CN110773159B - 一种Pt/Pd/Rh氧化催化剂制备工艺及其制备的催化剂 - Google Patents
一种Pt/Pd/Rh氧化催化剂制备工艺及其制备的催化剂 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种Pt/Pd/Rh氧化催化剂及制备工艺。由催化材料和经过超声辅助弥散分布于催化材料上的球形贵金属催化颗粒组成;步骤包括:拟薄水铝石、硝酸、水混合,形成溶液一,硝酸铈与水混合形成溶液二,相应地的贵金属盐溶液与水混合形成溶液三,还原剂与去离子水混合形成溶液四;将溶液一、二混合并进行升温保温、搅拌,将溶液三、四分别同时加入上述混合液中,同时辅助超声振荡,经过1~24h搅拌后,静置,涂覆,干燥,焙烧,即得催化剂。本发明催化剂制备中贵金属粒子在超声辅助震荡的情况下,弥散分布形成具有集中于1~4nm尺度的球形Pt/Pd/Rh颗粒,具有良好的低温催化氧化能力;尤其适用于柴油、天然气和汽油的发动机尾气、挥发性有机废气净化处理。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于废气净化催化处理技术领域,尤其属于柴油、汽油发动机尾气后处理催化剂研究及制备技术领域,包括工业挥发性有机废气VOCs净化,特别涉及一种超声辅助弥散Pt/Pd/Rh氧化催化剂制备工艺及其制备的催化剂。
背景技术
近年来我国机动车数量急剧增长,机动车排放污染成为目前大多数城市面临的一个重要环境问题。我国机动车排放控制工作始于20世纪80年代,2016年已经开展发布国六标准,对HC,CO,NOx,PM的排放控制越来越严格。同时对非道路用机械,船舶,工业挥发性有机废气的排放控制也不管加严监管,整个大气污染问题愈发引起人们的广泛关注。
在机动车尾气后处理技术领域,排放超标主要原因是在发动机开始运行的初始阶段,由于发动机原排温度较低,导致HC,CO等污染气体不能得到良好的净化,这从客观上要求处于后处理系统上游的DOC催化剂具有良好的低温催化氧化能力;另一方面要求具有良好的NO氧化能力,为下游的 CDPF实现被动再生提供足够的NO2,因此对氧化性催化剂DOC的综合性能要求极高。目前在很大程度上,常规催化剂很难同时满足以上要求。
在涂装、制药、化肥、精细化学工业领域中,也会产成大量工业有机可溶性气体(VOCs),上述废气的排放大量增加,其在水蒸气、光等作用下,发生一系列复杂的物理化学反应,对环境及其人体的健康造成巨大的危害。随着《大气环保法》的实施,加强对工业废气的排放限值及其监督也是势在必行,因此也非常有必要对其进行净化处理,目前应用比较广泛的吸脱附+催化氧化燃烧技术路线,在有效的催化剂作用下,基本能实现废气的近零排放。
发明内容
本发明根据现有现有技术的不足公开了一种Pt/Pd/Rh氧化催化剂及制备工艺。本发明要解决的问题是:由于现有贵金属催化剂低温性能差,贵金属用量高,抗高温烧结能力差,弥散不均匀导致的纳米贵金属粒子不能充分发挥催化性能,导致贵金属浪费。本发明经过优选催化材料,合适的超声辅助工艺,及其添加还原剂及添加剂,最终制备得到性能更好的所需氧化催化剂。
本发明通过以下技术方案实现:
本发明首先提供了一种超声辅助弥散贵金属Pt/Pd/Rh氧化催化剂制备工艺,催化剂由催化材料和浸渍在催化材料上的活性组分制成,催化剂中活性成分贵金属总含量为0.01~2.00wt%,贵金属Pt:Pd:Rh=2:20:1~ 20:10:3。
所用材料为氧化铝-氧化铈复合氧化物,其比表面积要求300~1000,孔容在0.1~1.0ml/g之间。
氧化铝质量含量范围:50~90wt%,氧化铈质量含量范围:10~50wt%。
本发明方法包括以下步骤:
将拟薄水铝石、硝酸、水混合,形成溶液一,将硝酸铈与水混合形成溶液二,将相应地的贵金属盐溶液与水混合形成溶液三,将还原剂与去离子水混合,形成溶液四。
将溶液一与溶液二混合,对混合溶液进行升温保温,在经过常规机械搅拌30min后,然后将溶液三和溶液四分别同时加入上述混合液中,混合为整体溶液,同时辅助超声振荡,经过1~24h搅拌后,静置,涂覆,干燥,焙烧,即得到所需整体式催化剂。
所用贵金属为铂(Pt)、钯(Pd)和铑(Rh),包括相应的硝酸盐,氯化盐,醋酸盐等无机盐。
所用还原剂包括但不限于NaBH4,聚乙二醇及相应醇类衍生物,甲醛及相应醛类衍生物,葡萄糖,抗坏血酸中的一种或两种以上组合,投入量与贵金属盐质量比范围:1.0~1.6。
采用超声辅助浸渍,要求超声振荡频率≥5000HZ,要求将整个反应容器置于超声发射器装置中,催化溶液温度保持在60~90℃之间。超声振荡时间1~24h,然后静置1~5h,干燥温度:40~80℃,焙烧温度:350~950℃,时间:2~5h,即得到所需催化剂。
本发明催化剂对低温下的C3H6和CO化合物具有良好的催化氧化能力,使其转化为CO2和H2O,与之同时对NO也具备良好的低温氧化能力,使其转化为NO2。是一种具有良好低温催化性能的氧化型贵金属催化剂。
本发明催化剂制备中贵金属Pt/Pd/Rh粒子在超声辅助震荡的情况下,弥散分布于氧化铝-氧化铈复合氧化物上。形成具有集中于1~4nm尺度的球形Pt/Pd/Rh颗粒。展现出良好的低温催化氧化能力。尤其适用于燃油为柴油、天然气和汽油的发动机尾气排放净化处理,也适合工业挥发性有机废气的净化。
本发明催化剂对HC、CO及其NO具有良好低温催化氧化能力,通过超声振荡辅助贵金属Pt/Pd/Rh弥散分布于多孔氧化铝-氧化铈上面,有效催化氧化净化HC、CO及其转化NO。
与现有传统贵金属等体积浸渍工艺相比,在超声波辅助浸渍Pt/Pd/Rh 情况下,有利于Pt/Pd/Rh粒子在催化材料孔道中的弥散分布,实现纳米尺度颗粒尺寸,充分利用纳米贵金属Pt/Pd/Rh粒子的催化活性,从而减少贵金属用量,与之同时,提高了Pt/Pd/Rh粒子的抗高温烧结能力,从而提高了氧化催化剂的耐久性。
附图说明
图1是本发明实施例制备的催化剂CO和HC起燃温度检测结果示意图;
图2是本发明实施例制备的催化剂NO2/NOx转化率检测结果示意图。
具体实施方式
下面结合具体实施方式对本发明进一步说明,具体实施方式是对本发明原理的进一步说明,不以任何方式限制本发明,与本发明相同或类似技术均没有超出本发明保护的范围。
以下实施例贵金属浓度1.0wt%,Pt/Pd/Rh比例为5:3:1。
实施例1
一种超声辅助弥散Pt/Pd/Rh氧化催化剂及制备工艺,包括如下步骤:
1)投料:按照氧化铝质量占比50%,氧化铈质量占比50%计算,将拟薄水铝石:硝酸:水,按照质量比=71.4g:189g:214.2g进行投料,不断搅拌混合,形成溶液一;将硝酸铈与水,按照质量比=94.8g:189.6g进行混合,混合形成溶液二;将硝酸铂、硝酸钯、硝酸铑按照5:3:1摩尔比进行混合,总质量占比1.0wt%,总含水量为贵金属混合溶液的3倍。将质量为贵金属 1.2倍的葡萄糖与去离子水一起,进行溶解,形成溶液四。
2)超声振荡:将溶液一与溶液二直接混合后,再加入600g去离子水,对混合溶液进行升温保温,同时进行常规机械搅拌,搅拌30min后,逐渐同时加入溶液三和溶液四,同时启动超声振荡,震动频率15000Hz,在溶液三和溶液四加入完毕后,继续超声振荡。要求整个反应釜装置至于75℃水浴加热锅中,振荡时间12小时后,静置降温3h。
3)涂覆、干燥和焙烧:待制备的溶液冷却后,采用下灌浆方式涂覆与蜂窝陶瓷载体之上,并置于60℃温度条件下,进行干燥,然后在800℃温度下进行焙烧,时间2h,即得到所需催化剂。
实施例2
一种超声辅助弥散Pt/Pd/Rh氧化催化剂及制备工艺,包括如下步骤:
1)投料:按照氧化铝质量占比70%,氧化铈质量占比30%计算,将拟薄水铝石:硝酸:水,按照质量比=100g:264.6g:300g进行投料,不断搅拌混合,形成溶液一;将硝酸铈与水,按照质量比=57g:114g进行混合,混合形成溶液二;将硝酸铂、硝酸钯、硝酸铑按照5:3:1摩尔比进行混合,总质量占比1.0wt%,总含水量为贵金属混合溶液的3倍。将质量为贵金属1.2 倍的葡萄糖与去离子水一起,进行溶解,形成溶液四。
2)超声振荡:将溶液一与溶液二直接混合后,再加入600g去离子水,对混合溶液进行升温保温,同时进行常规机械搅拌,搅拌30min后,逐渐同时加入溶液三和溶液四,同时启动超声振荡,震动频率7000Hz,在溶液三和溶液四加入完毕后,继续超声振荡。要求整个反应釜装置至于75℃水浴加热锅中,振荡时间6小时后,静置降温3h。
3)涂覆、干燥和焙烧:待制备的溶液冷却后,采用下灌浆方式涂覆与蜂窝陶瓷载体之上,并置于60℃温度条件下,进行干燥,然后在800℃温度下进行焙烧,时间4h,即得到所需催化剂。
实施例3
一种超声辅助弥散Pt/Pd/Rh氧化催化剂及制备工艺,包括如下步骤:
1)投料:按照氧化铝质量占比90%,氧化铈质量占比10%计算,将拟薄水铝石:硝酸:水,按照质量比=128.6g:340.2g:385.8g进行投料,不断搅拌混合,形成溶液一;将硝酸铈与水,按照质量比=18.9g:37.8g进行混合,混合形成溶液二;将硝酸铂、硝酸钯、硝酸铑按照5:3:1摩尔比进行混合,总质量占比1.0wt%,总含水量为贵金属混合溶液的3倍。将质量为贵金属1.5倍的抗坏血酸与去离子水一起,进行溶解,形成溶液四。
2)超声振荡:将溶液一与溶液二直接混合后,再加入600g去离子水,对混合溶液进行升温保温,同时进行常规机械搅拌,搅拌30min后,逐渐同时加入溶液三和溶液四,同时启动超声振荡,震动频率10000Hz,在溶液三和溶液四加入完毕后,继续超声振荡。要求整个反应釜装置至于75℃水浴加热锅中,振荡时间8小时后,静置降温3h。
3)涂覆、干燥和焙烧:待制备的溶液冷却后,采用下灌浆方式涂覆与蜂窝陶瓷载体之上,并置于60℃温度条件下,进行干燥,然后在800℃温度下进行焙烧,时间2h,即得到所需催化剂。
检测例
根据表3中的模拟气氛,对尾气H3C6,CO,NO气氛进行氧化转化性能测试,结果如图1,图2所示;图1纵坐标表示相应气体的起燃温度,单位:℃,横坐标表示相应废气的T50,T90。图2纵坐标表示NO2/NOx转化效率,单位:%。横坐标表示反应气温度,单位:℃,总含义是指NO随着反应温度的增加,其转化效率变化状态。图中,A是实施例一、B是实施例二,C是实施例三,D是传统工艺对比组制备的催化剂。
对其T10、T50和T90温度点,及其NO2/NOx转化能力及对应的温度进行统计,结果如下表1所示,结果表明随着温度的增加,转化效率逐渐提高, C3H6和CO的T50均小于200℃,而NO2/NOx转化效率在250℃~350℃之间,均超过60%,实现了低温催化氧化HC,CO的能力,同时对NO具有优异的氧化能力。三个实施案例综合性能相当,相比于传统制备工艺,却有大幅度提高,这主要是因为通过超声辅助分散贵金属,使得贵金属分散更加均匀,相应地提高了贵金属的利用率,相对来讲,方案一各方面能力略较优,这主要是因为在较高频率的超声辅助振荡作用下,贵金属在材料中的分散更加均匀,颗粒尺寸更加细小而形成的。附表1、附表2分别为各具体实施案例所获得材料的H3C6,CO和NO氧化转化性能统计表。
表1:C3H6、CO氧化转化性能统计表
表2:NO氧化转化性能统计表
温度/℃ | 实施例1 | 实施例2 | 实施例3 | 传统工艺-对比组 |
200 | 15% | 13% | 12% | 3% |
225 | 44% | 42% | 41% | 33% |
250 | 63% | 60% | 61% | 42% |
275 | 69% | 64% | 65% | 51% |
300 | 70% | 67% | 67% | 55% |
325 | 68% | 65% | 63% | 50% |
350 | 64% | 62% | 60% | 40% |
375 | 56% | 54% | 53% | 36% |
400 | 45% | 43% | 40% | 31% |
备注:T10:表示当转化率到达10%时,对应的温度;T50:表示当转化率到达50%时,对应的温度;T90:表示当转化率到达90%时,NO氧化性能是指NO2/NOx百分比,NOx:表示NO和NO2气氛浓度的总和。
附1:C3H6,CO和NO氧化转化性能检测方法描述,具体如下:
根据发动机排气模拟气,在实验室搭建的转化效率测试装置上进行性能测试,样品规格:1"*2",400目,空速为8万,根据程序升温,随着温度的增加,用红外采集样品前后气氛浓度,并记录,气氛组成如下表3所示。表3发动机排气模拟气组成
气氛组成 | NO | C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>6</sub> | CO | CO<sub>2</sub> | O<sub>2</sub> | H<sub>2</sub>O | N<sub>2</sub> |
含量 | 600ppm | 100ppm | 1000ppm | 8% | 10% | 7% | 平衡气 |
Claims (4)
1.一种Pt/Pd/Rh氧化催化剂制备工艺,其特征在于:所述催化剂由氧化铝-氧化铈复合氧化物催化材料和经过超声辅助弥散分布于催化材料上的球形贵金属Pt/Pd/Rh催化颗粒组成;所述催化材料的氧化铝-氧化铈复合氧化物,其比表面积是300~1000,孔容是0.1~1.0ml/g;氧化铝质量含量:50~90wt%,氧化铈质量含量:10~50wt%;贵金属总含量0.5~100g/ft3;
制备工艺包括以下步骤:
将拟薄水铝石、硝酸、水混合,形成溶液一,将硝酸铈与水混合形成溶液二,将相应地的贵金属盐溶液与水混合形成溶液三,将还原剂与去离子水混合,形成溶液四;
将溶液一与溶液二混合,对混合溶液进行升温保温,在经过常规机械搅拌30min后,将溶液三和溶液四分别同时加入上述混合液中,混合为整体溶液,同时辅助超声振荡,经过1~12h搅拌后,静置,涂覆,干燥,焙烧,即得到所需整体式催化剂。
2.根据权利要求1所述的Pt/Pd/Rh氧化催化剂制备工艺,其特征在于:所述还原剂,包含NaBH4、聚乙二醇及相应醇类衍生物、甲醛及相应醛类衍生物、葡萄糖或抗坏血酸中的一种,加入量与贵金属盐质量比:1.0~1.5。
3.根据权利要求1所述的Pt/Pd/Rh氧化催化剂制备工艺,其特征在于:所述超声振荡频率≥50000HZ,超声振荡时将整个反应容器置于超声发射器装置中,催化溶液温度保持在60~90℃;超声振荡时间1~4h,然后静置0.5~2h,采用上灌浆方式涂覆与蜂窝载体之上,干燥温度:40~80℃,焙烧温度:350~950℃,时间:2~5h。
4.一种Pt/Pd/Rh氧化催化剂,其特征在于:催化剂是权利要求1至3任一项所述方法制备的催化剂。
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