CN110546852A - 电力供给装置、蓄电系统及充电方法 - Google Patents

电力供给装置、蓄电系统及充电方法 Download PDF

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CN110546852A
CN110546852A CN201880027610.7A CN201880027610A CN110546852A CN 110546852 A CN110546852 A CN 110546852A CN 201880027610 A CN201880027610 A CN 201880027610A CN 110546852 A CN110546852 A CN 110546852A
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charging
battery
unit
time
power supply
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CN110546852B (zh
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山本贵生
佐田友和
天明裕
大地幸和
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Panasonic Intellectual Property Management Co Ltd
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    • B60K6/28—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs characterised by the electric energy storing means, e.g. batteries or capacitors
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Abstract

在被使用于蓄电系统的电力供给装置中，电力供给部对蓄电池进行充电。控制部控制电力供给部，使其在蓄电池的充电期间的至少一部分内脉冲状地进行充电。蓄电池的温度越低，控制部越使脉冲状地充电时的单位接通时间及单位关断时间变长。

Description

电力供给装置、蓄电系统及充电方法
技术领域
本发明涉及用于对蓄电池进行充电的电力供给装置、蓄电系统及充电方法。
背景技术
近年来，锂离子电池的需要不断扩大。锂离子电池被使用于电子设备用途(例如，PC、智能手机)、车载用途(例如，EV、PHEV)、以及固定型蓄电用途等各种用途。尤其是EV、PHEV的出货台数不断增加，针对车载用的锂离子电池的急速充电的需求不断高涨。需要在急速充电中提高电流速率，且对电池的负担会变大。在减轻对电池的负担并以高电流来充电的方法中，存在脉冲充电。
专利文献1公开了一种方法，其通过在电池温度较低时或电压上升梯度较大时，使脉冲的接通时间变短，从而避免因电池电压急速上升而导致对电池的负担变大的情况。
[现有技术文献]
[非专利文献]
专利文献1：日本特许第4145010号公报
发明内容
在锂离子电池的劣化因素中，不仅包含电压急速上升，还包含电极内的非均相反应及副反应。关于锂离子的扩散速度，越是低温，越会变得缓慢。低温时，在脉冲充电的关断期间无法回到正常位置的锂离子会增加，锂离子的浓度分布的不均会变大。
本公开鉴于这样的状况而完成，其目的在于提供一种减轻在对蓄电池进行脉冲充电时的对蓄电池的负担的技术。
为了解决上述问题，本公开的一个方案的电力供给装置包括：电力供给部，对蓄电池进行充电；以及控制部，控制上述电力供给部，使其在上述蓄电池的充电期间的至少一部分内脉冲状地进行充电。上述蓄电池的温度越低，上述控制部越使上述脉冲状地充电时的单位接通时间及单位关断时间变长。
另外，以上的构成要素的任意组合、以及将本发明的表述在方法、装置、系统、计算机程序等之间转换后的结果，作为本发明的方案也是有效的。
根据本公开，能够减轻对蓄电池进行脉冲充电时的对蓄电池的负担。
附图说明
图1是用于说明本发明的实施方式的车辆的图。
图2是表示充电部的构成例的框图。
图3的(a)、(b)是表示低温时和高温时的脉冲充电模式的一例的图。
图4的(a)、(b)是表示低温时和高温时的充电末期的自初始电压开始的电压变化的状态的一例的图。
图5的(a)、(b)是表示低温时和高温时的电池的循环特性的一例的图。
图6是用于说明变形例的蓄电系统的图。
具体实施方式
图1是用于说明本发明的实施方式的车辆1的图。在本实施方式中，作为车辆1，假定为能够从商用电力系统(以下，简称系统2)充电的电动汽车(EV)或插电式混合动力车(PHEV)。
车辆1包括蓄电模块10、逆变器20、电动机30、充电部40、第1开关S1及第2开关S2。蓄电模块10包括蓄电池E1、温度传感器T1、分流电阻Rs、电压检测部11、温度检测部12、电流检测部13及管理部14。蓄电池E1为用于蓄积能量的蓄电池，该能量用于将电力供给到行驶用的电动机30。蓄电池E1被构成为：多个蓄电池单元被串联连接或串并联连接。
在本实施方式中，假定在蓄电池单元中使用锂离子蓄电池。作为锂离子蓄电池的正极活性物质，例如使用Ni比例较高的锂镍复合氧化物(NCA或NMC)。使用NCA的情况下的标称电压为3.6V，使用NMC的情况下的标称电压为3.6-3.7V。另外，在车载用途中，也广泛使用锰酸锂。作为负极活性物质，能够例示出碳材料、硅、硅氧化物等硅化合物、以及包含从由锡、铝、锌及镁构成的组中选择的至少一种的锂合金等。作为碳材料，能够例示出石墨(天然石墨、人造石墨等)、以及无定形碳等。对于电解质，使用不会被锂电解的非水溶液系电解质。
逆变器20在动力运行时，将从蓄电池E1供给的直流电力转换为交流电力而供给到电动机30。在再生时，将从电动机30供给的交流电力转换为直流电力而供给到蓄电池E1。电动机30在动力运行时，根据从逆变器20供给的交流电力来进行旋转。在再生时，将因减速产生的旋转能转换为交流电力而供给到逆变器20。
在连接蓄电池E1与逆变器20的布线间，插入有第1开关S1。对于第1开关S1，能够使用接触式继电器。管理部14在行驶时，将第1开关S1控制在接通状态(关状态)，使蓄电模块10与动力系统电连接。管理部14在非行驶时，原则上将第1开关S1控制在关断状态(开状态)，对蓄电模块10和动力系统进行电阻断。
电压检测部11检测蓄电池E1的各单元的电压，并将检测到的各单元的电压值输出到管理部14。分流电阻Rs被与蓄电池E1串联连接。分流电阻Rs为用于检测流至蓄电池E1的电流的电流检测元件。另外，作为电流检测元件，也可以不使用分流电阻Rs，而是使用霍尔元件。电流检测部13基于分流电阻Rs的两端电压来检测流至蓄电池E1的电流的值，并将检测到的电流值输出到管理部14。在蓄电池E1附近，设置有温度传感器T1。对于温度传感器T1，例如能够使用热敏电阻。温度检测部12基于温度传感器T1的输出信号来检测蓄电池E1的温度，并将检测到的温度值输出到管理部14。
管理部14能够通过硬件资源与软件资源的协作，或仅通过硬件资源来实现。作为硬件资源，能够利用微型计算机、DSP、FPGA、ROM、RAM、以及其他LSI。作为软件资源，能够利用固件等程序。管理部14将蓄电池E1的电压值、电流值及温度值作为监控数据，经由通信线而发送到充电部40。此外，管理部14在检测到过电压、过小电压、过电流或温度异常时，关断第1开关S1及第2开关S2，从而保护蓄电池E1。
蓄电池E1能够从被设置在车辆1外的充电装置3充电。充电装置3和车辆1由充电电缆4连接。在车辆1内，被连接于充电电缆4的馈电线被连接在充电部40上。充电部40经由第2开关S2而被连接在蓄电池E1上，将从充电装置3供给的电力向蓄电池E1充电。对于第1开关S1，也能够使用接触式继电器。另外，也可以不使用接触式继电器，而是使用半导体开关。
充电装置3被设置于汽车经销商、服务区、商业设施、以及公共设施等。充电装置3被连接在系统2上，将AC100/200V的单相交流电力经由充电电缆4而供给到车辆1。若为一般的蓄电池E1，当以15A以上的电流充电时，能够在数小时以内将蓄电池E1充电到满充电为止。在以7A以下的电流来充电时，到满充电为止会花费12小时以上。另外，也可以是，在以AC100V的低电流来充电的情况下，不设置充电装置3地，将充电电缆4的插头直接插入到家庭用的插座中。
图2是表示充电部40的构成例的框图。充电部40包括输入滤波器41、全波整流电路42、PFC(Power Factor Correction：功率因数校正)电路43、DC-DC转换器44、以及控制部45。充电部40构成作为对蓄电池E1进行充电的1个功能单位的电力供给装置。
输入滤波器41从经由充电电缆4而由外部供给的交流电力中，使商用电源频率(在日本，为50/60Hz)的成分带通，并将其输出到全波整流电路42。全波整流电路42对从输入滤波器41输入的交流电力进行全波整流，将其输出到PFC电路43。全波整流电路42例如由二极管桥式电路构成。PFC电路43改善从全波整流电路42输入的直流电力的功率因数，并将其输出到DC-DC转换器44。
DC-DC转换器44为电力供给部，其将从PFC电路43输入的直流电力的电压转换为预定的电压或预定的电流的直流电力而供给到蓄电池E1。DC-DC转换器44例如由绝缘型全桥DC-DC转换器、绝缘型反激式DC-DC转换器等构成。
控制部45能够通过硬件资源与软件资源的协作，或仅通过硬件资源来实现。作为硬件资源，能够利用微型计算机、DSP、FPGA、ROM、RAM、以及其他LSI。作为软件资源，能够利用固件等程序。控制部45对PFC电路43及DC-DC转换器44所含有的开关元件的接通/关断进行控制，从而控制从DC-DC转换器44向蓄电池E1的充电电流/充电电压。当使DC-DC转换器44所包含的开关元件的接通时间变长时，能够提高向蓄电池E1的充电电流/充电电压，当使接通时间变短时，能够降低向蓄电池E1的充电电流/充电电压。
在进行恒流(CC)充电的情况下，控制部45控制上述开关元件的占空比，使得DC-DC转换器44的输出电流维持被指定的电流值。在进行恒压(CV)充电的情况下，控制部45控制上述开关元件的占空比，使得DC-DC转换器44的输出电压维持被指定的电压值。在本实施方式中，导入对蓄电池E1的负担比恒流充电轻的脉冲充电。
在进行脉冲充电时，控制部45基于从管理部14取得的蓄电池E1的温度来调整脉冲的单位接通时间及单位关断时间。具体而言，随着蓄电池E1的温度变低而使单位接通时间及单位关断时间的宽度变长。
图3的(a)、(b)是表示低温时和高温时的脉冲充电模式的一例的图。图3的(a)表示低温时(25℃)的充电模式A，图3的(b)表示高温时(45℃)的充电模式B。图3的(a)、(b)所示的例子为以1C的电流值、占空比50％来进行充电的例子。低温时的充电模式A将脉冲的接通时间和关断时间分别相对于高温时的充电模式B而设定为5倍。另外，在低温时的充电模式A和高温时的充电模式B中，至满充电所需的充电时间是相同的。
在将脉冲的单位接通时间记为t1，将单位关断时间记为t2的情况下，单位关断时间t2相对于单位接通时间t1的比例t2/t1被设定在0.05≤t2/t1≤1.0的范围内。图3的(a)、(b)所示的例子为将比例t2/t1设定为1.0的例子，在该情况下，充电时间会变得最长。在将比例t2/t1设定为0.05的情况下，充电时间会变得最短。
在本实施方式中，假定会在至少6小时以内充电到满充电为止。因此，充电时的电流值被设定在0.2～2C的范围内。只要是由小于0.2C的电流值进行的充电，则即使为恒流充电，对电池的负担也会变轻。
图4的(a)、(b)是表示低温时和高温时的充电末期的自初始电压开始的电压变化的状态的一例的图。图4的(a)表示在低温时(25℃)，恒流充电、基于充电模式A的充电及基于充电模式B的充电各自的电压变化的状态。图4的(b)表示在高温时(45℃)，恒流充电、基于充电模式A的充电及基于充电模式B的充电各自的电压变化的状态。在图4的(a)、(b)所示的例子中，基于充电模式A的充电及基于充电模式B的充电时的、单位关断时间t2相对于单位接通时间t1的比例t2/t1分别被设定为0.25。
因为电压越低，极化越小，所以可称之为活性物质的劣化较小的状态，但是在低温时和高温时，即使是相同的充电模式，劣化影响也明显不同。锂离子的扩散取决于温度，越是高温，扩散速度越快，越是低温则越慢。此外，极化电阻也取决于温度，越是高温越低，越是低温则越高。
当使脉冲充电的单位接通时间(通电时间)变长时，基于焦耳热的自发热会变大，电池的温度会上升。由此，极化电阻会变低，电池电压会下降。该电压降低有助于抑制电池的劣化。在低温时，如图4的(a)所示，充电模式A与充电模式B相比，电池电压变低。这表示充电模式A与充电模式B相比，对电池的负担较少。另外，虽然充电模式A与充电模式B相比，充电时间略有变长，但仅限于电池容量的小于1％的充电时间增加。
此外，虽然在脉冲充电的单位关断时间(休止时间)，被扩散的锂离子要回到正常的位置，但是因为在低温时，锂离子的动作会变慢，所以会产生未完全回到正常位置的锂离子。因此，通过在低温时，使单位关断时间(休止时间)变长，从而使锂离子回到正常位置的时间增加。通过像这样在低温时使单位接通时间(通电时间)和单位关断时间(休止时间)变长，从而能够促进均相反应。另外，在单位关断时间(休止时间)过短的情况下，会得不到促进均相反应的效果。因此，在本实施方式中，将单位关断时间(休止时间)的最小值设定为1秒。
图5的(a)、(b)是表示低温时和高温时的电池的循环特性的一例的图。图5的(a)表示了在低温时(25℃)，恒流充电、基于充电模式A的充电及基于充电模式B的充电各自的循环特性。图5的(b)表示了在高温时(45℃)，恒流充电、基于充电模式A的充电及基于充电模式B的充电各自的循环特性。纵轴的SOH(State Of Health：健康状况)表示相对于初始容量的容量维持率，显示出了接近100％的位置劣化较少的情况。
虽然在高温时，如图5的(b)所示，在充电模式A和充电模式B中，在循环特性上几无差异，但是在低温时，如图5的(a)所示，充电模式A与充电模式B相比，循环特性会提高。可知，通过像这样在低温时使单位接通时间(通电时间)和单位关断时间(休止时间)变长，电池的劣化会被抑制。
在将第1温度下的单位接通时间记为t1＊c1，将第1温度下的单位关断时间记为t2＊c1，将高于第1温度的第2温度下的单位接通时间记为t1＊c2，将第2温度下的单位关断时间记为t2＊c2的情况下，被设定为c1＞c2的关系。另外，第1温度和第2温度表示2个温度的相对关系，并不表示绝对的值。
温度被分为多个区间(例如，每隔5℃)，对每个区间都设定系数c。将各温度区间与系数c的关系映射到表中，并预先存储在控制部45内的存储器中。各温度区间与系数c的关系因电池的种类而各不相同。设计者能够基于实验或仿真来确定要使用的电池的各温度区间的系数c。另外，也可以是，不对电池的温度与系数c的关系进行映射，而是以函数来定义。
控制部45既可以在从充电开始到充电结束的整个期间内执行上述脉冲充电，也可以在其一部分期间内执行。在不执行脉冲充电的期间，执行恒流充电。例如也可以是，从充电开始起执行脉冲充电，在蓄电池E1的温度到达预定的温度时，切换为恒流充电。如上述图5的(b)所示，在高温时，脉冲充电和恒流充电对电池的负担的差异会变小。
通常，从充电开始起，随着时间经过，因焦耳热的影响，蓄电池E1的温度会上升。因此，在整个期间内都进行脉冲充电的情况下，单位接通时间及单位关断时间的宽度会逐渐变窄。另外，也可以是，按照基于充电开始时的蓄电池E1的温度的单位接通时间和单位关断时间的宽度，在整个期间内进行脉冲充电。
此外，也可以是，控制部45以恒流开始充电，并在正极材料或负极材料引起相转变的定时(timing)，切换为脉冲充电。引起相转变的定时能够通过检测蓄电池E1的单元的SOC(State Of Charge：荷电状态)来推定。单元的SOC能够通过以充电开始时的电压为初始值的电流累计法来推定。此外，单元的SOC也能够通过测定单元的OCV(Open CircuitVoltage：开路电压)来推定。控制部45以从管理部14取得的单元的电压值和电流值为基础来推定单元的SOC。
引起相转变的SOC由材料来决定，控制部45基于单元的SOC来确定引起相转变的定时。当引起相转变时，蓄电池E1会变成易劣化的状态。因此，从恒流充电切换到对蓄电池E1的负担较轻的脉冲充电。
如以上说明的那样，根据本实施方式，能够通过根据蓄电池E1的温度来进行适当的充电模式的脉冲充电，从而抑制充电末期的非均相反应及副反应，并抑制蓄电池E1的劣化。通过根据蓄电池E1的温度来最优地调整单位接通时间和单位关断时间的宽度，从而能够使锂离子的扩散合理化，并消除充电不均。
以上，基于实施方式对本发明进行了说明。本领域技术人员应理解的是，实施方式仅为例示，在它们的各构成要素或各处理过程的组合中，可能存在各种变形例，并且那样的变形例也在本发明的范围之内。
在上述的实施方式中，对将交流电力从充电装置3经由充电电缆4而供给到车辆1的例子进行了说明。在这一点上，也可以是，将直流电力从充电装置3经由充电电缆4而供给到车辆1。在该情况下，车辆1内的充电部40被设置在充电装置3内。此外，需要在充电电缆4中，包含用于连接车辆1内的管理部14与充电装置3内的充电部40的通信线。另外，也可以是，将车辆1内的管理部14与充电装置3内的充电部40间以无线连接。
图6是用于说明变形例的蓄电系统5的图。在上述实施方式中，说明了将蓄电池E1使用于车载用途的例子，而在变形例中，会说明将其使用于固定型蓄电用途的例子。蓄电系统5包括蓄电模块10、DC-DC转换器44、控制部45、逆变器46及第2开关S2。DC-DC转换器44及控制部45构成作为给蓄电池E1充电的1个功能单位的电力供给装置。蓄电模块10、DC-DC转换器44、控制部45及第2开关S2的电路构成与图1所示的电路构成相同。
在变形例中，在DC-DC转换器44与系统2之间，连接有逆变器46。在连接逆变器46与系统2的配电线上，连接有负载6。逆变器46将从系统2供给的交流电力转换为直流电力而供给到DC-DC转换器44。此外，逆变器46将从DC-DC转换器44供给的直流电力转换为交流电力而供给到负载6及/或系统2。蓄电系统5能够利用于峰移(peak shift)或备用。控制部45通过执行上述脉冲充电，从而能够减轻充电时的对蓄电池E1的负担，并能够延长蓄电池E1的寿命。
另外，能够在逆变器46与DC-DC转换器44间的直流总线上，连接其他直流电源。在图6所示的例子中，连接有太阳光发电系统。太阳光发电系统包括太阳能电池7和DC-DC转换器8。DC-DC转换器8对由太阳能电池7发出的直流电力进行升压并将其输出到上述直流总线。DC-DC转换器44也能够将由太阳能电池7发出的直流电力向蓄电池E1充电。
在上述实施方式中，对将锂离子蓄电池使用于蓄电池E1的例子进行了说明。在这一点上，也可以是，对于蓄电池E1，使用镍氢蓄电池、镍镉蓄电池、以及铅蓄电池等其他化学电池。在这些化学电池中，也会发现与锂离子蓄电池同样的倾向。
另外，也可以是，实施方式由以下的项目来确定。
[项目1]
一种电力供给装置(40)，其特征在于，包括：
电力供给部(44)，对蓄电池(E1)进行充电，以及
控制部(45)，控制上述电力供给部(44)，使得其在上述蓄电池(E1)的充电期间的至少一部分内脉冲状地进行充电；
上述蓄电池(E1)的温度越低，上述控制部(45)就越使上述脉冲状地充电时的单位接通时间及单位关断时间变长。
据此，能够减轻脉冲状地对蓄电池(E1)进行充电时的对蓄电池(E1)的负担。
[项目2]
如项目1所述的电力供给装置(40)，其特征在于，上述单位关断时间的最小值为1秒。
据此，通过设置1秒以上的休止期间，从而会得到促进均相反应的效果。
[项目3]
如项目1或2所述的电力供给装置(40)，其特征在于，上述单位关断时间t2相对于上述单位接通时间t1的比例t2/t1被设定在0.05≤t2/t1≤1.0的范围内。
据此，能够谋求充电时间与保护蓄电池(E1)的平衡。
[项目4]
如项目1～3的任何一项所述的电力供给装置(40)，其特征在于，上述控制部(45)以恒流充电开始充电，并在上述蓄电池(E1)的正极材料或负极材料引起相转变时，切换为上述脉冲状的充电。
据此，能够通过在相转变后切换为脉冲状的充电，从而减轻对蓄电池(E1)的负担。
[项目5]
一种蓄电系统(5)，其特征在于，包括：
蓄电池(E1)，以及
如项目1～4的任何一项所述的电力供给装置(40)。
据此，能够构筑一种蓄电系统(5)，其能够减轻对蓄电池(E1)脉冲状地充电时的对蓄电池(E1)的负担。
[项目6]
如项目5所述的蓄电系统(5)，其特征在于，上述蓄电池(E1)的正极活性物质为Ni比例较高的锂镍复合氧化物。
据此，能够减轻对使用了该正极活性物质的蓄电池(E1)的负担。
[项目7]
如项目5或6所述的蓄电系统(5)，其特征在于，上述蓄电池(E1)的负极活性物质为碳材料、或者硅、或者硅氧化物等硅化合物、或者包含从由锡、铝、锌及镁构成的组中选择的至少一种的锂合金。
据此，能够减轻对使用了该负极活性物质的蓄电池(E1)的负担。
[项目8]
一种充电方法，其在对蓄电池(E1)进行充电时，在充电期间的至少一部分内脉冲状地进行充电；
该充电方法的特征在于，
上述蓄电池(E1)的温度越低，越使上述脉冲状地充电时的接通时间及关断时间变长。
据此，能够减轻脉冲状地对蓄电池(E1)进行充电时的对蓄电池(E1)的负担。
[附图标记说明]
1 车辆
E1 蓄电池
T1 温度传感器
S1 第1开关
2 系统
S2 第2开关
3 充电装置
4 充电电缆
5 蓄电系统
6 负载
Rs 分流电阻
7 太阳能电池
8 DC-DC转换器
10 蓄电模块
11 电压检测部
12 温度检测部
13 电流检测部
14 管理部
20 逆变器
30 电动机
40 充电部
41 输入滤波器
42 全波整流电路
43 PFC电路
44 DC-DC转换器
45 控制部
46 逆变器

Claims (8)

1.一种电力供给装置，其特征在于，包括：
电力供给部，对蓄电池进行充电，以及
控制部，控制上述电力供给部，使得其在上述蓄电池的充电期间的至少一部分内脉冲状地进行充电；
上述蓄电池的温度越低，上述控制部越使上述脉冲状地充电时的单位接通时间及单位关断时间变长。
2.如权利要求1所述的电力供给装置，其特征在于，
上述单位关断时间的最小值为1秒。
3.如权利要求1或2所述的电力供给装置，其特征在于，
上述单位关断时间t2相对于上述单位接通时间t1的比例t2/t1被设定在0.05≤t2/t1≤1.0的范围内。
4.如权利要求1～3的任何一项所述的电力供给装置，其特征在于，
上述控制部以恒流充电开始充电，在上述蓄电池的正极材料或负极材料引起相转变时，切换为上述脉冲状的充电。
5.一种蓄电系统，其特征在于，包括：
蓄电池，以及
如权利要求1～4的任何一项所述的电力供给装置。
6.如权利要求5所述的蓄电系统，其特征在于，
上述蓄电池的正极活性物质为Ni比例较高的锂镍复合氧化物。
7.如权利要求5或6所述的蓄电系统，其特征在于，
上述蓄电池的负极活性物质为碳材料、或者硅、或者硅氧化物等硅化合物、或者包含从由锡、铝、锌及镁构成的组中选择的至少一种的锂合金。
8.一种充电方法，其在对蓄电池进行充电时，在充电期间的至少一部分内脉冲状地进行充电；
该充电方法的特征在于，
上述蓄电池的温度越低，越使上述脉冲状地充电时的接通时间及关断时间变长。
CN201880027610.7A 2017-04-27 2018-03-30 电力供给装置、蓄电系统及充电方法 Active CN110546852B (zh)

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