CN110573318A - 用于挤出塑料的多螺杆挤出机的挤出机螺杆 - Google Patents

用于挤出塑料的多螺杆挤出机的挤出机螺杆 Download PDF

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CN110573318A
CN110573318A CN201880028905.6A CN201880028905A CN110573318A CN 110573318 A CN110573318 A CN 110573318A CN 201880028905 A CN201880028905 A CN 201880028905A CN 110573318 A CN110573318 A CN 110573318A
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CN110573318B (zh
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D·格诺伊斯
S·格诺伊斯
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Gneuss LLC
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B29C48/375—Plasticisers, homogenisers or feeders comprising two or more stages
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C48/25—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
    • B29C48/36—Means for plasticising or homogenising the moulding material or forcing it through the nozzle or die
    • B29C48/395—Means for plasticising or homogenising the moulding material or forcing it through the nozzle or die using screws surrounded by a cooperating barrel, e.g. single screw extruders
    • B29C48/40—Means for plasticising or homogenising the moulding material or forcing it through the nozzle or die using screws surrounded by a cooperating barrel, e.g. single screw extruders using two or more parallel screws or at least two parallel non-intermeshing screws, e.g. twin screw extruders
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    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B29C48/36—Means for plasticising or homogenising the moulding material or forcing it through the nozzle or die
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Abstract

用于挤出塑料的多螺杆挤出机的挤出机螺杆(100)包括：用于熔融和均质化塑料的进料和计量区(1)和用于带走气态成分的抽空区(2)以及压缩和/或排出区(4)；多螺杆段分(20)，其具有多个行星螺杆(30)，所述行星螺杆至少在其长度的一部分上敞开在挤出机螺杆(100)的外周上；以及驱动区域(3)，其中行星螺杆(30)通过齿(33)啮合在中心轴上的外齿中或定子环的内齿中或多螺杆挤出机的挤出机孔的内壁中。进料和计量区(1)延伸到多螺杆段(20)中，其中位于计量区(1)中的行星螺杆(30)的相应部分被至少部分地封闭。

Description

用于挤出塑料的多螺杆挤出机的挤出机螺杆
技术领域
本发明涉及用于挤出塑料的多螺杆挤出机的挤出机螺杆，其具有权利要求1的前序部分的特征。
技术背景
这种多螺杆挤出机用于从固体塑料颗粒，特别是聚酯颗粒中获得均匀的塑料熔体，并且从申请人的专利文献EP 1434680 B1中已知。对于这种类型的挤出机，在脱气区域中提供了多个行星螺杆。在多螺杆挤出机的运行期间，在排出区域内的行星螺杆的腔室容积没有被完全填充，从而形成了塑料的相应较大的表面积，这有利于排气。随后，将塑料熔体的部分股在排出和/或压缩区中重新结合，并例如传递至下游的熔体泵。
使用众所周知的多螺杆挤出机的困难在于优化许多操作参数，例如驱动和熔融性能、团块温度和在计量区中的停留时间。团块温度过高会导致塑料发生不利的变化，而团块温度过低则会导致计量区内的固体熔融不足。尽管较长的停留时间会促进熔化和均质化，但会加速塑料的水解降解，该塑料在此阶段仍包含水分。
如果固体包含回收物，因此具有不均匀的熔融行为，则这种优化特别困难。在这种情况下，固体部分到达多螺杆段时可能尚未充分熔化。由于多螺杆段中的行星螺杆浮动地安装在塑料熔体中，因此，熔体中可能携带的任何固体残留物都会被挤压穿过行星螺杆的轴承点，从而增加了行星螺杆和轴承的磨损。
发明内容
因此，本发明的目的是改进上述类型的挤出机螺杆，使得在达到脱气区之前仅短的停留时间就可获得均匀熔融的熔体。
根据本发明，该目的通过具有权利要求1的特征的多螺杆挤出机来解决。
根据本发明，通过在其中形成圆锥段以在入口和多螺杆段之间形成直径过渡，由此从例如通过上游挤出机或泵进料的入口管和/或上游单螺杆到多螺杆段形成连续过渡。圆锥段可以是圆锥截面形状的，或者-在横截面中可以看到-凹面或凸面弯曲的。唯一重要的是，将通过入口进料的熔体扇开并送入设置在行星螺杆圆锥段中的各个入口孔。
本发明的基本思想不是在上游进行熔融和均质化，即所谓的计量，而是将其延伸到多螺杆段中。
因此，计量区包括具有较小直径的入口、用于使股膨胀和股分裂成几个部分股的圆锥段、以及(借由几个行星螺杆)部分股的直到达到脱气区的延续。
虽然在现有技术中，结构上分开的段各自还具有某些功能，但现在提供了在一个结构段(即多螺杆段)中使用相同的行星螺杆同时实现两项功能，而在另一方面分配一种功能，即在至少两个结构段上熔化和均质化。
根据本发明，在入口中形成的计量区域的部分只能是短的，或者甚至可以省略，从而减少了停留时间。随后直接分成多条单独的股增加了熔体与挤出机螺杆的接触面积，使得可以很好地控制在各条股中输送的熔体的温度。特别地，熔体的冷却也是可能的。
由于不仅将行星螺杆的端部输送到接收元件的孔中，而且多螺杆段中的计量区域的部分在行星螺杆的长度的至少约四分之一上延伸，相应地这样就产生了各自具有小横截面的长流动通道，从而实现了良好的温度控制和均质化。
由于基于给定的直径比，行星螺杆本身以挤出机螺杆速度的倍数运行的事实，因此在多螺杆段内计量区的纵向部分中的停留时间很短，但是仍然可以因为例如通过封闭区域中行星齿轮的螺距而改变。
关于根据本发明的多螺杆挤出机的操作模式，还应当指出，根据本发明，优选完全填充行星螺杆的完全封闭的纵向区域中的腔室而操作，从而实现良好的输送效果。通过随后的无压脱气区域，不会产生背压，并且可以将在上游设备中仅部分熔化的熔体组分良好吸入。
如通常已知的，驱动区域可以设置在行星螺杆的排出端处。为此，行星螺杆在其端部或在靠近后端的区域中分别设有小齿轮，或者连接至这种小齿轮。小齿轮与挤出机孔壁上的内齿啮合，因此行星齿轮被同步驱动。
但是，特别优选的是，将驱动区布置在功能间隔位于行星螺杆上的位置，即，行星螺杆的完全封闭的部分以计量区结束并过渡到脱气区的开放区域。在这一点上，该布置的优点在于，可以直接引入主要用于多螺杆段的纵向部分中的熔化和均质化所需的行星螺杆上的驱动扭矩。通过将驱动区布置在长度的中间或甚至更远，避免了细行星齿轮轴在摄入和排出之间的整个长度上的扭曲。尽管更长，但是多螺杆段中的行星螺杆轴的相应纵向下游段几乎没有负荷，因为脱气区中的螺杆仅被部分填充，因此仅需要低扭矩。
应当指出的是，驱动区的布置不一定必须精确地位于两个功能区之间的过渡处，而是也可以与至少一个相邻区重叠，因为熔体已经通过齿导入驱动区。
由于本发明的多螺杆挤出机中的行星螺杆必须要施加比现有技术大(在现有技术中，行星螺杆仅在部分填充的腔室内输送完全熔融的熔体以进行排气)得多的扭矩，因此要传递的扭矩要高得多，因此，将驱动小齿轮以及相关的齿设置在定子环上或直接在挤出机孔中设置螺旋齿也是有利的。
一个优选的实施例是将多螺杆段设置为均匀驱动的挤出机螺杆的一部分，其中在入口和/或出口中设置有单螺杆段。在这种情况下，计量区分为上游单螺杆代表的部分和多螺杆段中的部分。这种设计还具有的优点是，单螺杆段可以比现有技术中的短，从而减少了停留时间。根据本发明的挤出机螺杆的优点在于，可以在加工开始时立即在单螺杆段中提供更高的驱动力，这导致更快的熔化。但是，避免了局部过热，因为立即随后扇出的单独股穿过圆锥段进入多螺杆段，可以实现更大的冷却能力，从而避免热损坏。
附图说明
下面将参考附图更详细地解释本发明。这些图详细显示：
图1是根据第一实施例的根据本发明的用于多螺杆挤出机的挤出机螺杆的部分的透视图；
图2是根据第二实施例的挤出机螺杆的部分的透视图；
图3是根据图2的挤出机螺杆的部分的透视图；
图4是根据图2的挤出机螺杆的细节的透视图，并且
图5是挤出机螺杆的第二实施例的行星螺杆的侧视图。
具体实施例
图1以透视图示出了挤出机螺杆100的区段，这是本发明所必需的。在图1所示的位置，分别从右侧吸入塑料颗粒或塑料熔体，然后将其排放到左侧。
整个长度范围内提供四个功能区：
-在摄入口后的第一纵向段(此处看不见)形成所谓的计量区1，塑料颗粒在该计量区1中熔化并均质化。
-随后是脱气区2。在挤出机壳体上设有抽吸装置，该抽吸装置在这里也未示出，从而可以从脱气区2中提取出挥发性组分。
-在计量区1中熔化并在随后的脱气区2中脱气的熔体必须通过驱动区3，并在其后的排出区4中被压缩和排出。
从设计角度来看，挤出机螺杆100基本上分为三个区段：
-第一单螺杆段10；
-具有多个行星螺杆30的多螺杆段20；和
第二单螺杆段40。
单螺杆段10、40和多螺杆段20优选地设计为分离的元件，它们彼此连接以形成均匀的挤出机螺杆轴100。这简化了生产，并使发生磨损时更换单个区段更容易且更具成本效益。
在从第一单螺杆段10到多螺杆段20的过渡处，行星齿轮壳体23形成有圆锥段21，在该圆锥段21每个行星螺杆30具有至少一个行星螺杆孔22。
圆锥段21和行星螺杆壳体23形成多螺杆段20的第一纵向段，该第一纵向段与计量区1相关联。行星螺杆孔22在行星螺杆壳体23内部的深流通道中连续。行星螺杆30在此在部分长度31上完全封闭，而行星螺杆30的更多部分长度32在随后的脱气区2中敞开。在这里示出的实施例中，行星螺杆30的封闭的纵向段31与敞开的纵向段32之间的比例约为1∶2至1∶4。该长度比例具体地根据待处理的原料来选择，以便一方面实现在计量区1中可能的最均匀的熔化，另一方面又能够进行有效的脱气。
在圆锥段21和/或行星螺杆壳体23的外圆周上形成至少一个螺杆螺旋，使得由单螺杆段10供应的熔体不仅分配到各个行星螺杆30，而且部分地在圆锥段21的外周上进行输送。液体熔体相通过挤出机壳体中的孔为挤出机螺杆100提供润滑。
在后方排出端，每个行星螺杆30均配备有小齿轮33。行星螺杆30的端部浮动地安装在轴承座25中的支撑轴承24中。这通过另一个圆锥段过渡到具有形成排出区4的排出螺杆41的第二单螺杆段40。
小齿轮31的齿可以设计为正齿或螺旋齿：使用螺旋齿时，选择与行星螺杆30的螺杆腹板的螺距相同的旋转方向的螺距是有利的。这实现了额外的促进效果。当小齿轮31布置在端部时，这支持从多螺杆段20排出。
当行星螺杆30完全填充在行星螺杆壳体23中时，在敞开的脱气区2中需要自由空间。由于在该部分中，行星螺杆30没有被完全包封并且因此输送效果降低，因此为了获得可接受的脱气效果，必须将螺纹深度显著增加至少2倍。实际上，已经证明了显著更高的值。比例4已经导致脱气性能的显著改善。脱气区2中的螺纹深度与计量区1中的螺纹深度的螺纹深度比例大于5：1可获得最佳结果。
图2以透视图示出了根据本发明的挤出机螺杆100'的第二实施例的区段。与第一实施例一样，提供了三个基本设计区段：
-第一单螺杆段10；
-具有多个行星螺杆30'的多螺杆段20'，该多螺杆段20’在摄取侧安装在具有圆锥段21'和入口孔22'的行星螺杆壳体23'中，在排放侧支撑在轴承24’中；和
-具有排出螺杆41的第二单螺杆段40。
挤出机螺杆100'的功能划分还包括四个区域：
-计量区1'；
-脱气区2'；
-驱动区3'；和
-排出区4′。
但是，第二实施例的顺序布置是不同的。驱动区3'位于计量区1'和脱气区2'之间。为此，小齿轮33'直接形成或安装在行星螺杆30'从行星螺杆壳体23'伸出的地方，其纵向段31'与计量区1'相关。在流动方向上位于小齿轮33'后面的行星螺杆30'的纵向段32'与脱气区2'相关联。行星螺杆30'的排出侧的尖端安装在支撑轴承24'的环形轴承座25'中。
当小齿轮33'布置在行星螺杆轴30的长度的中央或前三分之一处时，螺旋齿可支持输送到脱气区2中。如果选择齿的总螺纹体积(由自由面积和螺距的乘积计算)，使其与行星螺杆部分中的螺纹体积相似，则甚至可以在同一时间塑化。
特别有利的是，至少选择齿的螺旋角，使得最终的螺距至少与行星螺杆的螺距一样大，尤其是螺距的至少1.5倍。
图3以放大的透视图示出了挤出机螺杆100'的多螺杆段20'，其中总共八个行星螺杆轴30中的两个已被移除以便提供内部中心轴26'的视图，围绕该中心轴26'布置有旋转行星螺杆30'。中心轴26'在其排出端区段配备有作为内部冷却的一部分的冷却螺旋。
图4示出了从单螺杆段10'看多螺杆段20'的圆锥段21'的前侧的透视图。在行星螺杆壳体23'的行星螺杆孔22'中，可以识别出行星螺杆轴30'的尖端34'。在行星螺杆壳体23'中，行星螺杆轴30'最初被完全封闭并且仅在布置有小齿轮33'的驱动区中再次露出。行星螺杆壳体23'的外圆周在其外圆周上具有低腹板高度的螺杆腹板27'。
图5以侧视图示出了单个行星螺杆30'。具有低腹板高度的行星螺杆30'的纵向段31'首先由尖端34'形成。与计量区1'相关联的该部分在行星螺杆孔22'内被引导(见图4)。接下来是属于驱动段3'的区段，该区段形成为容纳小齿轮33'或具有直接集成的齿。螺杆的芯直径减小，并且在排出端区段中腹板高度相应地增加，该排出端区段占总长度的大约三分之二并且与脱气区2'相关联。与纵向段31'相比，腔室容积增加，从而仅实现了对纵向段32'中腔室的部分填充，从而实现了良好的除气效果，很大程度上与区段31’，32’中的螺距无关。

Claims (12)

1.用于挤出塑料的多螺杆挤出机的挤出机螺杆(100；100')，至少包括：
-用于熔化和均质化塑料的摄入和计量区(1；1′)、用于排出气态组分的抽空区(2；2′)、和压缩和/或排出区(4；4′)；
-多螺杆段(20；20′)，其包括多个行星螺杆(30；30′)，所述行星螺杆(30；30′)在挤出机螺杆(100；100′)的外周的在行星螺杆(30；30′)的长度的至少一部分上暴露；和
-驱动区(3；3')，在所述驱动区处，行星螺杆(30；30')通过齿(33；33')啮合在在多螺杆挤出机的中心轴(26')上的外齿中或定子环的内齿中，或挤出机孔的内壁中；
其特征在于，所述摄取和计量区(1；1')延伸到多螺杆段(20；20')中，位于所述计量区(1；1')中的行星螺杆(30；30')的相应部分被至少部分地封闭。
2.根据权利要求1所述的挤出机螺杆(100)，其特征在于，所述摄取和计量区(1；1')包括单螺杆段(10、40)，所述摄取和计量区(1；1')从单螺杆段(10)延伸到多螺杆段(20；20')中。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的挤出机螺杆(100)，其特征在于，沿流动方向看，在所述多螺杆段(20；20')的下游设有压缩和/或排出区(4；4')，其形成为单螺杆段(10、40)。
4.根据权利要求1至3中的任一项所述的挤出机螺杆(100)，其特征在于，
在多螺杆段(20；20′)的开始处形成圆锥段(21；21′)，在该圆锥段每个行星螺杆(30；30′)具有至少一个行星螺杆孔(22；22′)，和
计量区(1；1')穿过圆锥部分(21；21')延伸到多螺杆段(20；20')中的行星螺杆壳体(23；23')，在行星螺杆壳体(23；23')处行星螺杆(30；30')至少在部分长度上被封闭。
5.根据权利要求2至4中任一项所述的挤出机螺杆(100；100')，其特征在于，所述多螺杆段(20；20')的中心轴(26')以及可能的单螺杆段(10、40)各自设计为均一挤出机螺杆的部分。
6.根据前述权利要求1至5中的任一项所述的挤出机螺杆(100')，其特征在于，所述驱动区(3；3')布置在所述多螺杆段(20；20')的后端。
7.根据权利要求1至5中的任一项所述的挤出机螺杆(100')，其特征在于，所述驱动区域(3')布置在在所述计量区(1')和所述抽空区(2')之间的所述多螺杆段(20')内部。
8.根据权利要求2至7中的任一项所述的挤出机螺杆(100；100')，其特征在于，所述多螺杆段(20；20')的转子轴和所述单螺杆段(10、40)各自形成为可拆卸地相互连接的单独的挤出机螺杆子元件。
9.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的挤出机螺杆(100；100')，其特征在于，所述行星螺杆壳体(23；23')的外周设置有至少一个螺杆腹板(27')并且能够溢出。
10.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的挤出机螺杆(100)，其特征在于，所述摄取和计量区(1；1')包括布置在所述多螺杆段(20；20')的上游并且连接到泵的管。
11.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的挤出机螺杆(100)，其特征在于，所述压缩和/或排出区(4；4')包括布置在所述多螺杆段(20；20')的下游并且连接至泵的管。
12.用于挤出塑料的多螺杆挤出机，至少包括具有用于容纳根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的挤出机螺杆(100；100')的挤出机孔的挤出机壳体。
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