EP3307859A1 - Inverse micellar compositions containing lubricant additives - Google Patents
Inverse micellar compositions containing lubricant additivesInfo
- Publication number
- EP3307859A1 EP3307859A1 EP16727911.6A EP16727911A EP3307859A1 EP 3307859 A1 EP3307859 A1 EP 3307859A1 EP 16727911 A EP16727911 A EP 16727911A EP 3307859 A1 EP3307859 A1 EP 3307859A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- polar
- lubricating oil
- liquid
- additives
- agents
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 title claims description 121
- 239000003879 lubricant additive Substances 0.000 title description 7
- 239000000693 micelle Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 224
- 239000010687 lubricating oil Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 184
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 156
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 129
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 123
- 239000002798 polar solvent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 72
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 40
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 230000001050 lubricating effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 239000003607 modifier Substances 0.000 claims description 100
- -1 densifiers Substances 0.000 claims description 70
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 claims description 61
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims description 53
- 239000003963 antioxidant agent Substances 0.000 claims description 45
- 239000003599 detergent Substances 0.000 claims description 34
- 239000010705 motor oil Substances 0.000 claims description 34
- 239000002270 dispersing agent Substances 0.000 claims description 30
- KZNICNPSHKQLFF-UHFFFAOYSA-N succinimide Chemical compound O=C1CCC(=O)N1 KZNICNPSHKQLFF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 28
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 claims description 27
- 230000003078 antioxidant effect Effects 0.000 claims description 23
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 claims description 22
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 claims description 18
- 239000003112 inhibitor Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- RINCXYDBBGOEEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N succinic anhydride Chemical class O=C1CCC(=O)O1 RINCXYDBBGOEEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 13
- 229960002317 succinimide Drugs 0.000 claims description 13
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 12
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 claims description 11
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000002518 antifoaming agent Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 150000001735 carboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 125000000524 functional group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(III) oxide Inorganic materials O=[Fe]O[Fe]=O JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000004034 viscosity adjusting agent Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 208000005156 Dehydration Diseases 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000005069 Extreme pressure additive Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000000573 anti-seizure effect Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000003086 colorant Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000003995 emulsifying agent Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000003349 gelling agent Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000006078 metal deactivator Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000010186 staining Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000000080 wetting agent Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 150000002170 ethers Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000002334 glycols Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000002894 organic compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000005078 molybdenum compound Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000003443 succinic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 claims 3
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 description 81
- 235000019198 oils Nutrition 0.000 description 60
- 239000000314 lubricant Substances 0.000 description 48
- 125000001183 hydrocarbyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 39
- 239000002199 base oil Substances 0.000 description 38
- MEFBJEMVZONFCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N molybdate Chemical compound [O-][Mo]([O-])(=O)=O MEFBJEMVZONFCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 36
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 33
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 30
- 125000002524 organometallic group Chemical group 0.000 description 26
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 25
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 23
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 23
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 21
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 20
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 20
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 19
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 18
- DMBHHRLKUKUOEG-UHFFFAOYSA-N diphenylamine Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1NC1=CC=CC=C1 DMBHHRLKUKUOEG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 18
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 17
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 17
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 17
- 229920013639 polyalphaolefin Polymers 0.000 description 17
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 17
- 239000001993 wax Substances 0.000 description 17
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 16
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 16
- 229920000768 polyamine Polymers 0.000 description 16
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 16
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 16
- UWHCKJMYHZGTIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetraethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCOCCOCCOCCO UWHCKJMYHZGTIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 16
- ZKKLPDLKUGTPME-UHFFFAOYSA-N diazanium;bis(sulfanylidene)molybdenum;sulfanide Chemical compound [NH4+].[NH4+].[SH-].[SH-].S=[Mo]=S ZKKLPDLKUGTPME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 15
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 15
- 229920001223 polyethylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 15
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 14
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 14
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 13
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 13
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 238000005461 lubrication Methods 0.000 description 12
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 12
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 12
- 238000005033 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 11
- 229920002367 Polyisobutene Polymers 0.000 description 11
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 11
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 11
- 150000001336 alkenes Chemical class 0.000 description 10
- 229910019964 (NH4)2MoS4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Succinic acid Natural products OC(=O)CCC(O)=O KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 9
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron Substances [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 description 9
- 150000002989 phenols Chemical class 0.000 description 9
- 229920000172 poly(styrenesulfonic acid) Polymers 0.000 description 9
- 229920006254 polymer film Polymers 0.000 description 9
- 229920005862 polyol Polymers 0.000 description 9
- 229940005642 polystyrene sulfonic acid Drugs 0.000 description 9
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 description 9
- 101150092791 PAO4 gene Proteins 0.000 description 8
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 125000001931 aliphatic group Chemical group 0.000 description 8
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 235000021317 phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 8
- FALRKNHUBBKYCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(chloromethyl)pyridine-3-carbonitrile Chemical class ClCC1=NC=CC=C1C#N FALRKNHUBBKYCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 229910052784 alkaline earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 7
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 7
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 229940014800 succinic anhydride Drugs 0.000 description 7
- 229910001868 water Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- WRIDQFICGBMAFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N (E)-8-Octadecenoic acid Natural products CCCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCC(O)=O WRIDQFICGBMAFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- LQJBNNIYVWPHFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 20:1omega9c fatty acid Natural products CCCCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(O)=O LQJBNNIYVWPHFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- QSBYPNXLFMSGKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 9-Heptadecensaeure Natural products CCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(O)=O QSBYPNXLFMSGKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 description 6
- 241000282326 Felis catus Species 0.000 description 6
- 239000005642 Oleic acid Substances 0.000 description 6
- ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Oleic acid Natural products CCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(O)=O ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 150000004982 aromatic amines Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 238000006482 condensation reaction Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000002296 dynamic light scattering Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 6
- QXJSBBXBKPUZAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N isooleic acid Natural products CCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCCC(O)=O QXJSBBXBKPUZAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000002480 mineral oil Substances 0.000 description 6
- ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-KTKRTIGZSA-N oleic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(O)=O ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-KTKRTIGZSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000002530 phenolic antioxidant Substances 0.000 description 6
- 150000003077 polyols Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 150000003900 succinic acid esters Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propanedioic acid Natural products OC(=O)CC(O)=O OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 238000002835 absorbance Methods 0.000 description 5
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 150000001408 amides Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000007859 condensation product Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 238000002356 laser light scattering Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 5
- CWQXQMHSOZUFJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N molybdenum disulfide Chemical compound S=[Mo]=S CWQXQMHSOZUFJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229910052982 molybdenum disulfide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- UFWIBTONFRDIAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N naphthalene-acid Natural products C1=CC=CC2=CC=CC=C21 UFWIBTONFRDIAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000035882 stress Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 5
- AFFLGGQVNFXPEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-decene Chemical compound CCCCCCCCC=C AFFLGGQVNFXPEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- CRSBERNSMYQZNG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-dodecene Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCC=C CRSBERNSMYQZNG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- KWKAKUADMBZCLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-octene Chemical compound CCCCCCC=C KWKAKUADMBZCLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Butanol Chemical compound CCCCO LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 125000000129 anionic group Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- WTEOIRVLGSZEPR-UHFFFAOYSA-N boron trifluoride Chemical compound FB(F)F WTEOIRVLGSZEPR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 description 4
- 235000014113 dietary fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 238000004821 distillation Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000000194 fatty acid Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229930195729 fatty acid Natural products 0.000 description 4
- 150000004665 fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- NAQMVNRVTILPCV-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexane-1,6-diamine Chemical compound NCCCCCCN NAQMVNRVTILPCV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 125000000743 hydrocarbylene group Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 description 4
- 239000003094 microcapsule Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- WXZMFSXDPGVJKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N pentaerythritol Chemical compound OCC(CO)(CO)CO WXZMFSXDPGVJKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000003208 petroleum Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 4
- 150000003902 salicylic acid esters Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 159000000000 sodium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 239000001384 succinic acid Substances 0.000 description 4
- 150000003871 sulfonates Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000004711 α-olefin Substances 0.000 description 4
- UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1 UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- NLZUEZXRPGMBCV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Butylhydroxytoluene Chemical compound CC1=CC(C(C)(C)C)=C(O)C(C(C)(C)C)=C1 NLZUEZXRPGMBCV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl acetate Chemical compound CCOC(C)=O XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Toluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1 YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000008186 active pharmaceutical agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 description 3
- 150000001342 alkaline earth metals Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 125000003342 alkenyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 239000007866 anti-wear additive Substances 0.000 description 3
- KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-NUQCWPJISA-N butanedioic acid Chemical compound O[14C](=O)CC[14C](O)=O KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-NUQCWPJISA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 3
- 150000004657 carbamic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 125000002915 carbonyl group Chemical group [*:2]C([*:1])=O 0.000 description 3
- 150000007942 carboxylates Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 150000001732 carboxylic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- MTHSVFCYNBDYFN-UHFFFAOYSA-N diethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCOCCO MTHSVFCYNBDYFN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000003085 diluting agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000539 dimer Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229940069096 dodecene Drugs 0.000 description 3
- 125000005456 glyceride group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 229920006158 high molecular weight polymer Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- WGCNASOHLSPBMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydroxyacetaldehyde Natural products OCC=O WGCNASOHLSPBMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 3
- 235000010755 mineral Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N phenol group Chemical group C1(=CC=CC=C1)O ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K phosphate Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])([O-])=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 3
- 150000003013 phosphoric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 229920005652 polyisobutylene succinic anhydride Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 235000013824 polyphenols Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 229920001296 polysiloxane Polymers 0.000 description 3
- PDEDQSAFHNADLV-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium;disodium;dinitrate;nitrite Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[K+].[O-]N=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O PDEDQSAFHNADLV-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 230000002829 reductive effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 125000001424 substituent group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- BDHFUVZGWQCTTF-UHFFFAOYSA-M sulfonate Chemical compound [O-]S(=O)=O BDHFUVZGWQCTTF-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 150000003460 sulfonic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 230000002459 sustained effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000002195 synergetic effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 150000003558 thiocarbamic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- GQEZCXVZFLOKMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-hexadecene Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=C GQEZCXVZFLOKMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QPUYECUOLPXSFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-methylnaphthalene Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(C)=CC=CC2=C1 QPUYECUOLPXSFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- HFDVRLIODXPAHB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-tetradecene Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCC=C HFDVRLIODXPAHB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- DKCPKDPYUFEZCP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol Chemical compound CC(C)(C)C1=CC=CC(C(C)(C)C)=C1O DKCPKDPYUFEZCP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NFIDBGJMFKNGGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2-methylpropyl)phenol Chemical compound CC(C)CC1=CC=CC=C1O NFIDBGJMFKNGGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- TXBCBTDQIULDIA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[[3-hydroxy-2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)propoxy]methyl]-2-(hydroxymethyl)propane-1,3-diol Chemical compound OCC(CO)(CO)COCC(CO)(CO)CO TXBCBTDQIULDIA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IHQZONJYGAQKGK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-tert-butyl-4-dodecylphenol Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCC1=CC=C(O)C(C(C)(C)C)=C1 IHQZONJYGAQKGK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XCIGNJPXXAPZDP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-tert-butyl-4-heptylphenol Chemical compound CCCCCCCC1=CC=C(O)C(C(C)(C)C)=C1 XCIGNJPXXAPZDP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZXENURKTAAQNOU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-tert-butyl-4-octylphenol Chemical compound CCCCCCCCC1=CC=C(O)C(C(C)(C)C)=C1 ZXENURKTAAQNOU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910015900 BF3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron Chemical compound [B] ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KAKZBPTYRLMSJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Butadiene Chemical compound C=CC=C KAKZBPTYRLMSJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004322 Butylated hydroxytoluene Substances 0.000 description 2
- IRIAEXORFWYRCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Butylbenzyl phthalate Chemical compound CCCCOC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1C(=O)OCC1=CC=CC=C1 IRIAEXORFWYRCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920000089 Cyclic olefin copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- LCGLNKUTAGEVQW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethyl ether Chemical compound COC LCGLNKUTAGEVQW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethene Chemical compound C=C VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000005977 Ethylene Substances 0.000 description 2
- CWYNVVGOOAEACU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fe2+ Chemical compound [Fe+2] CWYNVVGOOAEACU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-OWOJBTEDSA-N Fumaric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)\C=C\C(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-OWOJBTEDSA-N 0.000 description 2
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RRHGJUQNOFWUDK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isoprene Chemical compound CC(=C)C=C RRHGJUQNOFWUDK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XQVWYOYUZDUNRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Phenyl-1-naphthylamine Chemical class C=1C=CC2=CC=CC=C2C=1NC1=CC=CC=C1 XQVWYOYUZDUNRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920002396 Polyurea Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000004614 Process Aid Substances 0.000 description 2
- ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propane Chemical compound CCC ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Styrene Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZJCCRDAZUWHFQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Trimethylolpropane Chemical compound CCC(CO)(CO)CO ZJCCRDAZUWHFQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000004480 active ingredient Substances 0.000 description 2
- WNLRTRBMVRJNCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N adipic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCCCC(O)=O WNLRTRBMVRJNCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000032683 aging Effects 0.000 description 2
- 150000003973 alkyl amines Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 125000002947 alkylene group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 239000010775 animal oil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000004945 aromatic hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 2
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Classifications
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- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M171/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by purely physical criteria, e.g. containing as base-material, thickener or additive, ingredients which are characterised exclusively by their numerically specified physical properties, i.e. containing ingredients which are physically well-defined but for which the chemical nature is either unspecified or only very vaguely indicated
- C10M171/06—Particles of special shape or size
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M161/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being a mixture of a macromolecular compound and a non-macromolecular compound, each of these compounds being essential
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- B01J13/00—Colloid chemistry, e.g. the production of colloidal materials or their solutions, not otherwise provided for; Making microcapsules or microballoons
- B01J13/02—Making microcapsules or microballoons
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09B—ORGANIC DYES OR CLOSELY-RELATED COMPOUNDS FOR PRODUCING DYES, e.g. PIGMENTS; MORDANTS; LAKES
- C09B67/00—Influencing the physical, e.g. the dyeing or printing properties of dyestuffs without chemical reactions, e.g. by treating with solvents grinding or grinding assistants, coating of pigments or dyes; Process features in the making of dyestuff preparations; Dyestuff preparations of a special physical nature, e.g. tablets, films
- C09B67/0097—Dye preparations of special physical nature; Tablets, films, extrusion, microcapsules, sheets, pads, bags with dyes
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- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M169/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by containing as components a mixture of at least two types of ingredient selected from base-materials, thickeners or additives, covered by the preceding groups, each of these compounds being essential
- C10M169/04—Mixtures of base-materials and additives
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
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- C10M2201/066—Molybdenum sulfide
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- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
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- C10M2201/08—Inorganic acids or salts thereof
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
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- C10M2203/1006—Petroleum or coal fractions, e.g. tars, solvents, bitumen used as base material
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- C10M2203/1025—Aliphatic fractions used as base material
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- C10M2205/028—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing acyclic monomers containing aliphatic monomers having more than four carbon atoms
- C10M2205/0285—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing acyclic monomers containing aliphatic monomers having more than four carbon atoms used as base material
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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- C10M2205/04—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing aromatic monomers, e.g. styrene
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- C10M2205/22—Alkylation reaction products with aromatic type compounds, e.g. Friedel-crafts
- C10M2205/223—Alkylation reaction products with aromatic type compounds, e.g. Friedel-crafts used as base material
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- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2207/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds containing hydrogen, carbon and oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2207/02—Hydroxy compounds
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
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- C10M2207/022—Hydroxy compounds having hydroxy groups bound to acyclic or cycloaliphatic carbon atoms containing at least two hydroxy groups
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
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- C10N2020/01—Physico-chemical properties
- C10N2020/055—Particles related characteristics
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- C10N2030/06—Oiliness; Film-strength; Anti-wear; Resistance to extreme pressure
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Definitions
- This disclosure relates to lubricating engines using formulated lubricating oils to reduce wear and improve engine fuel efficiency.
- the formulated lubricating oils contain a major amount of a nonpolar lubricating oil base stock and a minor amount of one or more polar lubricating oil additives.
- the one or more polar lubricating oil additives comprise swollen inverse micelles dispersed in the nonpolar lubricating oil base stock.
- This disclosure also relates to a method of improving solubility of polar lubricating oil additives (e.g., inorganic friction and wear reducing additives) in a nonpolar lubricating oil base stock.
- This disclosure further relates to a method of improving surface performance of a lubricating oil in an engine lubricated with the lubricating oil.
- Lubricants in commercial use today are prepared from a variety of natural and synthetic base stocks admixed with various additive packages and solvents depending upon their intended application.
- the base stocks typically include mineral oils, poly alpha olefins (PAO), gas-to-liquid base oils (GTL), silicone oils, phosphate esters, diesters, polyol esters, and the like.
- PCEOs passenger car engine oils
- This disclosure relates to lubricating engines using formulated lubricating oils to reduce wear and improve engine fuel efficiency.
- the formulated lubricating oils contain a major amount of a nonpolar lubricating oil base stock and a minor amount of one or more polar lubricating oil additives.
- the one or more polar lubricating oil additives comprise swollen inverse micelles dispersed in the nonpolar lubricating oil base stock.
- the swollen inverse micelles comprise (i) a liquid polar core containing a polar solvent and one or more polar lubricating oil additives having solubility in the polar solvent, and (ii) a layer of liquid surfactant molecules enclosing the liquid polar core in which polar heads of the liquid surfactant molecules are oriented towards the liquid polar core.
- the inverse micelles are dispersed in the lubricating oil such that the lubricating oil exhibits improved anti-wear performance and improved engine fuel efficiency. The improved efficiency is enabled by the reduction of friction and improved elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) film formation while using lower viscosity base stocks.
- EHL elastohydrodynamic lubrication
- This disclosure also relates in part to a method of improving solubility of polar lubricating oil additives in a nonpolar lubricating oil base stock.
- the method comprises providing a lubricating oil comprising a nonpolar lubricating oil base stock as a major component and one or more polar lubricating oil additives as a minor component.
- the one or more polar lubricating oil additives comprise swollen inverse micelles dispersed in the nonpolar lubricating oil base stock.
- the swollen inverse micelles comprise (i) a liquid polar core containing a polar solvent and one or more polar lubricating oil additives having solubility in the polar solvent, and (ii) a layer of liquid surfactant molecules enclosing the liquid polar core in which polar heads of the liquid surfactant molecules are oriented towards the liquid polar core.
- solubility of the polar lubricating oil additives in the nonpolar lubricating oil base stock is improved as compared to solubility achieved using a lubricating oil containing polar lubricating oil additives in a nonpolar lubricating oil base stock and not containing the swollen inverse micelles.
- This disclosure yet further relates in part to a method of improving surface performance (e.g., anti-wear and anti-corrosion performance) of a lubricating oil in an engine lubricated with the lubricating oil.
- the method using as the lubricating oil a formulated oil comprising a nonpolar lubricating oil base stock as a major component and one or more polar lubricating oil additives as a minor component.
- the one or more polar lubricating oil additives comprise swollen inverse micelles dispersed in the nonpolar lubricating oil base stock.
- the swollen inverse micelles comprise (i) a liquid polar core containing a polar solvent and one or more polar lubricating oil additives having solubility in the polar solvent, and (ii) a layer of liquid surfactant molecules enclosing the liquid polar core in which polar heads of the liquid surfactant molecules are oriented towards the liquid polar core.
- surface performance in an engine is improved as compared to surface performance in an engine using a lubricating oil containing polar lubricating oil additives in a nonpolar lubricating oil base stock and not containing the swollen inverse micelles.
- This disclosure further relates in part to a swollen inverse micelle composition
- a swollen inverse micelle composition comprising (i) a liquid polar core containing a polar solvent and one or more polar lubricating oil additives having solubility in the polar solvent, and (ii) a layer of liquid surfactant molecules enclosing the liquid polar core in which polar heads of the liquid surfactant molecules are oriented towards the liquid polar core.
- This disclosure yet further relates in part to a process for making a swollen inverse micelle composition.
- the process comprises: providing one or more polar lubricating oil additives, a polar solvent, and a surfactant; and mixing the one or more polar lubricating oil additives, the polar solvent, and the surfactant under conditions sufficient to form the swollen inverse micelle composition.
- the swollen inverse micelle composition comprises (i) a liquid polar core containing the polar solvent and the one or more polar lubricating oil additives having solubility in the polar solvent, and (ii) a layer of liquid surfactant molecules enclosing the liquid polar core in which polar heads of the liquid surfactant molecules are oriented towards the liquid polar core.
- This disclosure also relates in part to a lubricating oil comprising a nonpolar lubricating oil base stock as a major component and a polar lubricating oil additive as a minor component.
- the polar lubricating oil additive comprises swollen inverse micelles dispersed in the nonpolar lubricating oil base stock.
- the swollen inverse micelles comprise (i) a liquid polar core containing a polar solvent and an antioxidant having solubility in the polar solvent, and (ii) a layer of liquid surfactant molecules enclosing the liquid polar core in which polar heads of the liquid surfactant molecules are oriented towards the liquid polar core.
- This disclosure further relates in part to a lubricating oil comprising a nonpolar lubricating oil base stock as a major component and a mixture of polar lubricating oil additives as a minor component.
- the mixture of polar lubricating oil additives comprises swollen inverse micelles dispersed in the nonpolar lubricating oil base stock.
- the mixture of swollen inverse micelles comprises: (a) a liquid polar core containing a polar solvent and an antioxidant having solubility in the polar solvent, and a layer of liquid surfactant molecules enclosing the liquid polar core in which polar heads of the liquid surfactant molecules are oriented towards the liquid polar core; and (b) a liquid polar core containing a polar solvent and a friction modifier having solubility in the polar solvent, and a layer of liquid surfactant molecules enclosing the liquid polar core in which polar heads of the liquid surfactant molecules are oriented towards the liquid polar core.
- This disclosure yet further relates in part to a lubricating oil comprising a nonpolar lubricating oil base stock as a major component and a mixture of polar lubricating oil additives as a minor component.
- the mixture of polar lubricating oil additives comprises (a) a first friction modifier comprising an organometallic molybdenum compound, and (b) a second friction modifier comprising swollen inverse micelles dispersed in the nonpolar lubricating oil base stock.
- the swollen inverse micelles comprise a liquid polar core containing a polar solvent and an inorganic molybdate compound having solubility in the polar solvent, and a layer of liquid surfactant molecules enclosing the liquid polar core in which polar heads of the liquid surfactant molecules are oriented towards the liquid polar core.
- Friction reduction and fuel efficiency are maintained or improved as compared to friction reduction and fuel efficiency achieved with a lubricating engine oil using singly the first friction modifier or the second friction modifier, as measured by one or more of ASTM D6079, SEQ VI-D and SEQ VI-E.
- the advantages afforded by this disclosure include, for example, improved polar additive solubility in a nonpolar lubricating oil base stock, clarity and homogeneous finished lubricant phase, and enhanced surface performance through proper delivery of the performance additives. Enhanced performance is also achieved through improved EHL film formation.
- solubility of polar lubricating oil additives e.g., inorganic friction and wear reducing additives
- solubility of polar lubricating oil additives e.g., inorganic friction and wear reducing additives
- This inverse micellar system provides a protective barrier to isolate the antioxidant from competing chemical reactions with other additives.
- This inverse micellar system also provides protection from the harmful effects of oxidation on friction modifier performance.
- an inorganic molybdate friction modifier contained in an inverse micelle system and a mixture of the inorganic molybdate friction modifier in an inverse micelle system and an organometallic molybdate friction modifier not in an inverse micelle system, provides a significant friction benefit over a current premium synthetic motor oil formulation containing only a organometallic friction modifier as demonstrated through a lower frictional coefficient in a bench test.
- Fig. 1 graphically depicts the elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) measurement of film thickness at 40°C of the NB:25417-145-3 swollen inverse micelle system, Spectrasyn®-4, and premium synthetic 0W-20 motor oil, as set forth in Example 1.
- Fig. 2 graphically depicts the elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) measurement of film thickness at 60°C of the NB:25417-145-3 swollen inverse micelle system, Spectrasyn®-4, and premium synthetic 0W-20 motor oil, as set forth in Example 1.
- Fig. 2 graphically depicts the elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) measurement of film thickness at 60°C of the NB:25417-145-3 swollen inverse micelle system, Spectrasyn®-4, and premium synthetic 0W-20 motor oil, as set forth in Example 1.
- Fig. 1 graphically depicts the elastohydr
- FIG. 3 graphically depicts the elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) measurement of film thickness at 80°C of the NB:25417-145-3 swollen inverse micelle system, Spectrasyn®-4, and premium synthetic 0W-20 motor oil, as set forth in Example 1.
- Fig. 4 graphically depicts the elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) measurement of film thickness at 100°C of the NB:25417-145-3 swollen inverse micelle system, Spectrasyn®-4, and premium synthetic 0W-20 motor oil, as set forth in Example 1.
- Fig.5 graphically depicts friction versus temperature comparisons for ammonium tetrathiomolybdate including base stock control, surfactant control and tetraethylene glycol control (with swollen inverse micelles and without swollen inverse micelles).
- Fig. 6 depicts a swollen inverse micelle system showing a polar solvent core with dissolved additive within a lubricant.
- Fig. 7 graphically depicts the measurement of inverse micelle size using a Horiba laser light scattering particle size analyzer.
- Fig. 5 graphically depicts friction versus temperature comparisons for ammonium tetrathiomolybdate including base stock control, surfactant control and tetraethylene glycol control (with swollen inverse micelles and without swollen inverse micelles).
- Fig. 6 depicts a swollen inverse micelle system showing a polar solvent core with dissolved additive within a lubricant.
- Fig. 7 graphically depict
- Fig. 8 is a 100x objective photograph of a macrocapsule (without polymer film) of polystyrene sulfonic acid (sodium salt) dissolved in tetraethylene glycol that is dispersed in oil without a surfactant.
- Fig. 9 is a 100x objective photograph of an inverse micelle (with polymer film) of polystyrene sulfonic acid (sodium salt) dissolved in tetraethylene glycol that is dispersed in oil with a surfactant (i.e., PIBSA-PAM).
- PIBSA-PAM surfactant
- Fig.10 shows the composition of formulations prepared in accordance with Example 4.
- Fig.11 graphically depicts results of DPA concentration indicated by the infrared absorbance of the aminic group as the lubricant is oxidized (i.e., Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)) in accordance with Example 4.
- FTIR Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
- Fig. 12 graphically depicts the same sample series as in Fig. 11 measured by FTIR for oxidation by infrared carbonyl absorbance as a function of time in the oxidation test in accordance with Example 4.
- Fig.13 shows the composition of formulations prepared in accordance with Example 5.
- Fig.14 shows the benefit of an inorganic molybdate friction modifier contained in an inverse micelle system (in blue) compared to a state of the art premium synthetic lubricant (in red) containing 0.15% of an organometallic friction modifier and not contained in an inverse micelle system, in lowering friction in a High Frequency Reciprocating Rig (HFRR) boundary lubricity test in accordance with Example 5.
- HFRR High Frequency Reciprocating Rig
- Fig.15 shows the benefit of the mixture of molybdenum additives in a formulation (i.e., an inorganic molybdate friction modifier contained in an inverse micelle system and an organometallic friction modifier not contained in an inverse micelle system), compared to a state of the art premium synthetic lubricant containing 0.15% (in red) and 0.3% (in purple) of an organometallic friction modifier not contained in an inverse micelle system in accordance with Example 5.
- a formulation i.e., an inorganic molybdate friction modifier contained in an inverse micelle system and an organometallic friction modifier not contained in an inverse micelle system
- Fig.16 shows the results of engine tests conducted on the mixture of molybdenum additives in a formulation (i.e., an inorganic molybdate friction modifier contained in an inverse micelle system and an organometallic friction modifier not contained in an inverse micelle system) compared to a premium GF-5 state of the art synthetic motor oil in accordance with Example 5.
- Fig. 17 graphically shows that the inverse micelles are stable at high shear conditions and that under high shear conditions, the inverse micelles are self-healing and reform to smaller diameter spheres in accordance with Example 6.
- Fig.18 shows a microfluidizer in accordance with Example 6.
- Fig. 19 graphically shows that microfluidizers afford higher shear rates than conventional mechanical mixers in accordance with Example 6.
- Fig. 20 graphically shows that microfluidizers give a more uniform dispersion of particle size in accordance with Example 6.
- Fig. 21 graphically shows an optimum inverse micelle diameter after high shear conditions in a microfluidizer (e.g., 0.082 ⁇ m mean diameter) in accordance with Example 6.
- Fig. 22 graphically shows that reducing the inverse micelle diameter size from 0.2 ⁇ m to 0.1 ⁇ m shows benefit with regard to coefficient of friction in accordance with Example 6.
- Fig. 21 graphically shows an optimum inverse micelle diameter after high shear conditions in a microfluidizer (e.g., 0.082 ⁇ m mean diameter) in accordance with Example 6.
- Fig. 22 graphically shows that reducing the inverse micelle diameter size from 0.2 ⁇ m to 0.1 ⁇ m shows benefit with regard to coefficient of friction in accordance with Example 6.
- This disclosure also provides a method of stabilizing the interface of the sphere with surfactants and optionally an outer polymer film.
- the invisible dispersed spheres provide the advantage of forming thick lubricating films while the surrounding base stock provides a relatively low overall viscosity to the oil.
- the polar solvent can also be used to dissolve polar additives which are not soluble in the base stock and/or incorporate higher concentrations of additives which have low solubility in the base stock.
- This inverse micellar system can be used to efficiently transport polar molecules with a higher viscosity than the base stock to the contacts requiring elastohydrodynamic lubrication such as journal bearings.
- This system can be further used to solubilize, and carry in the base stock, surface active ingredients such as friction modifiers, anti-wear additives and antioxidants critical to all lubricated contacts.
- the surfactant protective coating of the dispersed swollen inverse micelles also efficiently provides self-healing properties (e.g., when swollen inverse micelles are sheared, the micelles spontaneously reform at a smaller size).
- polar lubricating oil additives can be designed to impart better friction, anti-wear and antioxidant properties to the lubricant.
- An additional benefit of this disclosure is the polar hydrocarbon carrier (i.e., polar solvent) in which the additive is dissolved.
- the viscosity of this carrier can be maximized to provide a shear triggered protective film at the lubricated contact.
- the inverse micellization of the high viscosity carrier provides the benefit of high film thickness within a relatively low viscosity lubricant.
- the polar hydrocarbon core can provide other benefits such as trapping and neutralizing acids formed during the oils use and providing a means to increase the thermal conductivity of the oil.
- the lubricating engine oils of this disclosure can also be useful for applications irrespective of viscosity grade and/or base stock type.
- the lubricating engine oils of this disclosure can be useful in automotive, marine, aviation, and industrial engine and machine components.
- the inverse micellar system of this disclosure can be used for a variety of applications, for example, isolating reactive additives, trapping water in lubricants, and the like.
- the lubricating oils of this disclosure can also be useful for lubricating machine components such as industrial paper machines, metal working tools, compressors, bearing greases, wind turbines, and the like.
- this disclosure relates to inverse micelle compositions including a core containing one or more polar solvents and one or more lubricating oil additives in which the inverse micelles are dispersed in one or more lubricating base oils of mineral, synthetic or natural origin, and a liquid surfactant or liquid surfactant/polymer shell.
- This disclosure also relates to lubricating oils including the inverse micellar compositions.
- This disclosure further relates to the use of inverse micellar compositions as anti-wear, antioxidant and/or friction modifier additives for lubricant compositions.
- the current art in formulating lubricants is limited by the oils solubility.
- Inverse micellization is a process via which a product is enclosed in inverse micelles comprising a liquid surfactant or liquid surfactant/polymeric shell or membrane (typically polymeric) enclosing a liquid core containing the product.
- inverse micelles have a diameter typically between 0.01 and 1000 ⁇ m.
- applications are found in the areas of agriculture (fertilizers, pesticides), health (medications), cosmetics, textiles, and the like.
- Lubricating Oil Base Stocks A wide range of lubricating base oils is known in the art.
- Lubricating base oils that are useful in the present disclosure are both natural oils, and synthetic oils, and unconventional oils (or mixtures thereof) can be used unrefined, refined, or rerefined (the latter is also known as reclaimed or reprocessed oil).
- Unrefined oils are those obtained directly from a natural or synthetic source and used without added purification. These include shale oil obtained directly from retorting operations, petroleum oil obtained directly from primary distillation, and ester oil obtained directly from an esterification process.
- Refined oils are similar to the oils discussed for unrefined oils except refined oils are subjected to one or more purification steps to improve at least one lubricating oil property.
- One skilled in the art is familiar with many purification processes. These processes include solvent extraction, secondary distillation, acid extraction, base extraction, filtration, and percolation.
- Rerefined oils are obtained by processes analogous to refined oils but using an oil that has been previously used as a feed stock.
- Groups I, II, III, IV and V are broad base oil stock categories developed and defined by the American Petroleum Institute (API Publication 1509; www.API.org) to create guidelines for lubricant base oils.
- Group I base stocks have a viscosity index of between 80 to 120 and contain greater than 0.03% sulfur and/or less than 90% saturates.
- Group II base stocks have a viscosity index of between 80 to 120, and contain less than or equal to 0.03% sulfur and greater than or equal to 90% saturates.
- Group III stocks have a viscosity index greater than 120 and contain less than or equal to 0.03 % sulfur and greater than 90% saturates.
- Group IV includes polyalphaolefins (PAO).
- Group V base stock includes base stocks not included in Groups I-IV. The table below summarizes properties of each of these five groups.
- Natural oils include animal oils, vegetable oils (castor oil and lard oil, for example), and mineral oils. Animal and vegetable oils possessing favorable thermal oxidative stability can be used. Of the natural oils, mineral oils are preferred. Mineral oils vary widely as to their crude source, for example, as to whether they are paraffinic, naphthenic, or mixed paraffinic-naphthenic. Oils derived from coal or shale are also useful. Natural oils vary also as to the method used for their production and purification, for example, their distillation range and whether they are straight run or cracked, hydrorefined, or solvent extracted.
- Group II and/or Group III hydroprocessed or hydrocracked base stocks including synthetic oils such as polyalphaolefins, alkyl aromatics and synthetic esters are also well known base stock oils.
- Synthetic oils include hydrocarbon oil.
- Hydrocarbon oils include oils such as polymerized and interpolymerized olefins (polybutylenes, polypropylenes, propylene isobutylene copolymers, ethylene-olefin copolymers, and ethylene-alphaolefin copolymers, for example).
- Polyalphaolefin (PAO) oil base stocks are commonly used synthetic hydrocarbon oil.
- PAOs derived from C 8 , C 10 , C 12 , C 14 olefins or mixtures thereof may be utilized. See U.S. Patent Nos.4,956,122; 4,827,064; and 4,827,073.
- the number average molecular weights of the PAOs which are known materials and generally available on a major commercial scale from suppliers such as ExxonMobil Chemical Company, Chevron Phillips Chemical Company, BP, and others, typically vary from 250 to 3,000, although PAO’s may be made in viscosities up to 100 cSt (100qC).
- the PAOs are typically comprised of relatively low molecular weight hydrogenated polymers or oligomers of alphaolefins which include, but are not limited to, C 2 to C 32 alphaolefins with the C 8 to C 16 alphaolefins, such as 1-octene, 1-decene, 1-dodecene and the like, being preferred.
- the preferred polyalphaolefins are poly-1-octene, poly-1-decene and poly-1-dodecene and mixtures thereof and mixed olefin-derived polyolefins.
- the dimers of higher olefins in the range of C 14 to C 18 may be used to provide low viscosity basestocks of acceptably low volatility.
- the PAOs may be predominantly trimers and tetramers of the starting olefins, with minor amounts of the higher oligomers, having a viscosity range of 1.5 to 12 cSt.
- the PAO fluids may be conveniently made by the polymerization of an alphaolefin in the presence of a polymerization catalyst such as the Friedel-Crafts catalysts including, for example, aluminum trichloride, boron trifluoride or complexes of boron trifluoride with water, alcohols such as ethanol, propanol or butanol, carboxylic acids or esters such as ethyl acetate or ethyl propionate.
- a polymerization catalyst such as the Friedel-Crafts catalysts including, for example, aluminum trichloride, boron trifluoride or complexes of boron trifluoride with water, alcohols such as ethanol, propanol or butanol, carboxylic acids or esters such as ethyl acetate or ethyl propionate.
- a polymerization catalyst such as the Friedel-Crafts catalysts including, for example, aluminum trichloride, boro
- the hydrocarbyl aromatics can be used as base oil or base oil component and can be any hydrocarbyl molecule that contains at least 5% of its weight derived from an aromatic moiety such as a benzenoid moiety or naphthenoid moiety, or their derivatives.
- hydrocarbyl aromatics include alkyl benzenes, alkyl naphthalenes, alkyl diphenyl oxides, alkyl naphthols, alkyl diphenyl sulfides, alkylated bisphenol A, alkylated thiodiphenol, and the like.
- the aromatic can be mono-alkylated, dialkylated, polyalkylated, and the like.
- the aromatic can be mono- or poly-functionalized.
- the hydrocarbyl groups can also be comprised of mixtures of alkyl groups, alkenyl groups, alkynyl, cycloalkyl groups, cycloalkenyl groups and other related hydrocarbyl groups.
- the hydrocarbyl groups can range from C 6 up to C 60 with a range of C 8 to C 20 often being preferred. A mixture of hydrocarbyl groups is often preferred, and up to three such substituents may be present.
- the hydrocarbyl group can optionally contain sulfur, oxygen, and/or nitrogen containing substituents.
- the aromatic group can also be derived from natural (petroleum) sources, provided at least 5% of the molecule is comprised of an above-type aromatic moiety. Viscosities at 100°C of approximately 3 cSt to 50 cSt are preferred, with viscosities of approximately 3.4 cSt to 20 cSt often being more preferred for the hydrocarbyl aromatic component.
- an alkyl naphthalene where the alkyl group is primarily comprised of 1-hexadecene is used.
- Other alkylates of aromatics can be advantageously used.
- Naphthalene or methyl naphthalene, for example, can be alkylated with olefins such as octene, decene, dodecene, tetradecene or higher, mixtures of similar olefins, and the like.
- Useful concentrations of hydrocarbyl aromatic in a lubricant oil composition can be 2% to 25%, preferably 4% to 20%, and more preferably 4% to 15%, depending on the application.
- Esters comprise a useful base stock.
- esters such as the esters of dibasic acids with monoalkanols and the polyol esters of monocarboxylic acids.
- Esters of the former type include, for example, the esters of dicarboxylic acids such as phthalic acid, succinic acid, alkyl succinic acid, alkenyl succinic acid, maleic acid, azelaic acid, suberic acid, sebacic acid, fumaric acid, adipic acid, linoleic acid dimer, malonic acid, alkyl malonic acid, alkenyl malonic acid, etc., with a variety of alcohols such as butyl alcohol, hexyl alcohol, dodecyl alcohol, 2-ethylhexyl alcohol, etc.
- esters include dibutyl adipate, di(2-ethylhexyl) sebacate, di-n-hexyl fumarate, dioctyl sebacate, diisooctyl azelate, diisodecyl azelate, dioctyl phthalate, didecyl phthalate, dieicosyl sebacate, etc.
- Particularly useful synthetic esters are those which are obtained by reacting one or more polyhydric alcohols, preferably the hindered polyols (such as the neopentyl polyols, e.g., neopentyl glycol, trimethylol ethane, 2-methyl- 2-propyl-1,3-propanediol, trimethylol propane, pentaerythritol and dipentaerythritol) with alkanoic acids containing at least 4 carbon atoms, preferably C 5 to C 30 acids such as saturated straight chain fatty acids including caprylic acid, capric acid, lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, arachic acid, and behenic acid, or the corresponding branched chain fatty acids or unsaturated fatty acids such as oleic acid, or mixtures of any of these materials.
- the hindered polyols such as the neopentyl polyols,
- Suitable synthetic ester components include the esters of trimethylol propane, trimethylol butane, trimethylol ethane, pentaerythritol and/or dipentaerythritol with one or more monocarboxylic acids containing from 5 to 10 carbon atoms. These esters are widely available commercially, for example, the Mobil P-41 and P-51 esters of ExxonMobil Chemical Company).
- Other useful fluids of lubricating viscosity include non-conventional or unconventional base stocks that have been processed, preferably catalytically, or synthesized to provide high performance lubrication characteristics.
- Non-conventional or unconventional base stocks/base oils include one or more of a mixture of base stock(s) derived from one or more Gas-to-Liquids (GTL) materials, as well as isomerate/isodewaxate base stock(s) derived from natural wax or waxy feeds, mineral and or non-mineral oil waxy feed stocks such as slack waxes, natural waxes, and waxy stocks such as gas oils, waxy fuels hydrocracker bottoms, waxy raffinate, hydrocrackate, thermal crackates, or other mineral, mineral oil, or even non-petroleum oil derived waxy materials such as waxy materials received from coal liquefaction or shale oil, and mixtures of such base stocks.
- GTL Gas-to-Liquids
- GTL materials are materials that are derived via one or more synthesis, combination, transformation, rearrangement, and/or degradation/deconstructive processes from gaseous carbon-containing compounds, hydrogen-containing compounds and/or elements as feed stocks such as hydrogen, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, water, methane, ethane, ethylene, acetylene, propane, propylene, propyne, butane, butylenes, and butynes.
- GTL base stocks and/or base oils are GTL materials of lubricating viscosity that are generally derived from hydrocarbons; for example, waxy synthesized hydrocarbons, that are themselves derived from simpler gaseous carbon-containing compounds, hydrogen-containing compounds and/or elements as feed stocks.
- GTL base stock(s) and/or base oil(s) include oils boiling in the lube oil boiling range (1) separated/fractionated from synthesized GTL materials such as, for example, by distillation and subsequently subjected to a final wax processing step which involves either or both of a catalytic dewaxing process, or a solvent dewaxing process, to produce lube oils of reduced/low pour point; (2) synthesized wax isomerates, comprising, for example, hydrodewaxed or hydroisomerized cat and/or solvent dewaxed synthesized wax or waxy hydrocarbons; (3) hydrodewaxed or hydroisomerized cat and/or solvent dewaxed Fischer-Tropsch (F-T) material (i.e., hydrocarbons, waxy hydrocarbons, waxes and possible analogous oxygenates); preferably hydrodewaxed or hydroisomerized/followed by cat and/or solvent dewaxing dewaxed F-T waxy hydrocarbons, or hydrodewaxed
- GTL base stock(s) and/or base oil(s) derived from GTL materials are characterized typically as having kinematic viscosities at 100oC of from 2 mm2/s to 50 mm2/s (ASTM D445). They are further characterized typically as having pour points of -5oC to -40oC or lower (ASTM D97). They are also characterized typically as having viscosity indices of 80 to 140 or greater (ASTM D2270).
- the GTL base stock(s) and/or base oil(s) are typically highly paraffinic (>90% saturates), and may contain mixtures of monocycloparaffins and multicycloparaffins in combination with non-cyclic isoparaffins.
- the ratio of the naphthenic (i.e., cycloparaffin) content in such combinations varies with the catalyst and temperature used.
- GTL base stock(s) and/or base oil(s) typically have very low sulfur and nitrogen content, generally containing less than 10 ppm, and more typically less than 5 ppm of each of these elements.
- GTL base stock(s) and/or base oil(s) obtained from F-T material is essentially nil.
- the absence of phosphorous and aromatics make this materially especially suitable for the formulation of low SAP products.
- GTL base stock and/or base oil and/or wax isomerate base stock and/or base oil is to be understood as embracing individual fractions of such materials of wide viscosity range as recovered in the production process, mixtures of two or more of such fractions, as well as mixtures of one or two or more low viscosity fractions with one, two or more higher viscosity fractions to produce a blend wherein the blend exhibits a target kinematic viscosity.
- the GTL material, from which the GTL base stock(s) and/or base oil(s) is/are derived is preferably an F-T material (i.e., hydrocarbons, waxy hydrocarbons, wax).
- F-T material i.e., hydrocarbons, waxy hydrocarbons, wax.
- the GTL base stock(s) and/or base oil(s) are typically highly paraffinic (>90% saturates), and may contain mixtures of monocycloparaffins and multicycloparaffins in combination with non-cyclic isoparaffins. The ratio of the naphthenic (i.e., cycloparaffin) content in such combinations varies with the catalyst and temperature used.
- GTL base stock(s) and/or base oil(s) and hydrodewaxed, or hydroisomerized/cat (and/or solvent) dewaxed base stock(s) and/or base oil(s) typically have very low sulfur and nitrogen content, generally containing less than 10 ppm, and more typically less than 5 ppm of each of these elements.
- the sulfur and nitrogen content of GTL base stock(s) and/or base oil(s) obtained from F-T material, especially F-T wax, is essentially nil.
- the absence of phosphorous and aromatics make this material especially suitable for the formulation of low sulfur, sulfated ash, and phosphorus (low SAP) products.
- Base oils for use in the formulated lubricating oils useful in the present disclosure are any of the variety of oils corresponding to API Group I, Group II, Group III, Group IV, and Group V oils and mixtures thereof, preferably API Group II, Group III, Group IV, and Group V oils and mixtures thereof, more preferably the Group III to Group V base oils due to their exceptional volatility, stability, viscometric and cleanliness features.
- Minor quantities of Group I stock, such as the amount used to dilute additives for blending into formulated lube oil products, can be tolerated but should be kept to a minimum, i.e. amounts only associated with their use as diluents/carrier oil for additives used on an“as-received” basis.
- the base oil constitutes the major component of the engine oil lubricant composition of the present disclosure and typically is present in an amount ranging from 50 to 99 weight percent, preferably from 70 to 95 weight percent, and more preferably from 85 to 95 weight percent, based on the total weight of the composition.
- the base oil may be selected from any of the synthetic or natural oils typically used as crankcase lubricating oils for spark- ignited and compression-ignited engines.
- the base oil conveniently has a kinematic viscosity, according to ASTM standards, of 2.5 cSt to 12 cSt (or mm 2 /s) at 100°C and preferably of 2.5 cSt to 9 cSt (or mm 2 /s) at 100°C. Mixtures of synthetic and natural base oils may be used if desired.
- Polar Solvents [0076] Illustrative polar solvents useful in the swollen inverse micelles include, for example, glycols, alcohols, esters, ethers, carboxylic acids, amines, and other organic compounds containing one or more polar functional groups (e.g., phosphate, sulfonate, sulfate, silicone).
- useful polar solvents include monoethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, tetraethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, triethylene glycol monomethyl ether, triethylene glocol dimethyl ether, tripropylene glycol, tripropylene glycol butyl ether (also known as DowanolTM TPnB), tripropylene glycol methyl ether (also known as DowanolTM TPM), diethylene glycol dimethyl ether (also known as diglyme), and the like.
- the polar solvent can be present in an amount from 0.1 weight percent to 20 weight percent, preferably from 1 weight percent to 10 weight percent, and more preferably from 2 weight percent to 5 weight percent, based on the total weight of the lubricating oil.
- Suitable surfactants useful in this disclosure typically contain a polar group attached to a relatively high molecular weight hydrocarbon chain.
- the polar group typically contains at least one element of nitrogen, oxygen, or phosphorus.
- Typical hydrocarbon chains contain 50 to 400 carbon atoms.
- many surfactants may be characterized as phenates, sulfonates, sulfurized phenates, salicylates, naphthenates, stearates, carbamates, thiocarbamates, phosphorus derivatives.
- a particularly useful class of surfactants are the alkenylsuccinic derivatives, typically produced by the reaction of a long chain hydrocarbyl substituted succinic compound, usually a hydrocarbyl substituted succinic anhydride, with a polyhydroxy or polyamino compound.
- the long chain hydrocarbyl group constituting the oleophilic portion of the molecule which confers solubility in the oil, is normally a polyisobutylene group.
- Many examples of this type of surfactant are well known commercially and in the literature. Exemplary U.S. patents describing such surfactants are U.S. Patent Nos.
- Hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic acid and hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic anhydride derivatives are useful surfactants.
- succinimide, succinate esters, or succinate ester amides prepared by the reaction of a hydrocarbon-substituted succinic acid compound preferably having at least 50 carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon substituent, with at least one equivalent of an alkylene amine are particularly useful.
- Succinimides are formed by the condensation reaction between hydrocarbyl substituted succinic anhydrides and amines. Molar ratios can vary depending on the polyamine.
- the molar ratio of hydrocarbyl substituted succinic anhydride to TEPA can vary from 1:1 to 5:1. Representative examples are shown in U.S. Patent Nos. 3,087,936; 3,172,892; 3,219,666; 3,272,746; 3,322,670; and 3,652,616, 3,948,800; and Canada Patent No.1,094,044.
- Succinate esters are formed by the condensation reaction between hydrocarbyl substituted succinic anhydrides and alcohols or polyols. Molar ratios can vary depending on the alcohol or polyol used. For example, the condensation product of a hydrocarbyl substituted succinic anhydride and pentaerythritol is a useful surfactant.
- Succinate ester amides are formed by condensation reaction between hydrocarbyl substituted succinic anhydrides and alkanol amines.
- suitable alkanol amines include ethoxylated polyalkylpolyamines, propoxylated polyalkylpolyamines and polyalkenylpolyamines such as polyethylene polyamines.
- propoxylated hexamethylenediamine Representative examples are shown in U.S. Patent No.4,426,305.
- the molecular weight of the hydrocarbyl substituted succinic anhydrides used in the preceding paragraphs will typically range between 800 and 2,500.
- the above products can be post-reacted with various reagents such as sulfur, oxygen, formaldehyde, carboxylic acids such as oleic acid.
- the above products can also be post reacted with boron compounds such as boric acid, borate esters or highly borated surfactants, to form borated surfactants generally having from 0.1 to 5 moles of boron per mole of surfactant reaction product.
- Mannich base surfactants are made from the reaction of alkylphenols, formaldehyde, and amines. See U.S. Patent No. 4,767,551, which is incorporated herein by reference. Process aids and catalysts, such as oleic acid and sulfonic acids, can also be part of the reaction mixture.
- Molecular weights of the alkylphenols range from 800 to 2,500. Representative examples are shown in U.S. Patent Nos. 3,697,574; 3,703,536; 3,704,308; 3,751,365; 3,756,953; 3,798,165; and 3,803,039.
- Typical high molecular weight aliphatic acid modified Mannich condensation products useful in this disclosure can be prepared from high molecular weight alkyl-substituted hydroxyaromatics or HN® 2 group- containing reactants.
- Hydrocarbyl substituted amine surfactant additives are well known to one skilled in the art; see, for example, U.S. Patent Nos.
- Other useful surfactants include, for example, carboxylic acids (e.g., oleic acid), alkyl amines (e.g., oleylamine), reaction products of carboxylic acids and alkyl amines (e.g., dialkyl amides), and the like.
- carboxylic acids e.g., oleic acid
- alkyl amines e.g., oleylamine
- reaction products of carboxylic acids and alkyl amines e.g., dialkyl amides
- Preferred surfactants include borated and non-borated succinimides, including those derivatives from mono-succinimides, bis-succinimides, and/or mixtures of mono- and bis-succinimides, wherein the hydrocarbyl succinimide is derived from a hydrocarbylene group such as polyisobutylene having a Mn of from 500 to 5000 or a mixture of such hydrocarbylene groups.
- Other preferred surfactants include succinic acid-esters and amides, alkylphenol-polyamine- coupled Mannich adducts, their capped derivatives, and other related components.
- a preferred surfactant is polyisobutylene succinimide polyamine (PIBSA-PAM).
- Such additives may be used in an amount of 0.1 to 20 weight percent, preferably 0.5 to 8 weight percent.
- the surfactant can be present in an amount from 0.1 weight percent to 10 weight percent, preferably from 0.2 weight percent to 5 weight percent, and more preferably from 0.5 weight percent to 2 weight percent, based on the total weight of the lubricating oil.
- the surfactant is present in the lubricating oil in an amount sufficient to form a layer of liquid surfactant molecules enclosing the liquid polar core in which polar heads of the liquid surfactant molecules are oriented towards the liquid polar core, and to form the swollen inverse micelles.
- Illustrative polar lubricating oil additives useful in the swollen inverse micelles include, for example, dispersants, detergents, corrosion inhibitors, rust inhibitors, metal deactivators, antioxidants, anti-wear agents and/or extreme pressure additives, anti-seizure agents, wax modifiers, viscosity index improvers, viscosity modifiers, fluid-loss additives, seal compatibility agents, friction modifiers, lubricity agents, anti-staining agents, chromophoric agents, defoamants, demulsifiers, emulsifiers, densifiers, wetting agents, gelling agents, tackiness agents, colorants, antifoam agents, and pour point depressants.
- Illustrative polar lubricating oil additives useful in the swollen inverse micelles include, for example, inorganic lubricating oil additives.
- illustrative polar lubricating oil additives include friction modifiers such as ammonium tetrathiomolybdate, ammonium molybdate, sodium molybdate, sodium molybdenum dehydrate, molybdenum disulfide, molybdenum carbide, molybdenum (VI) oxide, molybdenum di-n-butyl dithiocarbamate, (propylcyclopentadienyl molybdenum tricarbonyl dimer, and the like; also organic and inorganic borated compounds and the like; antioxidants such as butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), 2,6-di-tert-butyl phenol, 2,6-di-tert-butyl cresol, alkylated diphenylamines, and the like
- BHT
- the polar lubricating oil additives can be present in an amount from 0.05 weight percent to 5 weight percent, preferably from 0.1 weight percent to 2 weight percent, and more preferably from 0.2 weight percent to 1 weight percent, based on the total weight of the lubricating oil.
- the polar lubricating oil additives are present in the lubricating oil in an amount sufficient to form the polar core and to form the swollen inverse micelles.
- Swollen Inverse Micelles [0094] This disclosure includes a swollen inverse micelle system comprised of a liquid polar solvent core surrounded by a self-assembled layer of liquid surfactant molecules, with a polar head oriented towards the polar solvent core.
- the liquid polar solvent core may contain one or more polar lubricant additives, including friction modifiers, antioxidants, and corrosion inhibitors, and rust inhibitors.
- the system provides a method to incorporate oil-insoluble polar lubricant performance additives into a lubricant formulation.
- the additives contained in the swollen inverse micelle system are stable in a fully formulated lubricant and will not precipitate or separate over time under normal storage conditions. In application at elevated temperatures, pressures or shear stress, the additives will be slowly released into the oil, through one or more of the following mechanisms: 1) diffusion, 2) thermal / oxidative degradation of the liquid surfactant layer, 3) deformation of the micelle system through high pressures or shear stress.
- the micelle system also provides an added level of thermal and oxidative protection to the contained lubricant additives from the external environment, allowing the additives to degrade at a much slower rate, resulting in extended additive performance.
- This additive protection can be further enhanced by incorporating a lubricant performance additive along with a polar antioxidant additive within the polar solvent core of the micelle system, to deliver oxidative protection from within the micelle system itself.
- the swollen reverse micelle can also be used as a miniature reactor, as it is partially isolated from the bulk environment of the lubricant. The temperatures and pressures inside the micelles could allow for reactions to occur locally, in the internal polar solvent phase.
- the molybdate friction modifier may be converted to a better friction modifier (MoS 2 , Mo oxides, etc.) within the micelle than if it was in a bulk phase.
- Acid base reactions within the micelle could also result in the formation of anti-wear agents such sodium thiosulfate, which is soluble in glycol, and can form colloidal sulfur within the micelle if it sees acid.
- a particular set of conditions are needed to form the inverse or reverse micelle systems of this disclosure.
- a critical surfactant concentration as indicated by the critical micelle concentration (CMC) and Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) data is needed. Typical critical surfactant concentrations can range from about 0.05 wt.
- Interfacial tension will be affected by the additives incorporated into the polar solvent core. Without the additives, the micelle has a larger mean diameter and is not optically clear (i.e., there is a haze). However with the molybdate additive, the interfacial tension is significantly reduced, decreasing the mean diameter and allowing the solution to be optically clear.
- Typical interfacial tension can range from about 0.1 mN/m to about 60 mN/m, or from about 0.5 mN/m to about 30 mN/m, or from about 1mN/m to about 10 mN/m.
- a microfluidizer is a preferred device that can achieve the desired micelle size (e.g., from about 0.05 to about 0.5 micron mean diameter).
- Typical shear can range from about 1,000 sec.-1 to about 50,000,000 sec.-1, or from about 20,000 sec.-1 to about 20,000,000, or from about 500,000 sec.-1 to about 10,000,000 sec.-1.
- swollen inverse micelles means inverse micelles comprising a liquid core containing a polar solvent and one or more polar lubricating oil additives having solubility in the polar solvent, and a liquid surfactant or liquid surfactant/polymeric layer (typically polymeric) enclosing the liquid core.
- a liquid surfactant or liquid surfactant/polymeric layer typically polymeric
- the solubility of polar additives is improved by dissolving the polar additives in a polar solvent which forms the core of the micelle.
- the diameter of the swollen inverse micelles according to this disclosure is preferably between 0.01 and 50 ⁇ m, more preferably between 0.01 and 10 ⁇ m, or between 0.01 and 1.5 ⁇ m, or between 0.01 and 1 ⁇ m, or between 0.01 and 0.75 ⁇ m, or between 0.05 and 0.5 ⁇ m. It is desirable that the swollen inverse micelles should be of homogeneous size. It is also desirable that the preferably homogeneous size is of the order of a few hundred nanometers, typically less than 1 micron, for example less than 0.75 microns, in particular less than 0.5 microns, so as to provide optical clarity to the lubricating oil.
- the dispersion of swollen inverse micelles in a liquid lubricant oil is complex and requires stabilizing the core with a surfactant and achieving sub- micron size (diameter) of the swollen inverse micelles.
- Very high shear rates on the order of 10 7 sec -1 are applied to achieve a desired average particle size (e.g., about 0.05 to about 0.5 ⁇ m).
- the swollen inverse micelles of this disclosure can have a liquid surfactant or liquid surfactant/polymeric shell or membrane enclosing the core.
- the liquid surfactant or liquid surfactant/polymeric protective shell can insulate the polar solvent and polar lubricating oil additives from the outside environment, providing protection to the polar lubricating oil additives from negative interactions by isolating them within the liquid core, protection against oxidation by incorporating an antioxidant(s) along with one or more other additives in the inverse micelle system to extend the useful life of the additives, and improving of polar additives by dissolving the polar additives in a polar solvent which forms the core of the micelle.
- the swollen inverse micelles of this disclosure have a core that is surrounded by a liquid surfactant or liquid surfactant/polymeric shell or membrane that is stable to moderate shear and high temperatures.
- the micelles When swollen inverse micelles are sheared, the micelles spontaneously reform at a smaller size (i.e., they are self-healing). At high shear rates, the swollen inverse micelles elongate and form a protective film between the moving contact (e.g., bearing, piston rings, etc.) as shown in Figs. 1-4. Also, as shown in Figs. 1-4, a protective film is provided that is stable at high temperatures. Further, as shown in Figs. 1-4, the film is maintained as the temperature increases while the premium conventional lubricant shows film degradation as temperature increases.
- the moving contact e.g., bearing, piston rings, etc.
- the constituent polymers of the liquid surfactant/polymeric shell of the swollen inverse micelles according to this disclosure can have good heat resistance (i.e., do not degrade at extreme temperatures which may be encountered when in service, i.e., of the order of 150°C to 160°C), and good mechanical strength so that they can withstand the high shear levels encountered in engines.
- the liquid surfactant/polymeric shell of the swollen inverse micelles according to this disclosure may be formed for example of polymers of polystyrene sulfonic acid (or salt), polyester, polyamide, polyurethane, polyurea type, or the copolymers thereof, optionally with other monomers, polyacrylonitriles, vinyl resins or aminoplast resins.
- the swollen inverse micelles of this disclosure can be prepared by conventional methods known in the art.
- a polar lubricating oil additive can be mixed with a polar solvent and the resulting product can be added to a lubricating oil base stock.
- the resulting product can be mixed under low and/or high shear conditions for a time (e.g., from 5 minutes to 2 hours) and at a temperature (e.g., from 15°C to 80°C) sufficient to form a homogeneous lubricant containing swollen inverse micelles.
- the liquid surfactant/polymeric shell or membrane (typically polymeric) enclosing the solid or liquid core can be prepared by conventional methods known in the art.
- an oil soluble cross-linking agent can be added to the oil continuous phase after the polar phase is dispersed.
- the functional groups on additive(s) in the oil continuous phase can be used to react with polymer(s) in the polar core and form a polymer film at the interface.
- Polar lubricant additives contained in the swollen inverse micelle system are an alternative method to hard-sphere polymer microencapsulated additives or polymer matrix microencapsulated additives, which may also provide slow release and enhanced thermal and oxidative protection to lubricant additives.
- the inverse micelle systems provide several advantages over the microencapsulated systems. [00111] At high pressure or shear stress, all of these systems (i.e., swollen inverse micelle, hard-sphere polymer microcapsules, and polymer matrix microcapsules) will rupture or divide releasing some additive into the oil.
- the inverse micelle system is self-healing and the surfactant molecules reform their liquid layer around the polar additive- solvent solution.
- the formulation is comprised of a surfactant level above the CMC for that surfactant, free surfactant molecules will exist in the lubricant, which allows for replacement or exchange of surfactant molecules in the liquid surfactant layer of the micelle system as these molecules begin to thermally or oxidatively degrade. This aids the extension of the micelle system.
- the surfactant molecules not only serve to deliver and protect polar additives to a lubricant, but they can also serve to disperse high molecular weight oxidation products which reduces engine oil deposit formation and improves the cleanliness performance of the lubricant.
- the inverse micelle system is able to provide performance to the lubricant even after the comprised additive is released.
- the high molecular weight microcapsule polymeric materials left behind after the additive release have not been shown to provide any additional performance benefits and may promote the formation of deposits or reduce oil flow by clogging the oil filter.
- the surfactant shell is a permeable membrane that can potentially act as a hydrogen ion trap that neutralizes acid, traps water and other bad byproducts of oxidation and aging.
- the swollen inverse micelles are present in the lubricating oil in an amount sufficient to impart to the lubricating oil improved friction reduction and improved engine fuel efficiency.
- the swollen inverse micelles can be present in an amount from 0.1 weight percent to 10 weight percent or greater, preferably from 0.25 weight percent to 9.5 weight percent, and more preferably from 0.5 weight percent to 9 weight percent, based on the total weight of the lubricating oil.
- the formulated lubricating oil useful in the present disclosure may additionally contain one or more of the other commonly used lubricating oil performance additives including but not limited to dispersants, detergents, corrosion inhibitors, rust inhibitors, metal deactivators, other anti-wear agents and/or extreme pressure additives, anti-seizure agents, wax modifiers, viscosity index improvers, viscosity modifiers, fluid-loss additives, seal compatibility agents, friction modifiers, lubricity agents, anti-staining agents, chromophoric agents, defoamants, demulsifiers, emulsifiers, densifiers, wetting agents, gelling agents, tackiness agents, colorants, and others.
- dispersants including but not limited to dispersants, detergents, corrosion inhibitors, rust inhibitors, metal deactivators, other anti-wear agents and/or extreme pressure additives, anti-seizure agents, wax modifiers, viscosity index improvers, viscosity modifiers,
- Friction Modifiers are any material or materials that can alter the coefficient of friction of a surface lubricated by any lubricant or fluid containing such material(s).
- Friction modifiers also known as friction reducers, or lubricity agents or oiliness agents, and other such agents that change the ability of base oils, formulated lubricant compositions, or functional fluids, to modify the coefficient of friction of a lubricated surface may be effectively used in combination with the base oils or lubricant compositions of the present disclosure if desired. Friction modifiers that lower the coefficient of friction are particularly advantageous in combination with the base oils and lube compositions of this disclosure. Friction modifiers may include metal- containing compounds or materials as well as ashless compounds or materials, or mixtures thereof. Metal-containing friction modifiers may include metal salts or metal ligand complexes where the metals may include alkali, alkaline earth, or transition group metals.
- Transition metals may include Mo, Sb, Sn, Fe, Cu, Zn, and others.
- Ligands may include hydrocarbyl derivative of alcohols, polyols, glycerols, partial ester glycerols, thiols, carboxylates, carbamates, thiocarbamates, dithiocarbamates, phosphates, thiophosphates, dithiophosphates, amides, imides, amines, thiazoles, thiadiazoles, dithiazoles, diazoles, triazoles, and other polar molecular functional groups containing effective amounts of O, N, S, or P, individually or in combination.
- Mo-containing compounds can be particularly effective such as for example Mo-dithiocarbamates, Mo(DTC), Mo-dithiophosphates, Mo(DTP), Mo-amines, Mo (Am), Mo-alcoholates, Mo-alcohol-amides, etc. See U.S. Patent Nos. 5,824,627, 6,232,276, 6,153,564, 6,143,701, 6,110,878, 5,837,657, 6,010,987, 5,906,968, 6,734,150, 6,730,638, 6,689,725, 6,569,820; WO 99/66013; WO 99/47629; and WO 98/26030.
- Ashless friction modifiers may also include lubricant materials that contain effective amounts of polar groups, for example, hydroxyl-containing hydrocarbyl base oils, glycerides, partial glycerides, glyceride derivatives, and the like.
- Polar groups in friction modifiers may include hydrocarbyl groups containing effective amounts of O, N, S, or P, individually or in combination.
- Other friction modifiers that may be particularly effective include, for example, salts (both ash-containing and ashless derivatives) of fatty acids, fatty alcohols, fatty amides, fatty esters, hydroxyl-containing carboxylates, and comparable synthetic long-chain hydrocarbyl acids, alcohols, amides, esters, hydroxy carboxylates, and the like.
- fatty organic acids, fatty amines, and sulfurized fatty acids may be used as suitable friction modifiers.
- Useful concentrations of friction modifiers may range from 0.01 weight percent to 10-15 weight percent or more, often with a preferred range of 0.1 weight percent to 5 weight percent. Concentrations of molybdenum- containing materials are often described in terms of Mo metal concentration. Advantageous concentrations of Mo may range from 10 ppm to 3000 ppm or more, and often with a preferred range of 20-2000 ppm, and in some instances a more preferred range of 30-1000 ppm. Friction modifiers of all types may be used alone or in mixtures with the materials of this disclosure.
- Antioxidants retard the oxidative degradation of base oils during service. Such degradation may result in deposits on metal surfaces, the presence of sludge, or a viscosity increase in the lubricant.
- oxidation inhibitors include hindered phenols.
- phenolic antioxidants may be ashless (metal-free) phenolic compounds or neutral or basic metal salts of certain phenolic compounds.
- Typical phenolic antioxidant compounds are the hindered phenolics which are the ones which contain a sterically hindered hydroxyl group, and these include those derivatives of dihydroxy aryl compounds in which the hydroxyl groups are in the o- or p-position to each other.
- Typical phenolic antioxidants include the hindered phenols substituted with C 6 + alkyl groups and the alkylene coupled derivatives of these hindered phenols.
- phenolic materials of this type 2-t-butyl- 4-heptyl phenol; 2-t-butyl-4-octyl phenol; 2-t-butyl-4-dodecyl phenol; 2,6-di- t-butyl-4-heptyl phenol; 2,6-di-t-butyl-4-dodecyl phenol; 2-methyl-6-t-butyl- 4-heptyl phenol; and 2-methyl-6-t-butyl-4-dodecyl phenol.
- Other useful hindered mono-phenolic antioxidants may include for example hindered 2,6-di-alkyl-phenolic proprionic ester derivatives.
- Bis-phenolic antioxidants may also be advantageously used in combination with the instant disclosure.
- ortho-coupled phenols include: 2,2 ⁇ -bis(4-heptyl-6-T-butyl- phenol); 2,2 ⁇ -bis(4-octyl-6-t-butyl-phenol); and 2,2 ⁇ -bis(4-dodecyl-6-t-butyl- phenol).
- Para-coupled bisphenols include for example 4,4 ⁇ -bis(2,6-di-t-butyl phenol) and 4,4 ⁇ -methylene-bis(2,6-di-t-butyl phenol).
- Non-phenolic oxidation inhibitors which may be used include aromatic amine antioxidants and these may be used either as such or in combination with phenolics.
- Typical examples of non-phenolic antioxidants include: alkylated and non-alkylated aromatic amines such as aromatic monoamines of the formula R 8 R 9 R 10 N where R 8 is an aliphatic, aromatic or substituted aromatic group, R 9 is an aromatic or a substituted aromatic group, and R 10 is H, alkyl, aryl or R 11 S(O) X R 12 where R 11 is an alkylene, alkenylene, or aralkylene group, R 12 is a higher alkyl group, or an alkenyl, aryl, or alkaryl group, and x is 0, 1 or 2.
- the aliphatic group R 8 may contain from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, and preferably contains from 6 to 12 carbon atoms.
- the aliphatic group is a saturated aliphatic group.
- both R 8 and R 9 are aromatic or substituted aromatic groups, and the aromatic group may be a fused ring aromatic group such as naphthyl.
- Aromatic groups R 8 and R 9 may be joined together with other groups such as S.
- Typical aromatic amines antioxidants have alkyl substituent groups of at least 6 carbon atoms. Examples of aliphatic groups include hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, and decyl. Generally, the aliphatic groups will not contain more than 14 carbon atoms.
- amine antioxidants useful in the present compositions include diphenylamines, phenyl naphthylamines, phenothiazines, imidodibenzyls and diphenyl phenylene diamines. Mixtures of two or more aromatic amines are also useful. Polymeric amine antioxidants can also be used. Particular examples of aromatic amine antioxidants useful in the present disclosure include: p,p ⁇ -dioctyldiphenylamine; t-octylphenyl-alpha- naphthylamine; phenyl-alphanaphthylamine; and p-octylphenyl-alpha- naphthylamine.
- Sulfurized alkyl phenols and alkali or alkaline earth metal salts thereof also are useful antioxidants.
- Preferred antioxidants include hindered phenols, arylamines. These antioxidants may be used individually by type or in combination with one another. Such additives may be used in an amount of 0.01 to 5 weight percent, preferably 0.01 to 1.5 weight percent, more preferably zero to less than 1.5 weight percent, most preferably zero.
- Dispersants [00127] During engine operation, oil-insoluble oxidation byproducts are produced. Dispersants help keep these byproducts in solution, thus diminishing their deposition on metal surfaces. Dispersants used in the formulation of the lubricating oil may be ashless or ash-forming in nature.
- the dispersant is ashless.
- So-called ashless dispersants are organic materials that form substantially no ash upon combustion.
- non-metal-containing or borated metal-free dispersants are considered ashless.
- metal- containing detergents discussed above form ash upon combustion.
- Suitable dispersants typically contain a polar group attached to a relatively high molecular weight hydrocarbon chain.
- the polar group typically contains at least one element of nitrogen, oxygen, or phosphorus.
- Typical hydrocarbon chains contain 50 to 400 carbon atoms.
- dispersants may be characterized as phenates, sulfonates, sulfurized phenates, salicylates, naphthenates, stearates, carbamates, thiocarbamates, phosphorus derivatives.
- a particularly useful class of dispersants are the alkenylsuccinic derivatives, typically produced by the reaction of a long chain hydrocarbyl substituted succinic compound, usually a hydrocarbyl substituted succinic anhydride, with a polyhydroxy or polyamino compound.
- the long chain hydrocarbyl group constituting the oleophilic portion of the molecule which confers solubility in the oil is normally a polyisobutylene group.
- Hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic acid and hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic anhydride derivatives are useful dispersants.
- succinimide, succinate esters, or succinate ester amides prepared by the reaction of a hydrocarbon-substituted succinic acid compound preferably having at least 50 carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon substituent, with at least one equivalent of an alkylene amine are particularly useful.
- Succinimides are formed by the condensation reaction between hydrocarbyl substituted succinic anhydrides and amines. Molar ratios can vary depending on the polyamine.
- the molar ratio of hydrocarbyl substituted succinic anhydride to TEPA can vary from 1:1 to 5:1. Representative examples are shown in U.S. Patent Nos. 3,087,936; 3,172,892; 3,219,666; 3,272,746; 3,322,670; and 3,652,616, 3,948,800; and Canada Patent No.1,094,044.
- Succinate esters are formed by the condensation reaction between hydrocarbyl substituted succinic anhydrides and alcohols or polyols. Molar ratios can vary depending on the alcohol or polyol used. For example, the condensation product of a hydrocarbyl substituted succinic anhydride and pentaerythritol is a useful dispersant.
- Succinate ester amides are formed by condensation reaction between hydrocarbyl substituted succinic anhydrides and alkanol amines.
- suitable alkanol amines include ethoxylated polyalkylpolyamines, propoxylated polyalkylpolyamines and polyalkenylpolyamines such as polyethylene polyamines.
- propoxylated hexamethylenediamine Representative examples are shown in U.S. Patent No.4,426,305.
- the molecular weight of the hydrocarbyl substituted succinic anhydrides used in the preceding paragraphs will typically range between 800 and 2,500.
- the above products can be post-reacted with various reagents such as sulfur, oxygen, formaldehyde, carboxylic acids such as oleic acid.
- the above products can also be post reacted with boron compounds such as boric acid, borate esters or highly borated dispersants, to form borated dispersants generally having from 0.1 to 5 moles of boron per mole of dispersant reaction product.
- Mannich base dispersants are made from the reaction of alkylphenols, formaldehyde, and amines. See U.S. Patent No. 4,767,551, which is incorporated herein by reference. Process aids and catalysts, such as oleic acid and sulfonic acids, can also be part of the reaction mixture.
- Molecular weights of the alkylphenols range from 800 to 2,500. Representative examples are shown in U.S. Patent Nos. 3,697,574; 3,703,536; 3,704,308; 3,751,365; 3,756,953; 3,798,165; and 3,803,039.
- Typical high molecular weight aliphatic acid modified Mannich condensation products useful in this disclosure can be prepared from high molecular weight alkyl-substituted hydroxyaromatics or HN® 2 group- containing reactants.
- Hydrocarbyl substituted amine ashless dispersant additives are well known to one skilled in the art; see, for example, U.S. Patent Nos.
- Preferred dispersants include borated and non-borated succinimides, including those derivatives from mono-succinimides, bis-succinimides, and/or mixtures of mono- and bis-succinimides, wherein the hydrocarbyl succinimide is derived from a hydrocarbylene group such as polyisobutylene having a Mn of from 500 to 5000 or a mixture of such hydrocarbylene groups.
- a preferred dispersant includes succinic acid-esters and amides, alkylphenol-polyamine- coupled Mannich adducts, their capped derivatives, and other related components.
- a preferred dispersant is polyisobutylene succinimide polyamine (PIBSA-PAM). Such additives may be used in an amount of 0.1 to 20 weight percent, preferably 0.5 to 8 weight percent.
- Detergents [00139] A typical detergent is an anionic material that contains a long chain hydrophobic portion of the molecule and a smaller anionic or oleophobic hydrophilic portion of the molecule. The anionic portion of the detergent is typically derived from an organic acid such as a sulfur acid, carboxylic acid, phosphorous acid, phenol, or mixtures thereof.
- the counterion is typically an alkaline earth or alkali metal.
- Salts that contain a substantially stochiometric amount of the metal are described as neutral salts and have a total base number (TBN, as measured by ASTM D2896) of from 0 to 80.
- TBN total base number
- Many compositions are overbased, containing large amounts of a metal base that is achieved by reacting an excess of a metal compound (a metal hydroxide or oxide, for example) with an acidic gas (such as carbon dioxide).
- Useful detergents can be neutral, mildly overbased, or highly overbased.
- the overbased material has a ratio of metallic ion to anionic portion of the detergent of 1.05:1 to 50:1 on an equivalent basis. More preferably, the ratio is from 4:1 to 25:1.
- the resulting detergent is an overbased detergent that will typically have a TBN of 150 or higher, often 250 to 450 or more.
- the overbasing cation is sodium, calcium, or magnesium.
- a mixture of detergents of differing TBN can be used in the present disclosure.
- Preferred detergents include the alkali or alkaline earth metal salts of sulfonates, phenates, carboxylates, phosphates, and salicylates, e.g., a mixture of magnesium sulfonate and calcium salicylate.
- Sulfonates may be prepared from sulfonic acids that are typically obtained by sulfonation of alkyl substituted aromatic hydrocarbons.
- Hydrocarbon examples include those obtained by alkylating benzene, toluene, xylene, naphthalene, biphenyl and their halogenated derivatives (chlorobenzene, chlorotoluene, and chloronaphthalene, for example).
- the alkylating agents typically have 3 to 70 carbon atoms.
- the alkaryl sulfonates typically contain 9 to 80 carbon or more carbon atoms, more typically from 16 to 60 carbon atoms.
- Alkaline earth phenates are another useful class of detergent.
- These detergents can be made by reacting alkaline earth metal hydroxide or oxide (CaO, Ca(OH) 2 , BaO, Ba(OH) 2 , MgO, Mg(OH) 2 , for example) with an alkyl phenol or sulfurized alkylphenol.
- alkyl groups include straight chain or branched C 1 -C 30 alkyl groups, preferably, C 4 -C 20 .
- suitable phenols include isobutylphenol, 2-ethylhexylphenol, nonylphenol, dodecyl phenol, and the like. It should be noted that starting alkylphenols may contain more than one alkyl substituent that are each independently straight chain or branched.
- the sulfurized product may be obtained by methods well known in the art. These methods include heating a mixture of alkylphenol and sulfurizing agent (including elemental sulfur, sulfur halides such as sulfur dichloride, and the like) and then reacting the sulfurized phenol with an alkaline earth metal base.
- Metal salts of carboxylic acids are also useful as detergents. These carboxylic acid detergents may be prepared by reacting a basic metal compound with at least one carboxylic acid and removing free water from the reaction product. These compounds may be overbased to produce the desired TBN level. Detergents made from salicylic acid are one preferred class of detergents derived from carboxylic acids.
- Useful salicylates include long chain alkyl salicylates.
- One useful family of compositions is of the formula where R is an alkyl group having 1 to 30 carbon atoms, n is an integer from 1 to 4, and M is an alkaline earth metal.
- Preferred R groups are alkyl chains of at least C 11 , preferably C 13 or greater. R may be optionally substituted with substituents that do not interfere with the detergent’s function.
- M is preferably, calcium, magnesium, or barium. More preferably, M is calcium.
- Hydrocarbyl-substituted salicylic acids may be prepared from phenols by the Kolbe reaction (see U.S. Patent No. 3,595,791).
- the metal salts of the hydrocarbyl-substituted salicylic acids may be prepared by double decomposition of a metal salt in a polar solvent such as water or alcohol.
- a polar solvent such as water or alcohol.
- Alkaline earth metal phosphates are also used as detergents and are known in the art.
- Detergents may be simple detergents or what is known as hybrid or complex detergents. The latter detergents can provide the properties of two detergents without the need to blend separate materials. See U.S. Patent No. 6,034,039.
- Preferred detergents include calcium phenates, calcium sulfonates, calcium salicylates, magnesium phenates, magnesium sulfonates, magnesium salicylates and other related components (including borated detergents) in any combination.
- a preferred detergent includes magnesium sulfonate and calcium salicylate.
- the detergent concentration in the lubricating oils of this disclosure can range from 1.0 to 6.0 weight percent, preferably 2.0 to 5.0 weight percent, and more preferably from 2.0 weight percent to 4.0 weight percent, based on the total weight of the lubricating oil.
- Anti-Wear Additives [00151] A metal alkylthiophosphate and more particularly a metal dialkyl dithio phosphate in which the metal constituent is zinc, or zinc dialkyl dithio phosphate (ZDDP) is a component of the lubricating oils of this disclosure. ZDDP can be primary, secondary or mixtures thereof.
- ZDDP compounds generally are of the formula Zn[SP(S)(OR 1 )(OR 2 )] 2 where R 1 and R 2 are C 1 -C 18 alkyl groups, preferably C 2 -C 12 alkyl groups. These alkyl groups may be straight chain or branched.
- Preferable zinc dithiophosphates which are commercially available include secondary zinc dithiophosphates such as those available from for example, The Lubrizol Corporation under the trade designations“LZ 677A”, “LZ 1095” and“LZ 1371”, from for example Chevron Oronite under the trade designation“OLOA 262” and from for example Afton Chemical under the trade designation“HITEC 7169”.
- the ZDDP is typically used in amounts of from 0.4 weight percent to 1.2 weight percent, preferably from 0.5 weight percent to 1.0 weight percent, and more preferably from 0.6 weight percent to 0.8 weight percent, based on the total weight of the lubricating oil, although more or less can often be used advantageously.
- the ZDDP is a secondary ZDDP and present in an amount of from 0.6 to 1.0 weight percent of the total weight of the lubricating oil.
- ZDDP is one of the most successful anti-wear additives ever used in lubricants. This additive is fairly cost effective and provides exceptionally durable anti-wear tribofilms on ferrous surfaces under extreme lubrication conditions.
- ZDDP forms protective films on ferrous surfaces within a very short period of time. This additive forms pad-like polymeric tribofilms at the rubbing contact and thus prevents wear. It is believed that ZDDP undergoes thermal decomposition at the tribological contact followed by the reactions with reactive iron surfaces or iron oxides that forms glassy phosphate films. These films contain minimal iron meaning that the formation of tribofilm requires minimal loss of iron from the rubbed surfaces. The chain lengths of the phosphate decreases with the depth of the tribofilm and the layers near the surface were mostly dominated by iron sulphides and iron oxides.
- Uniform anti-wear tribofilms are desirable over the non-uniform patchy tribofilms. This is because the uniform tribofilm can resist the applied load more uniformly and thereby generates distributed stresses within the tribofilm. In contrast, in the case of non-uniform tribofilms, the applied load is mainly taken by the high spots resulting in more concentrated stresses and thereby causing more failure of tribofilms. This disclosure reveals that NGP materials enable the formation of uniform ZDDP tribofilms by controlling the initial wear process.
- pour point depressants Conventional pour point depressants (also known as lube oil flow improvers) may be added to the compositions of the present disclosure if desired. These pour point depressant may be added to lubricating compositions of the present disclosure to lower the minimum temperature at which the fluid will flow or can be poured. Examples of suitable pour point depressants include polymethacrylates, polyacrylates, polyarylamides, condensation products of haloparaffin waxes and aromatic compounds, vinyl carboxylate polymers, and terpolymers of dialkylfumarates, vinyl esters of fatty acids and allyl vinyl ethers. U.S. Patent Nos.
- Suitable seal compatibility agents for lubricating oils include organic phosphates, aromatic esters, aromatic hydrocarbons, esters (butylbenzyl phthalate, for example), and polybutenyl succinic anhydride. Such additives may be used in an amount of 0.01 to 3 weight percent, preferably 0.01 to 2 weight percent.
- Antifoam Agents may advantageously be added to lubricant compositions. These agents retard the formation of stable foams. Silicones and organic polymers are typical anti-foam agents. For example, polysiloxanes, such as silicon oil or polydimethyl siloxane, provide antifoam properties.
- Viscosity Index improvers also known as VI improvers, viscosity modifiers, and viscosity improvers
- the method of this disclosure obtains improvements in fuel economy without sacrificing durability by a reduction of high-temperature high-shear (HTHS) viscosity to a level lower than 2.6 cP through reduction or removal of viscosity index improvers or modifiers.
- HTHS high-temperature high-shear
- Viscosity index improvers provide lubricants with high and low temperature operability. These additives impart shear stability at elevated temperatures and acceptable viscosity at low temperatures.
- Suitable viscosity index improvers include high molecular weight hydrocarbons, polyesters and viscosity index improver dispersants that function as both a viscosity index improver and a dispersant. Typical molecular weights of these polymers are between 10,000 to 1,500,000, more typically 20,000 to 1,200,000, and even more typically between 50,000 and 1,000,000.
- suitable viscosity index improvers are linear or star-shaped polymers and copolymers of methacrylate, butadiene, olefins, or alkylated styrenes.
- Polyisobutylene is a commonly used viscosity index improver.
- Another suitable viscosity index improver is polymethacrylate (copolymers of various chain length alkyl methacrylates, for example), some formulations of which also serve as pour point depressants.
- Other suitable viscosity index improvers include copolymers of ethylene and propylene, hydrogenated block copolymers of styrene and isoprene, and polyacrylates (copolymers of various chain length acrylates, for example).
- Olefin copolymers are commercially available from Chevron Oronite Company LLC under the trade designation “PARATONE®” (such as “PARATONE® 8921” and“PARATONE® 8941”); from Afton Chemical Corporation under the trade designation“HiTEC®” (such as“HiTEC® 5850B”; and from The Lubrizol Corporation under the trade designation“Lubrizol® 7067C”.
- PARATONE® such as “PARATONE® 8921” and“PARATONE® 8941”
- HiTEC® such as“HiTEC® 5850B”
- Lubrizol® 7067C trade designation“Lubrizol® 7067C”.
- Polyisoprene polymers are commercially available from Infineum International Limited, e.g.
- the viscosity index improvers may be used in an amount of less than 2.0 weight percent, preferably less than 1.0 weight percent, and more preferably less than 0.5 weight percent, based on the total weight of the formulated oil or lubricating engine oil.
- the viscosity index improvers may be used in an amount of from 0.0 to 2.0 weight percent, preferably 0.0 to 1.0 weight percent, and more preferably 0.0 to 0.5 weight percent, based on the total weight of the formulated oil or lubricating engine oil.
- the additive(s) are blended into the composition in an amount sufficient for it to perform its intended function. Typical amounts of such additives useful in the present disclosure are shown in Table A below.
- Table A It is noted that many of the additives are shipped from the additive manufacturer as a concentrate, containing one or more additives together, with a certain amount of base oil diluents.
- weight amounts in the table below, as well as other amounts mentioned in this specification, are directed to the amount of active ingredient (that is the non-diluent portion of the ingredient).
- the weight percent (wt%) indicated below is based on the total weight of the lubricating oil composition.
- additives are all commercially available materials. These additives may be added independently but are usually precombined in packages which can be obtained from suppliers of lubricant oil additives. Additive packages with a variety of ingredients, proportions and characteristics are available and selection of the appropriate package will take the requisite use of the ultimate composition into account. [00170] The following non-limiting examples are provided to illustrate the disclosure.
- CMC critical micelle concentration
- IFT interfacial tension
- Figs. 1-4 show the film forming properties of ammonium tetrathiomolybdate dissolved in tetraethylene glycol and dispersed as swollen inverse micelles in Spectrasyn®-4 (referred to as NB:25417-145-3 in Figs.1-4).
- the ammonium tetrathiomolybdate was first dissolved in tetraethylene glycol and the resulting product was added to Spectrasyn®-4 under low shear mixing followed by high shear mixing.
- Spectrasyn®-4 is a commercially available metallocene polyalphaolefin (mPAO).
- mPAO metallocene polyalphaolefin
- EHL elastohydrodynamic lubrication
- the NB:25417-145-3 swollen inverse micelle system was compared to Spectrasyn®-4 alone as a control, and also a commercially available premium synthetic 0W-20 fully formulated motor oil.
- Fig. 1 graphically depicts the EHL measurement of film thickness at 40°C of the NB:25417-145-3 swollen inverse micelle system, Spectrasyn®-4, and premium synthetic 0W-20 motor oil.
- the inverse micelle system provides exceptional EHL friction benefits at low speeds.
- Fig. 2 graphically depicts the EHL measurement of film thickness at 60°C of the NB:25417-145-3 swollen inverse micelle system, Spectrasyn®-4, and premium synthetic 0W-20 motor oil.
- the inverse micelle system maintains exceptional EHL friction benefits at low speeds as the temperature is increased from 40°C to 60°C.
- Fig. 3 graphically depicts the EHL measurement of film thickness at 80°C of the NB:25417-145-3 swollen inverse micelle system, Spectrasyn®-4, and premium synthetic 0W-20 motor oil.
- Fig. 4 graphically depicts the EHL measurement of film thickness at 100°C of the NB:25417-145-3 swollen inverse micelle system, Spectrasyn®-4, and premium synthetic 0W-20 motor oil.
- the At highest temperature (100°C) the inverse micelle system surprisingly shows exceptional EHL lubrication relative to a premium synthetic motor oil as well as a synthetic base-stock.
- the swollen inverse micelle system NB:25417-145-3 shows superior retention of film thickness as a function of temperature compared to the control (i.e., Spectrasyn®-4) and a premium synthetic 0W-20 motor oil fully formulated motor oil having no swollen inverse micelle system.
- Example 2 [00179] The above system NB:25417-145-3 was further stabilized by forming a polymer film at the interface of the two phases.
- composition of the system NB:25417-145-3 was as follows: 2% Dispersed Phase– 1% polystyrene sulfonic acid (or salt) 5% ammonium tetrathiomolybdate dissolved in tetraethylene glycol
- Fig. 5 shows friction versus temperature comparisons for ammonium tetrathiomolybdate and for swollen inverse micelle systems containing ammonium tetrathiomolybdate.
- the device used for the comparisons was a High Frequency Reciprocating Rig (HFRR) manufactured by PCS Instruments, London, UK. Friction data was collected while ramping temperature from 25°C to 200°C.
- HFRR High Frequency Reciprocating Rig
- the green line is PAO4 base stock with polyisobutylene succinimide polyamine (PIBSA-PAM) surfactant as a control. This is the external or continuous phase of the swollen inverse micelle system.
- the turquoise line is ammonium tetrathiomolybdate (NH 4 ) 2 MoS 4 and MoSO 4 (NH 4 ) 2 contained in the swollen inverse micelle system of this disclosure.
- the purple line is tetraethylene glycol (Set 2) which is the polar core solvent.
- the pink line is ammonium tetrathiomolybdate (NH 4 ) 2 MoS 4 dissolved in tetraethylene glycol (Set 2) (i.e., polar core with dissolved friction modifier).
- the yellow line is molybdenum disulfide (MoS 2 solid) (Set 2) dispersed in PAO4. Ammonium tetrathiomolybdate decomposes to molybdenum disulfide at high temperatures.
- the red line is another tetraethylene glycol control for the polar core.
- the turquoise line and pink line clearly show the benefit of the ammonium tetrathiomolybdate friction modifier in the polar core solvent and contained in the swollen inverse micelle systems in PAO4.
- the swollen inverse micelle system enables the additive to be dispersed in PAO4 in invisible sub-micron micelles.
- the swollen inverse micelle system also showed the best friction reduction at the highest test temperature (200°C).
- Fig.5 graphically depicts friction versus temperature comparisons for ammonium tetrathiomolybdate including base stock control, surfactant control and tetraethylene glycol control (with swollen inverse micelles and without swollen inverse micelles).
- the inverse micelle system enables inorganic friction modifiers to be solubilized in motor oil which is predominately hydrophobic and contains nonpolar base stocks as the primary constituent.
- the inverse micelle system protects the inorganic friction modifier at high temperatures (150°C to 200°C+) which are typical of engine cylinder liners and ring zones. Note the improving performance for the inverse micelle protected (NH4)2MoS4* at 200°C. Above data is obtained with the HFRR.
- Fig. 6 shows a model swollen inverse micelle system, i.e., tetraethylene glycol, with a dissolved additive, i.e., ammonium tetrathiomolybdate, dispersed within a lubricant, i.e., PAO4.
- the layer of the surfactant molecules according to this disclosure can further be formed of polymers of polystyrene sulfonic acid (or salt).
- PIBSA-PAM is a surfactant useful in this disclosure.
- the inverse micelle system was formed by first dissolving the inorganic ammonium tetrathiomolybdate (friction modifier) in a polar solvent (i.e., tetraethylene glycol). This solution was then dispersed in a base stock containing a surfactant. A polyisobutylene succinic anhydride (PIBSA) was reacted with a polyamine that was used as the surfactant to form the inverse micelle shell.
- a polar solvent i.e., tetraethylene glycol
- Fig.7 shows the measurement of micelle size using a Horiba LA910 laser light scattering particle size analyzer.
- the device measured a mean particle size of 0.096 microns for the swollen inverse micelle system.
- the swollen inverse micelle system according to this disclosure is unique relative to typical emulsions in that the inverse micellar compositions can be infinitely diluted without coalescence. Particles of this size are not visible (completely clear), but are larger than a typical micro emulsion which is in the range of 5 to 200 nm.
- Fig. 8 is a 100x objective photograph of a macrocapsule (without polymer film) of polystyrene sulfonic acid (sodium salt) dissolved in tetraethylene glycol that is dispersed in oil without a surfactant.
- Fig.9 is a 100x objective photograph of a swollen inverse micelle (with polymer film) of polystyrene sulfonic acid (sodium salt) dissolved in tetraethylene glycol that is dispersed in oil with a surfactant (i.e., PIBSA-PAM).
- the photographs are macrocapsules (Fig.8) and swollen inverse micelles (Fig.9) formed using very low shear to make them visible by optical microscopy.
- the friction and EHL data set forth herein was generated without a polymer film.
- a PIBSA-PAM formed inverse micelle is further stabilized by cross-linking the polar polyamine head group with a high molecular weight polymer salt.
- a one million molecular weight polystyrene sulfonic acid cross links the polyamine to form an interfacial polymer film. This stabilization step is optional and not necessary for motor oil applications, but may be applied for other uses of this technology.
- Example 4 [00190] Formulations were prepared as set forth in Fig.10.
- This example tests the hypothesis that an antioxidant contained in a swollen inverse micelle system provides sustained protection against oxidation relative to a control (i.e., an antioxidant not contained in a swollen inverse micelle system).
- the antioxidant tested was diphenylamine (DPA) and it was tested both inside the swollen inverse micelle system and dissolved in a co-base stock without the swollen inverse micelle system. Both were compared in a bench oxidation test simulating a 100 hour engine test with samples taken at intervals to measure degree of oxidation as a function of time. The results shown in Fig.
- FIG. 11 show DPA concentration indicated by the infrared absorbance of the aminic group as the lubricant is oxidized (i.e., Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)).
- FTIR Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
- the FTIR oxidation test shows that inverse micellization of an antioxidant along with a friction modifier (shown in green) retains active antioxidant throughout the test.
- the result in red shows a similar retention of antioxidant for an antioxidant on its own contained in an inverse micelle.
- the control of an antioxidant not contained in an inverse micelle in blue shows approximately 50% depletion over the same test period. [00191] In Fig.
- the inverse micelle system provides protection to diphenylamine (DPA) antioxidant, which results in lower oxidation as indicated by slower growth in FTIR carbonyl as a function of time in a custom designed oxidation test.
- the FTIR oxidation test conditions were a temperature of 150°C, an air flow rate of 120 cc/min., a catalyst - 40 ppm Fe+3, and a sample size of 11 g.
- Fig. 12 the same sample series as above were measured by FTIR for oxidation by infrared carbonyl absorbance as a function of time in the oxidation test.
- the inverse micelle system provides protection to diphenylamine (DPA) antioxidant, which results in higher retention of the antioxidant as indicated by slower depletion of NH functional group by FTIR absorbance as a function of time in a custom designed oxidation test.
- the FTIR oxidation test conditions were a temperature of 150°C, an air flow rate of 120 cc/min., a catalyst - 40 ppm Fe+3, and a sample size of 11 g.
- This example shows sustained antioxidant protection in a lubricating oil by utilizing one or more antioxidants in a swollen inverse micelle system.
- This example also shows extended low friction benefits from a friction modifier, as a lubricating oil ages, through the inverse micellization of both the friction modifier and one or more antioxidants.
- This inverse micellar system provides a protective barrier to isolate the antioxidant from competing chemical reactions with other additives.
- This inverse micellar system also provides protection from the harmful effects of oxidation on friction modifier performance.
- Example 5 [00195] Formulations were prepared as set forth in Fig.13. Referring to Fig.
- this example shows the benefit of an inorganic molybdate friction modifier contained in an inverse micelle system (in blue) compared to a state of the art premium synthetic lubricant (in red) containing 0.15% of an organometallic friction modifier and not contained in an inverse micelle system, in lowering friction in a High Frequency Reciprocating Rig (HFRR) boundary lubricity test.
- Fig. 14 also shows (in green) the synergy of combining the organometallic friction modifier not contained in an inverse micelle system and the inorganic molybdate friction modifier contained in an inverse micelle system in a 50/50 mix. [00196] In Fig.
- the inverse micelle protected inorganic molybdate (NH4)2MoS4 shows lower boundary friction than conventional organometallic friction modifiers such as molybdenum dithiocarbamates.
- organometallic friction modifiers such as molybdenum dithiocarbamates.
- synergy results when the inorganic and organometallic molybdenum friction modifiers are used in combination. This synergy results in very low friction.
- the HFRR conditions were a temperature of 150°C isothermal, a load of 400 g (translates to a 1GPa Herzian contact), and a reciprocating frequency of 60 Hz.
- this example shows the benefit of the mixture of molybdenum additives in a formulation (i.e., an inorganic molybdate friction modifier contained in an inverse micelle system and an organometallic friction modifier not contained in an inverse micelle system), compared to a state of the art premium synthetic lubricant containing 0.15% (in red) and 0.3% (in purple) of an organometallic friction modifier not contained in an inverse micelle system.
- MTM Mini-Traction Machine manufactured by PCS Instruments which shows traction coefficient as a function of speed.
- the mixture of molybdenum additives shows significantly better performance in the boundary, mixed and hydrodynamic lubricating regimes.
- a Stribeck curve format is shown for friction data obtained with the Mini-Traction Machine (MTM). It is designed to test boundary (metal- metal contact), hydrodynamic (full lubricating film) and mixed friction regimes.
- MTM Mini-Traction Machine
- the inverse micelle protected inorganic molybdate (NH4)2MoS4 shows lower traction coefficient than conventional organometallic friction modifiers such as molybdenum dithiocarbamates.
- organometallic friction modifiers such as molybdenum dithiocarbamates.
- this example shows the results of engine tests conducted on the mixture of molybdenum additives in a formulation (i.e., an inorganic molybdate friction modifier contained in an inverse micelle system and an organometallic friction modifier not contained in an inverse micelle system) compared to a premium GF-5 state of the art synthetic motor oil.
- the mixture of molybdenum additives showed improved initial fuel economy in both the industry standard Sequence VI-D and Sequence VI-E engine tests.
- This example shows improved low friction performance of a lubricating oil with an inorganic molybdate friction modifier contained in an inverse micelle system with or without an organometallic friction modifier.
- This example also shows improved solubility of an inorganic molybdate friction modifier by dissolving in a polar solvent in an inverse micelle. This example demonstrates that the inorganic molybdate friction modifier contained in an inverse micelle system reduces friction to a greater extent than standard organometallic molybdenum friction modifiers not contained in an inverse micelle system.
- This example also shows a synergistic friction reducing benefit of combining the inorganic molybdate in the inverse micelle system with an organometallic molybdate dissolved in the lubricant continuous phase, that results in an even greater reduction of friction than either friction modifier singly.
- This example further shows that the inorganic molybdate friction modifier contained in an inverse micelle system and the mixture of the inorganic molybdate friction modifier in the inverse micelle system and the organometallic molybdate friction modifier not in an inverse micelle system provides a significant friction benefit over a current premium synthetic motor oil formulation containing only a organometallic friction modifier as demonstrated through a lower frictional coefficient in a bench test (Fig. 12).
- This example also shows that the mixture of the inorganic molybdate friction modifier in the inverse micelle system and the organometallic molybdate friction modifier not in an inverse micelle system provides improved frictional performance over each of the individual friction modifiers contained in this system, demonstrating a synergistic effect.
- This example further shows that the mixture of the inorganic molybdate friction modifier in the inverse micelle system and the organometallic molybdate friction modifier not in an inverse micelle system provides a benefit for fresh oil fuel economy relative to a current premium synthetic motor oil formulation as tested in industry standard engine tests.
- the engine test data is from two industry standard fuel economy measurements.
- ASTM D7589 is a standard test method for measurement of effects of automotive engine oils on fuel economy of passenger cars and light-duty trucks in sequence VI-D (current GF-5 ILSAC rating) and VI-E (next generation GF-6 rating) spark ignition engines.
- the inverse micelle protected inorganic molybdate (NH4)2MoS4 in combination with organometallic Mo-trimer shows better fuel economy in both the VI-D and VI-E engine tests.
- better fuel economy is shown in the VI-E engine for the inverse micelle protected inorganic/organometallic molybdate combination, considering its higher viscosity (0W-20) compared to the premium synthetic comparison (0W-16). The lower viscosity of the premium synthetic would give it a fuel economy edge.
- Example 6 shows that the inverse micelles are stable at high shear conditions. Under high shear conditions, the inverse micelles are self-healing and reform to smaller diameter spheres.
- Fig. 17 shows that the inverse micelles are stable at high shear conditions and that under high shear conditions, the inverse micelles are self- healing and reform to smaller diameter spheres. Also, Fig. 17 shows the high shear conditions needed to obtain optical clarity (e.g., inverse micelle mean diameter below about 0.4 ⁇ m).
- Fig. 17 shows increased shear using mechanical mixers compared to microfluidizer.
- a low shear mixing using magnetic stirring of 100 ml volume in a 250 ml beaker; standard Corning stirrer and 5 mm X 50 mm magnetic stir bar has a shear rate of about 1000 sec.-1.
- a high shear mixing using a IKA T25 TURRAX rotor-stator at 20,000 RPM of 50 ml volume in a 100 ml tall form wide mouth glass bottle has a shear rate of about 500,000 sec.-1.
- the ultra-high shear using the microfluidizer with a static interaction chamber has a shear rate of about 10,000,000 sec.-1.
- a microfluidizer is preferred for obtaining formulations having optical clarity (e.g., inverse micelle mean diameter below about 0.4 ⁇ m).
- microfluidizer draws fluid from the reservoir and pushes it through an interaction chamber at about 40,000 psi.
- the interaction chamber splits the fluid stream through micro-channels that impinge on each other, creating very high shear rates.
- the sheared fluid stream is deposited in an open container that has optional cooling. Intense energy creates heat in the interaction chamber.
- microfluidizers afford higher shear rates than conventional mechanical mixers. Higher shear rates are obtained with a microfluidizer beyond the capability of mechanical mixers.
- microfluidizers give a more uniform dispersion of particle size.
- the microfluidizer results in mono-dispersed particles with very low particle size in comparison to conventional high shear mixers which use mechanical blades and high speeds.
- the Microfluidizer results in a narrower particle size distribution than the high shear mixer.
- Fig. 21 shows an optimum inverse micelle diameter after high shear conditions in a microfluidizer (e.g., 0.082 ⁇ m mean diameter).
- the microfluidizer results in 0.082 mean particle size, and optically clear dispersions of glycol solubilized inorganic molybdate (NH4)2MoS4.
- Fig. 22 shows that reducing the inverse micelle diameter size from 0.2 ⁇ m to 0.1 ⁇ m shows benefit with regard to coefficient of friction.
- reducing the inverse micelle size reduces friction resulting in improved boundary friction performance in the HFRR.
- the HFRR test conditions were a temperature of 150°C, a load of 400 g (translates to a 1GPa Herzian contact), and a reciprocating frequency of 60 Hz.
- inverse micelle protected inorganic molybdate (NH4)2MoS4 was sheared to below 0.1 micron in this engine as measured by laser light scattering after initial 16 hours of engine aging. Particle size below 0.1 micron was maintained through the entire engine test of 118 hours.
- This data demonstrates that the inverse micelle is stable to the engine operating conditions of high temperatures and shear, reforming at a smaller particle size as it is circulated through the engine. Also, this data evidences that the inverse micelle is self-healing.
- Fig. 24 shows that inverse micelles are stable to ultrasonic shear. Ultrasonic shear conditions generate high cavitation pressure shock waves and temperatures that would destroy most polymer and wax hard shell capsules.
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Abstract
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US14/734,605 US20150275126A1 (en) | 2012-09-24 | 2015-06-09 | Inverse micellar compositions containing lubricant additives |
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US6972275B2 (en) * | 2002-06-28 | 2005-12-06 | Exxonmobil Research And Engineering Company | Oil-in-oil emulsion lubricants for enhanced lubrication |
US7185699B2 (en) * | 2004-05-25 | 2007-03-06 | Schlumberger Technology Corporation | Water compatible hydraulic fluids |
-
2016
- 2016-05-25 EP EP16727911.6A patent/EP3307859A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2016-05-25 WO PCT/US2016/033993 patent/WO2016200606A1/en active Application Filing
- 2016-05-25 SG SG11201707204UA patent/SG11201707204UA/en unknown
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
WO2016200606A1 (en) | 2016-12-15 |
SG11201707204UA (en) | 2017-12-28 |
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