品,特别是轴承元件或发动机部件的方法,其包括以下步骤:
a)以熔融冶金方式生产平均粒度为2μm至15μm的金属粉末,
b)通过有机黏结剂和蜡将步骤a)中生产的金属粉末附聚成粉末混合物,优选平均粒度小于400μm,
c)优选通过单轴压制,将步骤b)中附聚的粉末混合物形成生坯,
d)将步骤c)中形成的生坯热脱黏,
e)优选在1000℃至1300℃的温度下,将步骤d)中脱黏的生坯烧结,
f)将在步骤e)中烧结的生坯再加工成粉末冶金产品。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于
步骤a)中生产的金属粉末是铁基的和/或含有多于20重量%的铬和多于1重量%的碳。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法,其特征在于
在步骤b)中混合各自比例小于或等于5重量%的其他金属粉末和/或润滑剂和/或硬质相和/或其他铁基金属粉末。
4.根据权利要求1至3中任一项所述的方法,其特征在于
在步骤b)中附聚的粉末混合物含有1重量%至2.8重量%的碳,20重量%至39重量%的铬,0.1重量%至1.8重量%的锰,0重量%至4重量%的镍,0.5重量%至5重量%的钼,0.5重量%至3.5重量%的硅和各自为0重量%至3.5重量%的钒、钴、铜、钨和铌。
5.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法,其特征在于
在步骤c)中,用400MPa至1500MPa的压力使在步骤b)中附聚的粉末混合物形成生坯。
6.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法,其特征在于
在步骤d)中,使在步骤c)中形成的生坯在45℃至820℃的温度下脱黏。
7.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法,其特征在于
在步骤e)中,使在步骤d)中脱黏的生坯在1115℃至1275℃的温度下烧结。
8.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法,其特征在于
在步骤a)中,金属粉末是通过水雾化产生的。
9.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法,其特征在于
在步骤b)中,金属粉末通过喷雾干燥而附聚。
10.一种粉末冶金产品,其根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法生产。
11.根据权利要求10所述的粉末冶金产品,其特征在于
粉末冶金产品的主要部分具有铁素体结构。
12.根据权利要求10或11所述的粉末冶金产品,其特征在于
粉末冶金产品含有1重量%至2.8重量%的碳,20重量%至39重量%的铬,0.1重量%至1.8重量%的锰,0重量%至4重量%的镍,0.5重量%至5重量%的钼,0.5重量%至3.5重量%的硅,各自为0重量%至3.5重量%的钒、钨、钴、铌、铜和与生产有关的污染物。
13.根据权利要求10或11所述的粉末冶金产品,其特征在于
粉末冶金产品含有1.8重量%至2.5重量%的碳、29重量%至36重量%的铬、0.2重量%至1.2重量%的锰、0重量%至1重量%的镍、1重量%至5重量%的钼、0.8重量%至3.5重量%的硅和与生产有关的污染物。
14.根据权利要求10至13中任一项所述的方法,其特征在于
粉末冶金产品的相对密度大于94%。
15.根据权利要求10至14中任一项所述的方法,其特征在于
粉末冶金产品的铁素体结构中的碳化物具有小于50μm的尺寸。
16.一种摩擦系统,其具有根据权利要求10至15中任一项所述的粉末冶金产品。
17.根据权利要求16所述的摩擦系统,其特征在于
粉末冶金产品的表面与制品机械接触,
所述制品含有0重量%至0.1重量%的碳、0重量%至0.5重量%的硅、0重量%至0.5重量%的锰、各自为0重量%至0.015重量%的磷和硫、13.5重量%至15.5重量%的铬、30重量%至33.5重量%的镍、0.4重量%至1.4重量%的钼、1.6重量%至2.2重量%的铝、2.3重量%至2.9重量%的钛、0.4重量%至1重量%的铌和由铁和与生产有关的污染物形成的总重量的剩余部分。
18.一种用于机动车辆的内燃机,
-其具有根据权利要求10至15中任一项所述的粉末冶金产品,
-和/或其具有根据权利要求16或17所述的摩擦系统。
19.一种用于机动车辆的电动机,
-其具有根据权利要求10至15中任一项所述的粉末冶金产品,
-和/或其具有根据权利要求16或17所述的摩擦系统。
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