CN1105165C - 润滑油组合物 - Google Patents

润滑油组合物 Download PDF

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CN1105165C
CN1105165C CN98803392A CN98803392A CN1105165C CN 1105165 C CN1105165 C CN 1105165C CN 98803392 A CN98803392 A CN 98803392A CN 98803392 A CN98803392 A CN 98803392A CN 1105165 C CN1105165 C CN 1105165C
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J·M·G·高米斯
P·斯金纳
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Abstract

在曲轴箱润滑剂中,复合清净剂提供改进的沉淀控制和防腐作用。

Description

润滑油组合物
本发明涉及尤其适用作润滑剂的组合物,涉及尤其适用作润滑剂添加剂的组合物,更特别的是涉及含有钙高碱性清净剂的组合物及其在润滑剂中的应用。
在内燃机中,在燃烧室产生的酸性副产物与润滑油和油中的添加剂混合,以中和这些酸,由此减少腐蚀。这样的添加剂的例子是多种金属例如钙和镁的高碱性酚盐、磺酸盐和水杨酸盐。
一般的曲轴箱润滑剂含有许多这样的清净剂,例如磺酸钙、苯酚钙和磺酸镁。
在早些年,高碱性物质仅含有一类阴离子,但是,近年来已经可以买到含有两种或多种阴离子的组合物,它们是通过把两种或多种具有不同类型阴离子的高碱性物质混合在一起得到的或是通过在高碱性化过程中混入两种或多种不同类型阴离子而制备的物质,最后所提到的物质称做“混合”或“复合”清净剂。复合材料具有的优点是它们提供由两种或多种表面活性剂给出的性能,而不需要制造和混合单独材料,并且避免了与单独材料有关的不稳定性和不相容性问题。
在我们的待审批的国际专利申请EP97/02695,02696,02697,02698和02699(公开号为WO 97/46645,97/46643,97/46644,97/46646,和97/46647)所公开的所有内容在此列出作为参考,它们公开了许多这样的复合清净剂和它们的制备方法,这些清净剂具有比较高的总碱值(下文称其为TBN,其是按ASTM D2896测定的,按mgKOH/g计)与表面活性剂的比率。因为这些材料具有高的碱性与比较低的表面活性剂含量,所以这些材料的优点是比较经济。
TBN与表面活性剂的比率可以按照上述的任何一篇国际申请所述的方法来测定。它们详细的介绍了如何测定清净剂中总表面活性剂百分数和各种表面活性剂的比例。为了方便起见,这些过程概括在下面的附录中。在该说明书和权利要求书中所用的术语“TBN:%表面活性剂比率”定义为按照上述国际申请和在后面的附录所述方法测定的该清净剂中TBN与总表面活性剂百分数的比率。
本文中所用的术语“钙清净剂”是指其中至少80摩尔%,一般至少90摩尔%,更特别地至少95摩尔%阳离子是钙的清洗剂。
已经令人惊奇地发现,通过借助一种复合清净剂,有利的是上述国际申请中所述的复合清净剂代替润滑剂组合物中的某些或所有一种或多种单个阴离子清净剂,在较低的TBN下可以得到同样的抗腐蚀保护效果,或者在同样的TBN下可以得到较好的抗腐蚀保护效果。
至少在存在磺酸盐和酚盐时,该多功能复合清净剂有助于提高防腐和沉淀控制的性能。
因此,本发明第一个方面提供一种含有由至少两种含金属清净剂组成的混合物的润滑油组合物,其中第一种,清净剂(a)是一种金属酚盐、磺酸盐、水杨酸盐、环烷酸盐或羧酸盐,第二种,清净剂(b)是一种钙高碱性清净剂,该钙高碱性清净剂含有由至少两种表面活性剂衍生的表面活性剂体系,其中至少一种是硫化的或未硫化的酚或其衍生物,另一种或至少另一种是非酚表面活性剂的表面活性剂,按此处所述,所测定的表面活性剂体系中所述酚的比例是至少45质量%,该高碱性清净剂的TBN:%表面活性剂比率(如上所定义)至少为14,有利的是至少15,特别是至少19。
本发明第二个方面提供一种含有由至少两种含金属清净剂组成的混合物的润滑油组合物,其中第一种,清净剂(a)是一种金属酚盐、磺酸盐、水杨酸盐、环烷酸盐或羧酸盐,第二种,清净剂(b)是一种钙高碱性清净剂,该钙高碱性清净剂含有由至少两种表面活性剂衍生的表面活性剂体系,其中至少一种是硫化的或未硫化的水杨酸或其衍生物,另一种或至少另一种是非水杨酸表面活性剂的表面活性剂,按此处所述,所测定的表面活性剂体系中所述水杨酸盐的比例是至少25质量%,该高碱性清净剂的TBN:%表面活性剂比率(如上所定义)至少16。
本发明第三个方面提供一种含有由至少两种含金属清净剂组成的混合物的润滑油组合物,其中第一种,清净剂(a)是一种金属酚盐、磺酸盐、水杨酸盐、环烷酸盐或羧酸盐,第二种,清净剂(b)是一种钙高碱性清净剂,该钙高碱性清净剂含有由至少三种表面活性剂衍生的表面活性剂体系,其中至少一种表面活性剂是硫化的或未硫化的酚或其衍生物,至少另一种表面活性剂是硫化的或未硫化的水杨酸或其衍生物,第三种表面活性剂是非酚或水杨酸表面活性剂的表面活性剂,按此处所述,所测定的表面活性剂体系中所述酚的比例是至少35质量%,该高碱性清净剂的TBN:%表面活性剂比率(如上所定义)至少为11,优选至少12。
本发明第四个方面提供一种含有由至少两种含金属清净剂组成的混合物的润滑油组合物,其中第一种,清净剂(a)是一种金属酚盐、磺酸盐、水杨酸盐、环烷酸盐或羧酸盐,第二种,清净剂(b)是一种钙高碱性清净剂,该钙高碱性清净剂含有由至少两种不为(c)和(d)的表面活性剂衍生的表面活性剂体系,(c)为式Ra-CH(Rb)-COOH所示酸、其酸酐、酰氯或酯,其中Ra表示含有10-24个碳原子的烷基或烯基,Rb表示氢、具有1-4个碳原子的烷基,或CH2COOH基,(d)为含有36-100个碳原子的二-或多羧酸或其酸酐、酰氯或酯,至少一种表面活性剂是硫化的或未硫化的酚或其衍生物,另一种或至少另一种表面活性剂是非酚表面活性剂的表面活性剂,按此处所述,所测定的表面活性剂体系中所述酚的比例是至少35质量%,该高碱性清净剂的TBN:%表面活性剂比率(如上所定义)至少为15。
本发明第五个方面提供一种含有由至少两种含金属清净剂组成的混合物的润滑油组合物,其中第一种,清净剂(a)是一种金属酚盐、磺酸盐、水杨酸盐、环烷酸盐或羧酸盐,第二种,清净剂(b)是一种钙高碱性清净剂,该钙高碱性清净剂含有由至少两种不为(c)和(d)的表面活性剂衍生的表面活性剂体系,(c)为式Ra-CH(Rb)-COOH所示酸、其酸酐、酰氯或酯,其中Ra表示含有10-24个碳原子的烷基或烯基,Rb表示氢、具有1-4个碳原子的烷基,或CH2COOH基,(d)为含有36-100个碳原子的二-或多羧酸或其酸酐、酰氯或酯,至少一种表面活性剂是硫化的或未硫化的水杨酸或其衍生物,另一种或至少另一种表面活性剂是非水杨酸表面活性剂的表面活性剂,按此处所述,所测定的在表面活性剂体系中所述水杨酸的比例是至少10质量%,该高碱性清净剂的TBN:%表面活性剂比率(如上所定义)至少11。
本发明第六个方面提供一种含有由至少两种含金属清净剂组成的混合物的润滑油组合物,其中第一种,清净剂(a)是一种金属酚盐、磺酸盐、水杨酸盐、环烷酸盐或羧酸盐,第二种,清净剂(b)是一种钙高碱性清净剂,该钙高碱性清净剂含有由至少两种表面活性剂衍生的表面活性剂体系,至少一种表面活性剂是硫化的或未硫化的酚或其衍生物,另一种或至少另一种表面活性剂是硫化的或未硫化的水杨酸或其衍生物,按此处所述,所测定的表面活性剂体系中所述酚和所述水杨酸的总比例是至少55质量%,该高碱性清净剂的TBN:%表面活性剂比率(如上所定义)至少11,优选至少13。
有利的是,在第六个方面,当该比率小于13时,酚和水杨酸的总比例是至少65质量%。
本发明第七个方面提供一种含有由至少两种含金属清净剂组成的混合物的润滑油组合物,其中第一种,清净剂(a)是一种金属酚盐、磺酸盐、水杨酸盐、环烷酸盐或羧酸盐,第二种,清净剂(b)是一种钙高碱性清净剂,该钙高碱性清净剂含有由至少两种表面活性剂衍生的表面活性剂体系,至少一种表面活性剂是硫化的或未硫化的酚或其衍生物,另一种或至少另一种表面活性剂是非酚表面活性剂的表面活性剂,按此处所述,所测定的表面活性剂体系中所述酚的比例是至少15质量%,该高碱性清净剂的TBN:%表面活性剂比率(如上所定义)至少21。
除了上面所述优点之外,在某些情况下,本发明组合物呈现另一重要优点-减少磨损。为了通过Sequence IID腐蚀试验,如下所述,常常需要以可接受的费用在该组合物中加入一种高碱性磺酸镁。但是,已经发现镁高碱性清净剂比钙高碱性清净剂导致更大的磨损,因此在该组合物中需要更多量的抗磨剂。用清净剂(b)代替某些或所有磺酸镁容许使用较少比例抗磨剂,由此进一步降低费用。
因此,有利的是本发明组合物基本上没有镁。
本发明还提供一种在油中含有如上定义的清净剂(a)和(b),或溶剂或与油可混溶的分散剂的添加剂浓缩物,在该浓缩物中清净剂的总比例是2.5-90质量%,有利的是5-75质量%,优选8-60质量%。
作为清净剂(a)的例子,可以提及的是中性和高碱性酚盐、水杨酸盐以及磺酸盐,有利的是元素周期表的1族和2族金属,特别是钙和镁的上述盐。清净剂(a)物质的阴离子是由单一组衍生的,例如是酚衍生的或磺酸衍生的,但是,使用单一组内的阴离子的混合物属于本发明范围。例如,当使用通过元素硫和酚反应制备的硫化酚表面活性剂时,由于被硫连接的酚部分的数目可能改变,所以桥接酚部分的硫原子数目将会变化。有关适用于清净剂(a)的阴离子,包括磺化的和未磺化的酚、醛改性的酚、曼尼期碱缩合的酚、硫化和未硫化的水杨酸、磺酸、羧酸和环烷酸阴离子在内的实例,读者可以参考上述国际申请。
作为优选的清净剂(a)的例子,可以提及的有具有TBN至少50,特别是350-450,更特别是约400的磺酸钙,具有TBN高达160的酚钙,具有TBN高达100的水杨酸钙和具有TBN高达50的磺酸钙。
作为清净剂(b)的例子,可以提及的是在上述的国际申请中介绍的所有混合或复合清净剂。有利的是,在第一方面,在清净剂(b)的表面活性剂体系中酚的比例是至少55摩尔%。有利的是,如果酚存在的话,该酚是烃基、优选烷基取代的酚。有利的是,衍生清净剂(b)的表面活性剂之一是磺酸(或衍生物),有利的是烃基、优选烷基取代的芳基磺酸。作为优选的例子,可以提及的是其标准TBN为385和TBN:%表面活性剂比为20的,质量比约为50∶50的酚钙/磺酸钙。
清净剂(b)有利地通过WO 97/46646所述方法制备。
使用两种或多种简单清净剂,清净剂(a)属于本发明范围;使用两种或多种复合清净剂,清净剂(b),也属于本发明范围。在一个优选实施方案中,该组合物包括至少一种简单高碱性酚钙、至少一种简单高碱性磺酸钙和至少一种复合高碱性磺酸钙;有利地,至少一种并且优选至少两种简单清净剂是低TBN(在酚盐的情况下最多是160,在磺酸盐的情况下最多是50)简单清净剂。
有利地,这些简单清净剂:复合清净剂质量比是1∶5-5∶1,优选1∶3-3∶1,更优选2∶3-3∶2。
有利的是,在本发明润滑油组合物中,两种清净剂(a)和(b)的总的比例是0.25~3%,优选0.5~1.5%,更优选0.75~1.25%活性组分质量。
可以以任何方便的方法把这些清净剂加入到基础油中。可以通过以所需要的浓度视具体情况而定借助适宜溶剂,例如甲苯或环己烷把它们分散或溶解在油中达到将其直接加到油中的目的。可以在室温或升温下进行这样的混合。
本发明的或按照本发明制备的清净剂组合物特别适用于使用该混合物溶解或分散在其中的基础油的润滑油组合物。可以与该清净剂组合物一起使用的基础油是特别适用作火花点火和压缩点火内燃机例如汽车和卡车发动机的曲轴箱润滑油的种类。
合成基础油包括二羧酸、多元醇和醇的烷基酯;聚-α-烯烃,包括聚丁烯;烷基苯;磷酸的有机酯;和聚硅油。
天然基础油包括矿物润滑油,就其原油来源而论,例如就其是否是石蜡基、环烷基、混合基或石蜡基-环烷基原油而论,以及就其生产方法而论,例如就其蒸馏范围和它们是直馏或裂化的、加氢精制的或溶剂抽提的而论,它们可以在很宽的范围变化。
适用于曲轴箱润滑剂的润滑油基础油料的粘度在100℃适宜为2.5-12厘沱(mm2/s),不过,具有其它粘度的基础油料也可以使用,例如光亮油料。
本发明的润滑油组合物包括通常占优势数量的润滑油和通常数量较少的清净剂(a)和(b)。
有利的是,基于润滑剂组合物的总质量,清净剂(a)的存在比例是0.005-2.5,优选0.05-1.5,最优选0.25-1质量%。有利的是,基于润滑剂组合物的总质量,清净剂(b)的存在比例是0.005-1.5,优选0.05-1.25,最优选0.25-0.75质量%。
在该组合物中可以加入附加添加剂,以满足特定要求。可以包括在含有本发明清净剂组合物的润滑油组合物中的附加添加剂的例子是粘度指数改进剂、防腐剂、氧化抑制剂即抗氧化剂、摩擦改进剂、分散剂、其它清净剂、金属防锈剂、抗磨剂、降凝剂和抑泡剂。
粘度指数改进剂(或粘度改进剂)赋予润滑油以高温和低温操作性能,并且使其在升温下保持剪切稳定性,并且在低温下表现出可以接受的粘度或流动性。
用作粘度改进剂的合适的化合物一般是高分子量的烃聚合物,包括聚酯,和粘度指数改进剂分散剂,发挥分散剂以及粘度指数改进剂的作用。油溶性粘度改进聚合物的重均分子量一般为约10,000-1,000,000,优选20,000-500,000,是由凝胶渗透色谱或光散射方法测定。
防腐剂可以缓解与润滑油组合物接触的金属部件的老化。噻二唑,例如在U.S-A-2 719 125,2 719 126和3 087 932中公开的那些,是用于润滑油的防腐剂的例子。
氧化抑制剂即抗氧化剂,能够抑制矿物油在使用中品质变坏的趋势,这种变坏的证据是例如在金属表面产生象漆一样的沉淀,并且产生淤渣,以及粘度增加。合适的抗氧化剂包括硫化烷基酚和其碱金属或碱土金属盐;二苯胺;苯基萘胺;和磷硫化或硫化烃。
可以用于润滑油组合物中的其它氧化抑制剂即抗氧化剂包括油溶性铜化合物。铜可以以任何合适的油溶性铜化合物的形式被掺混到油中。油溶性是指该化合物在正常的掺混条件下在油或添加剂配方中呈油溶性。例如铜可以是二烃基硫代-或二硫代-磷酸铜的形式。另外,铜可以以合成或天然羧酸例如C8-C18脂肪酸、不饱和酸或支链羧酸的铜盐的形式加入。同样适用的是油溶性二硫代氨基甲酸铜、磺酸铜、酚铜和乙酰丙酮酸铜。特别有用的铜化合物的例子是由烯基琥珀酸或酐衍生的碱性、中性或酸性CuI和CuII盐。
还可以加入与成品油中其它组分相容的摩擦改进剂和燃料节约剂。其例子是高级脂肪酸的甘油单酯,长链多羧酸与二醇的酯,和噁唑啉化合物和油溶性钼化合物。
分散剂能够使应用过程中因氧化产生的油不溶性物质在流体中保持悬浮状态,这样就防止在金属部件上形成淤渣絮凝和沉淀或沉积。所述无灰分散剂是有机物质,与含金属的清净剂(因此形成灰)相反,其在燃烧中基本上不形成灰。硼酸盐化的无金属分散剂在此也视做无灰分散剂。合适的分散剂包括例如其中烃基中含有50-400个碳原子的长链烃基取代羧酸衍生物,这样的衍生物的例子是高分子量烃基取代的琥珀酸的衍生物。这些烃基取代的羧酸可以与例如含氮化合物,有利的是聚烯烃多胺或与酯反应。特别优选的分散剂是聚烯烃胺与烯基琥珀酸酐的反应产物。
粘度指数改进剂分散剂可同时起着粘度指数改进剂和分散剂的作用。适用于润滑组合物的粘度指数改进剂分散剂的例子包括胺例如多胺与烃基取代的单-或二-羧酸的反应产物,其中烃基取代基包括一个足够长的链,以对该化合物提供粘度指数改进的性能。
分散剂和粘度指数改进剂分散剂的例子公开在EP-A-24146中。
附加的清净剂和金属防锈剂包括可以呈高碱性的金属磺酸盐、烷基酚盐、硫化烷基酚盐、烷基水杨酸盐、硫代膦酸盐、环烷酸盐和其它油溶性单-和二羧酸盐。清净剂/防锈剂的代表性例子制备方法公开在EP-A-208 560中。
抗磨剂,就象它们的名字暗示的那样,减少金属部件的磨损。二烃基二硫代磷酸锌(ZDDP)非常广泛的用做抗磨剂。用于油基组合物中的特别优选的ZDDP是式子Zn[SP(S)(OR1)(OR)]2表示的那些,其中R1和R2代表烷基,每一个烷基含有1-18个,优选2-12个碳原子。
降凝剂,另外叫润滑油流动改进剂,降低流体将要流动或可以被倒出的最低温度。这些添加剂是公知的。用聚硅氧烷型抑泡剂例如硅油或聚二甲基硅氧烷可以提供泡沫控制。
某些上述添加剂可以提供多种作用;例如,单一添加剂可以用作分散剂-抗氧化剂。该方法是公知的,在此不需要进一步详述。
当润滑油组合物含有一种或多种上述的添加剂时,通常把每种添加剂掺混到基础油中,其掺入量使得该添加剂能够提供所要求的功能。当用在曲轴箱润滑剂中时,该添加剂的代表性有效量如下所示:
添加剂 质量%有效成分(宽范围) 质量%有效成分(优选范围)
粘度改进剂防腐剂抗氧化剂摩擦改进剂分散剂清净剂/防锈剂抗磨剂降凝剂抑泡剂矿物油或合成基础油 0.01-60.01-50.01-50.01-50.1-200.01-60.01-60.01-50.001-3余量 0.01-40.01-1.50.01-1.50.01-1.50.1-80.01-30.01-40.01-1.50.001-0.15余量
*基于成品油的活性组分质量%。
应该了解到,该组合物的各种组分、该基本组分以及视具体情况而存在的和惯用组分,在配制、储存或使用的条件下可能反应,并且本发明也提供作为这样的反应的结果可得到或已得到的产物。
下面的实施例说明本发明,其中,除非另有说明,所有的分数和百分数都是以重量计。
Sequence IID和VW Intercooled Turbodiesel试验分别按照ASTM STP 315和CEC L-46 T-63方法进行。实施例A(比较)
在该实施例中,对可从市场上买到的重负荷润滑油的各种样品进行上述Sequence IID试验。具有平均TBN为9.01的该油组成如下:
                                质量%磺酸镁,TBN 400                     0.25磺酸钙,TBN 300                 0.55磺酸钙,TBN 27                  0.45酚钙,  TBN 135                 0.45其它功能添加剂                  8.00基础油(溶剂中性175)             余量平均试验结果如下:
                            最优值升降体                          8.63柱塞                            8.67球                              8.60安全阀柱塞                      8.00推杆                            8.78强度调整                        0.00平均锈蚀                        8.56通过/失败                       通过实施例1-4
在这些实施例中,复合酚钙/磺酸钙,50∶50质量酚盐∶磺酸盐比率,TBN 385,TBN:表面活性剂比率20∶1,下面称做复合清净剂,全部或部分代替参照组合物的各种清净剂。下面给出该组成和Sequence IID试验结果:
实施例号 1  2  3  4
磺酸镁,TBN 400 -  -  -  -
磺酸钙,TBN 300 -  -  -  -
磺酸钙,TBN 27 0.45  0.45  0.45  0.45
酚钙,TBN 135 -  -  0.23  0.23
复合清净剂 1.12  0.70  0.55  0.40
油,其它功能添加剂                                                 余量
油的TBN 11.64  8.23  7.61  6.38
试验结果,最优值
升降体 8.84  8.84  8.72  8.34
柱塞 8.76  8.77  8.81  8.81
8.60  8.45  8.56  8.68
安全阀柱塞 8.24  8.06  8.05  8.40
推杆 8.86  8.83  8.84  8.80
强度调整 0  0  0 -0.08
平均锈蚀 8.66  8.59  8.62  8.54
通过/失败 通过 通过 通过 通过
这些结果表明,镁基清净剂可以用复合钙基清净剂代替且仍能通过该IID Sequencing试验,并且可以降低抗磨剂的成本。这些结果也表明,较少比例的单一酚钙与复合添加剂结合,在总TBN较低的情况下仍可得到相似的防腐性能。实施例B(比较)和实施例5-8
在这些实施例中,在VW中间冷却的柴油试验中,本发明的润滑油组合物与市场上买到的重负荷润滑油进行比较,测定沉积物控制。在油中以固定的量把复合钙清净剂(b)加入,并且在工业油中的单一的清净剂以不同的基准代替;在实施例5中,在等磺酸盐和等酚盐的基础上;在实施例6中,在近似相等的TBN下;在实施例7中,仅在等酚盐下。在实施例8中,也在等酚盐的基础上进行试验,不同的是使用壬基苯基硫醚(NPS),其是由较低氯含量的来源衍生的。人们认为,实施例7的试验失败,是由收缩的活塞环引起的,其是单独的失败,不是由于不存在高TBN磺酸镁造成的。下面列出组成和结果:
 B  5  6  7  8
磺酸镁,TBN 400  0.25  -  -  - -
磺酸钙,TBN 300  0.8  0.8  -  - -
磺酸钙,TBN 27  0.45  0.45  0.45  0.45  0.45
酚钙,TBN 135  0.5  0.28  0.5  0.28  0.28
复合清净剂  -  0.55  0.55  0.55  0.55
 TBN  9.1  12.5  8.3  7.7  7.7
%酚盐 0.47  0.47  0.68  0.47  0.47
%磺酸盐 1.1  1.1  0.8  0.8  0.8
油,其它功能添加剂                       平衡
最优值 7.4  7.4  7.2  7.4  7.3
收缩环 0  0  0  1  0
通过/失败 通过 通过 通过 失败 通过
本发明组合物提供必要的沉积控制,同时避免了对镁基清净剂的需要,于是容许使用较少量的抗磨剂。另外,实施例6和8的较低的TBN表示合乎要求的较低的灰含量。
使用该复合清净剂也使得可以使用较少量低碱值酚钙。
上面实施例1-8中使用的复合清净剂按照下述方法制备。
在反应器中加入甲苯(540g)、甲醇(276g)和稀释油(150N)(22g)并混合,同时保持温度在约20℃。加入氢氧化钙(Ca(OH)2)(145g),在搅拌下把该混合物加热到40℃。向以这样的方法得到的浆液中加一种保持在40℃的由酚(230g)和下述磺酸(110g)表面活性剂和甲苯(100g)组成的混合物,接着再加一定量(50g)甲苯和水(22g)。
用氢氧化钙中和表面活性剂后,该混合物的温度降低到约28℃,并保持在约28℃,同时把二氧化碳(62g)注入到该混合物中,其注入速度使得基本上所有二氧化碳都吸附在反应混合物中形成碱性物质。然后在60分钟内把该温度升到60℃,其后,在30分钟内把该混合物冷却到约28℃。在28℃,再加入一定量氢氧化钙(124g),并且充入二氧化碳(62g)。在该第二个碳酸化步骤之后,在90分钟内把该温度升到60℃。
其后,蒸出挥发性物质,第二次加入加入稀释油(243g),过滤产物以除去沉淀物。产物的TBN是385,TBN:%表面活性剂比率是约20。
酚表面活性剂是硫化烷基酚,其是由一氯化硫与叔壬基酚(主要是对位)和二(叔壬基)酚(主要是邻位和对位)的混合物得到的。磺酸表面活性剂是烷基苯磺酸,分子量为683。虽然这些表面活性剂以约2∶1质量比使用,但是,有比磺酸盐比例更小的酚与钙反应,最终的钙清净剂具有约50∶50的酚盐∶磺酸盐的质量比。
在该表面活性剂体系中,该复合清净剂中的表面活性剂的百分数和个别表面活性剂例如酚的百分数都是由下述方法测定的百分数。1. 高碱性清净剂的透析
在Soxhlet抽提器(150mm高×75mm内径)中,使用正己烷虹吸,以每小时3-4次的速度,通过一种膜来透析已知量(Ag,约20g)液体复合高碱性清净剂(基本上无其它润滑油添加剂)20小时。该膜应该保留基本上所有含金属物质并且能使基本上所有样品剩余物质通过。合适的膜的例子是由Carters Products,Division of CarterWallace Inc.,New York,NY 10105提供的商品名为Tro.jans的纯胶胶料膜。把该透析步骤完成后得到的透析物和残余物蒸发至干,然后在减压烘箱(100℃,小于1乇或小于约130Pa)中除去所有剩余的挥发性物质。干燥的残余物的质量按克计,指定为B。在液体样品中的高碱性清净剂物质的百分数(C)由下面等式给出: C = B A × 100 % Amos,R.和Albaugh,E.W.在“Chromatography in PetroleumAnalysis“,Altgelt,K.H.和Gouw,T.H.,Eds,pages 417-422,Marcel Dekker,Inc.,New York和Basel,1979中给出了该透析技术的背景信息。2. TBN:%总表面活性剂比率的测定
把已知量(Dg,约10g)干燥残余物按照ASTM D3712的8.1-8.1.2节的规定进行水解,所不同的是至少200ml 25%体积盐酸(比重1.18)在8.1.1节中使用。盐酸用量应该足以使得高碱性清净剂残余物酸化/水解到有机物(表面活性剂)和无机物(含钙的物质例如氯化钙)中。把该合并的醚提取物通过无水硫酸钠使其干燥。用干净的醚漂洗该硫酸钠,蒸发该合并的醚溶液至干(在约110℃),得到水解残余物。该干燥的水解残余物的量以克计,指定为E。
在有机液体高碱性清净剂中总的表面活性剂百分数Y由下面的等式给出: Y = E D × C TBN:%总表面活性剂比率X由下面等式给出:
Figure C9880339200193
应该注意到,在测定X时,使用游离形式(即不是盐或其它衍生物形式)的表面活性剂质量。3. 表面活性剂体系中单独表面活性剂(呈游离形式)的测定
下述方法包括由该高碱性清净剂衍生的水解的表面活性剂混合物,以水解的形式分离单独表面活性剂。如下所述,每一种单独表面活性剂的比例是在水解的表面活性剂混合物中呈水解形式的单独表面活性剂的质量的比例。于是,例如当该高碱性清净剂含有酚钙/磺酸钙/水杨酸钙表面活性剂体系时,该表面活性剂体系中单独表面活性剂的比例,分别表示为酚、磺酸和水杨酸的比例。
可以通过下述方法测定单独表面活性剂的比例。
把按照上述方法得到的已知量(Fg,约1g)干燥的水解残余物放在一个装有60-100US目(150-250μm)Florisil的450×25mm(内径)烧结玻璃柱顶部。Florisil是CAS值为8014-97-9的硅酸镁。用极性增加的7种溶剂,即庚烷、环己烷、甲苯、乙醚、丙酮、甲醇和由50%体积氯仿、44%体积异丙醇和6%体积氨溶液(比重0.88)形成的混合物以每一种250ml的量来冲洗该柱子。收集每一种馏分,蒸发至干,把得到的残余物称重,然后分析测定在该馏分中所含有的量(G1,G2,G3…g)和表面活性剂的性质。
可以用例如本领域的熟练的技术人员公知的色谱技术、光谱技术和或滴定(颜色显示器或电位滴定)技术分析这些馏分(或水解残余物)。当该高碱性清净剂含有磺酸盐表面活性剂和水杨酸盐表面活性剂时,由这些表面活性剂的水解得到的磺酸和水杨酸通常将在柱子中一起被冲洗。在这种情况下,和在需要测定在含有磺酸的混合物中磺酸比例的任何其它情况下,可以按照Epton在Trans.far.Soc.April1948,226中所述的方法测定在该混合物中磺酸的比例。
在上述方法中,测定馏分中呈水解形式的给定表面活性剂的含量(按克计,指定为H1),于是在原始的高碱性清净剂的表面活性剂体系中该表面活性剂的比例是 H 1 F × 100 %
由用做原料的表面活性剂的比例可以预计基于表面活性剂体系的单独的表面活性剂(呈游离形式,即不是以盐或其它衍生物的形式存在)的百分数(质量),条件是对于每种表面活性剂原料而言“活性组分”的百分数(即与在液体清净剂中的钙反应而不以非盐形式留下的原料的百分数)是已知的。然后可以预计液体高碱性产物中总表面活性剂(游离态)的百分数,并且可以测定TBN:%表面活性剂比率。

Claims (33)

1.一种含有至少两种含金属清净剂的混合物的润滑油组合物,其中第一种,清净剂(a)是一种金属酚盐、磺酸盐、水杨酸盐、环烷酸盐或羧酸盐,第二种,清净剂(b)是一种钙高碱性清净剂,该钙高碱性清净剂含有由至少两种表面活性剂衍生的表面活性剂体系,其中的至少一种是硫化的或未硫化的酚或其衍生物,另一种或至少另一种是非酚表面活性剂的表面活性剂,按此处所述,所测定的在表面活性剂体系中的所述酚的比例是至少45质量%,该高碱性清净剂的TBN:%表面活性剂比率至少为14。
2.根据权利要求1的组合物,其中高碱性清净剂的TBN:%表面活性剂比率至少为15。
3.根据权利要求1的组合物,其中高碱性清净剂的TBN:%表面活性剂比率至少为19。
4.一种含有至少两种含金属清净剂的混合物的润滑油组合物,其中第一种,清净剂(a)是一种金属酚盐、磺酸盐、水杨酸盐、环烷酸盐或羧酸盐,第二种,清净剂(b)是一种钙高碱性清净剂,该钙高碱性清净剂含有由至少两种表面活性剂衍生的表面活性剂体系,其中至少一种是硫化的或未硫化的水杨酸或其衍生物,另一种或至少另一种是非水杨酸表面活性剂的表面活性剂,按此处所述,所测定的在表面活性剂体系中所述水杨酸的比例是至少25质量%,该高碱性清净剂的TBN:%表面活性剂比率至少为16。
5.一种含有至少两种含金属清净剂的混合物的润滑油组合物,其中第一种,清净剂(a)是一种金属酚盐、磺酸盐、水杨酸盐、环烷酸盐或羧酸盐,第二种,清净剂(b)是一种钙高碱性清净剂,该钙高碱性清净剂含有由至少三种表面活性剂衍生的表面活性剂体系,其中至少一种表面活性剂是硫化的或未硫化的酚或其衍生物,至少另一种表面活性剂是硫化的或未硫化的水杨酸或其衍生物,第三种表面活性剂是非酚或非水杨酸表面活性剂的表面活性剂,按此处所述,所测定的在表面活性剂体系中所述酚的比例是至少35质量%,该高碱性清净剂的TBN:%表面活性剂比率为至少11。
6.根据权利要求5的组合物,其中高碱性清净剂的TBN:%表面活性剂比率至少为12。
7.一种含有至少两种含金属清净剂的混合物的润滑油组合物,其中第一种,清净剂(a)是一种金属酚盐、磺酸盐、水杨酸盐、环烷酸盐或羧酸盐,第二种,清净剂(b)是一种钙高碱性清净剂,该钙高碱性清净剂含有由至少两种不为(c)和(d)的表面活性剂衍生的表面活性剂体系,(c)为式Ra-CH(Rb)-COOH所示酸或其酸酐、酰氯或酯,其中Ra表示含有10-24个碳原子的烷基或烯基,Rb表示氢、具有1-4个碳原子的烷基,或CH2COOH基,(d)为含有36-100个碳原子的二-或多羧酸或酸酐、酰氯或其酯,至少一种表面活性剂是硫化的或未硫化的酚或其衍生物,另一种或至少另一种表面活性剂是非酚表面活性剂的表面活性剂,按此处所述,所测定的在表面活性剂体系中所述酚的比例是至少35质量%,该高碱性清净剂的TBN:%表面活性剂比率至少为15。
8.一种含有至少两种含金属清净剂的混合物的润滑油组合物,其中第一种,清净剂(a)是一种金属酚盐、磺酸盐、水杨酸盐、环烷酸盐或羧酸盐,第二种,清净剂(b)是一种钙高碱性清净剂,该钙高碱性清净剂含有由至少两种不为(c)和(d)的表面活性剂衍生的表面活性剂体系,(c)为式Ra-CH(Rb)-COOH所示酸或其酸酐、酰氯或酯,其中Ra表示含有10-24个碳原子的烷基或烯基,Rb表示氢、具有1-4个碳原子的烷基,或CH2COOH基,(d)为含有36-100个碳原子的二-或多羧酸或其酸酐、酰氯或酯,至少一种表面活性剂是硫化的或未硫化的水杨酸或其衍生物,另一种或至少另一种表面活性剂是非水杨酸表面活性剂的表面活性剂,按此处所述,所测定的在表面活性剂体系中所述水杨酸的比例是至少10质量%,该高碱性清净剂的TBN:%表面活性剂比率为至少11。
9.一种含有至少两种含金属的清净剂的混合物的润滑油组合物,其中第一种,清净剂(a)是一种金属酚盐、磺酸盐、水杨酸盐、环烷酸盐或羧酸盐,第二种,清净剂(b)是一种钙高碱性清净剂,该钙高碱性清净剂含有由至少两种表面活性剂衍生的表面活性剂体系,至少一种表面活性剂是硫化的或未硫化的酚或其衍生物,另一种或至少另一种表面活性剂是硫化的或未硫化的水杨酸或其衍生物,按此处所述,所测定的在表面活性剂体系中所述酚和所述水杨酸的总比例是至少55质量%,该高碱性清净剂的TBN:%表面活性剂比率至少为11。
10.根据权利要求9的组合物,其中高碱性清净剂的TBN:%表面活性剂比率至少为13。
11.一种含有至少两种含金属清净剂的混合物的润滑油组合物,其中第一种,清净剂(a)是一种金属酚盐、磺酸盐、水杨酸盐、环烷酸盐或羧酸盐,第二种,清净剂(b)是一种钙高碱性清净剂,该钙高碱性清净剂含有由至少两种表面活性剂衍生的表面活性剂体系,至少一种表面活性剂是硫化的或未硫化的酚或其衍生物,另一种或至少另一种表面活性剂是非酚表面活性剂的表面活性剂,按此处所述,所测定的在表面活性剂体系中所述酚的比例是至少15质量%,该高碱性清净剂的TBN:%表面活性剂比率为至少21。
12.根据权利要求1-11中任一项的组合物,其中至少一种衍生清净剂(b)的表面活性剂是酚。
13.根据权利要求12的组合物,其中所述酚是烃基取代的酚。
14.根据权利要求12的组合物,其中所述酚是烷基取代的酚。
15.根据权利要求1-11中任一项的组合物,其中至少一种衍生清净剂(b)的表面活性剂是磺酸或其衍生物。
16.根据权利要求15的组合物,其中磺酸是烃基取代的芳基磺酸。
17.根据权利要求15的组合物,其中磺酸是烷基取代的芳基磺酸。
18.根据权利要求1-11中任一项的组合物,其中清净剂(a)是含钙的高碱性清净剂。
19.根据权利要求18的组合物,其中清净剂(a)是酚盐或磺酸盐。
20.根据权利要求19的组合物,其中清净剂(a)是TBN至少为50的磺酸钙。
21.根据权利要求1-11中任一项的组合物,其中清净剂(a)包括TBN为至多160的酚钙。
22.根据权利要求1-11中任一项的组合物,其中清净剂(a)包括TBN为至多50的磺酸钙。
23.根据权利要求1-11中任一项的组合物,其中清净剂(a)和清净剂(b)存在的质量比是1∶5-5∶1。
24.根据权利要求23的组合物,其中清净剂(a)和清净剂(b)存在的质量比是1∶3-3∶1。
25.根据权利要求23的组合物,其中清净剂(a)和清净剂(b)存在的质量比是2∶3-3∶2。
26.根据权利要求1-11中任一项的组合物,其中清净剂(a)和(b)存在的总比例是0.25-3质量%,以润滑油组合物的总质量为基准计。
27.根据权利要求26的组合物,其中清净剂(a)和(b)存在的总比例是0.5-1.5质量%,以润滑油组合物的总质量为基准计。
28.根据权利要求26的组合物,其中清净剂(a)和(b)存在的总比例是0.75-1.25质量%,以润滑油组合物的总质量为基准计。
29.一种在油中含有权利要求1-28中任一项的清净剂(a)和(b)、溶剂或与油溶混的分散剂的添加剂浓缩物,在该浓缩物中清净剂的总比例是2.5-90质量%。
30.根据权利要求29的添加剂浓缩物,其中清净剂的总比例是5-75质量%。
31.根据权利要求29的添加剂浓缩物,其中清净剂的总比例是8-60质量%。
32.根据权利要求1-11中任一项的组合物或根据权利要求29-31中任一项的浓缩物,它们是无镁的。
33.权利要求1-17中任一项的清净剂(b)在曲轴箱润滑剂中在较低TBN时提供防腐作用或沉淀控制或在相同的TBN时提供更强的防腐作用或沉淀控制性能方面的用途。
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