CN1104908C - 通过对眼的光动力学治疗改善视力 - Google Patents

通过对眼的光动力学治疗改善视力 Download PDF

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CN1104908C
CN1104908C CN97192957A CN97192957A CN1104908C CN 1104908 C CN1104908 C CN 1104908C CN 97192957 A CN97192957 A CN 97192957A CN 97192957 A CN97192957 A CN 97192957A CN 1104908 C CN1104908 C CN 1104908C
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H·A·斯特朗
J·利维
G·休伯
M·弗萨德尼
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Abstract

眼病(特别是以有害的新生血管为特征的诸如与年龄相关的黄斑变性等病)的光动力学治疗导致受治疗者视觉灵敏度提高。

Description

通过对眼的光动力学治疗改善视力
技术领域
本发明涉及通过对眼施加光动力学治疗(PDT)改善视觉灵敏度的方法。
背景技术
视觉灵敏度丧失是与衰老和各种眼病相伴随的常见问题。特别麻烦的是角膜、视网膜或脉络膜上发生有害的新血管形成的发生。在很多已知的眼病(包括黄斑变性、眼组织胞浆菌病综合征、近视和炎症性疾病)中,脉络膜新血管形成导致出血和纤维化,最终伴有视力丧失。与年龄相关的黄斑变性(AMD)是老年人中新失明的主要原因,脉络膜新血管形成占此病患者严重的视力丧失的80%。虽然自然病史是最终静止和新血管形成过程消退,但这是以视网膜下纤维化和视力丧失为代价的。
目前,AMD的治疗依赖于用激光光凝固法的血管封闭。但是,该治疗需将新生血管组织进行热破坏,并伴有全厚度视网膜损伤及中到大的脉络膜血管损伤。而且,受试者留有萎缩性瘢痕和视觉盲点。此外,常见复发,视力预后差。
发展中的战略寻求了更有选择性地闭合血管方法以保护上面的盖有感觉神经的视网膜。一种这样的战略是光动力学治疗,它依赖于光敏组织的低强度光暴露,以产生损害效应。给予光活性化合物,使其到达特定的不合要求的组织,然后用被该光活性化合物吸收的光照射该组织。这导致周围组织破坏或损伤。
过去数十年来,人们尝试用以下各种光活性化合物对眼部疾病进行光动力学治疗:例如,卟啉衍生物,如血卟啉衍生物和Photofrin porfimer sodium;“绿卟啉”,如苯并卟啉衍生物(BPD)、MA;和酞菁染料。Schmidt,U等描述了用与低密度脂蛋白(LDL)偶联的BPD治疗植入家兔眼睛并达到坏死的Greene黑色素瘤(一种非色素沉着性肿瘤)的试验( IOVS(1992) 33:1253 Abstract 2802)。该摘要还描述了LDL-BPD在角膜新血管形成模型上形成血栓的成功。角膜组织不同于视网膜和脉络膜组织。
用LDL-BPD或脂质体BPD治疗脉络膜新血管形成的报告见于 IOVS(1993)34:1303:Schmidt-Erfurth,U.etal.(Abstract 2956);Haimovici,R.et al.(Abstract2955);Walsh,A.W.etal.(Abstract 2954);Lin,S.C.etal.(Abstract 2953)。另一个出版物是Moulton,R.S.et al.(Abstract 2294), IOVS(1993) 34:1169。
现在发现,眼病的光动力学治疗意想不到地增强了受治疗者的视觉灵敏度。
发明的揭示
本发明涉及用光动力学治疗方法改善视觉灵敏度的方法。光动力学治疗方案导致有害的新血管形成(特别是脉络膜的新血管形成)缩减时,该方法特别有效。
具体地说,本发明涉及光活性化合物在制备改善需要作光动力学治疗的人类受治疗者视觉灵敏度的药物上的应用。所述人类受治疗者被诊断患有与年龄相关的黄斑变性、其他黄斑变性、眼组织胞浆菌病综合征、近视和炎症性疾病中的一种疾病。
因此,一方面,本发明涉及增强视觉灵敏度的方法,包括给需要这样治疗的受治疗者服用其量足以使有效量集中于受治疗者眼中的光活性化合物制剂;容许足够的时间流逝以使有效量的所述光活性化合物集中于所述眼中;用被光活性化合物吸收的光照射眼睛。
附图的简要说明
图1表示本发明方法中所用的绿卟啉的较佳形式。
图2表示接受的PDT的各个患者的视觉灵敏度经时反应。
图3表示各个患者重复PDT对维持增强的视觉灵敏度的效应。
实施发明的方式
在构成本发明主题的总的方法中,给需要改善视觉灵敏度的受治疗者服用合适的光活性化合物,其量足以提供有效浓度的眼内光活性化合物。在能使有效浓度化合物积聚在眼内所需区域的适当的时间后,用被该光活性化合物吸收的光照射该区域。照射导致化合物的激发,继而对紧挨的周围组织引起损伤效应。最终的结果是受治疗者的视觉灵敏度增强。
光活性化合物
按照本发明的光动力学治疗可用众多光活性化合物中的任何一种来进行。例如,已被描述的血卟啉的各种衍生物,包括对血卟啉衍生物的改进,如美国专利No.5,028,621;4,866,168;4,649,151和5,438,071中描述的那些化合物,这些专利的全部内容在此引为参考。另外,美国专利No.5,198,460;5,002,962和5,093,349描述了脱镁叶绿甲酯一酸;美国专利No.5,171,741和5,173,504描述了菌绿素;美国专利No.4,968,715和5,190,966描述了血卟啉的二聚物和三聚物。这些专利的内容在此也引为参考。还有,美国专利No.5,079,262描述了使用血卟啉的前体氨基乙酰丙酸(ALA)作为光活性化合物的来源,美国专利No.5,166,197描述了酞菁光敏剂的光动力学治疗中的应用。所有上述治疗的内容均在此引为参考。其它可能的光活性化合物包括红紫素、部花青和porphycenes。用于本发明方法的特别好的光活性化合物是绿卟啉类、血卟啉衍生物、绿素和根皮三酸(phlorin)。这些卟啉在美国专利No.4,883,790;4,920,143;5,095,030和5,171,749中有描述,这些专利的全部内容均在此引为参考。由于这些光活性剂代表特别好的实施方案,因此图1列出了这些化合物的典型结构式。
参见图1,在优选的实施方案中,R1和R2独立地选自C2-6烷氧羰基、C1-6烷基、C6-10芳基磺酰基、氰基和-CONR5CO,其中R5为C6-10芳基或C1-6烷基;各R3独立地为羧基、C2-6烷氧羰基或其盐、酰胺、酯或酰腙或为C1-6烷基;R4为CH=CH2或-CH(OR4′)CH3,其中R4′为H或可任意地被亲水性取代基所取代的C1-6烷基。特别好的还是图1-3或1-4所示结构式的绿卟啉或其混合物。
更好的是这样的实施方案,其中绿卟啉是图1-3或1-4所示结构式或其混合物,其中R1和R2独立地为C2-6烷氧羰基;一个R3为C2-6烷氧羰基,另一个R3为C2-6烷氧羰基取代基的酯;R4为CH=CH或-CH(OH)CH3
还要好的是这样的实施方案,其中绿卟啉是图1-3所示结构式,其中R1和R2为甲氧基羰基;一个R3为-CH2CH2COOCH3,另一个R3为CH2CH2COOH;R4为CH=CH2,即BPD-MA。
上述任何光活性化合物可用于本发明的方法;当然,也可用两个或两个以上光活性化合物的混合物;但是,治疗的有效性依赖于光被光活性化合物的吸收,因此,如果使用混合物,则以具有相似的最大吸收量的化合物为佳。
制剂
将光活性剂进行制剂以便对靶标眼组织提供有效浓度。光活性剂可与能结合于靶标眼组织的特定表面成分的特异性结合配体相偶联,如果需要的话,通过与载体作成制剂,该载体可将其高浓度地输送到靶组织。所述制剂包含与低密度脂蛋白复合的所述光活性剂。
制剂的性质部分依赖于给药方式和所选的光活性剂的性质。适合于特定光活性化合物的任何药学上可接受的赋形剂或其结合均可使用。因此,光活性化合物可以水性组合物、经粘膜或经皮组合物形式或在口服制剂中给药。制剂还可包括脂质体。特别当光活性剂为绿卟啉时,脂质体组合物特别好。相信脂质体制剂将绿卟啉选择性地输送到血浆的低密度脂蛋白组份,后者继而起载体作用,将活性成分更有效地输送到所需部位。伴随着新血管形成,可见LDL受体的数目增加,且绿卟啉分配到血液的脂蛋白相增多,似乎更有效地输送到新生血管。如前所述,在患者视觉灵敏度丧失伴有害的新生血管时,本发明的方法特别有效。绿卟啉(特别是BPD-MA)与这种脂蛋白相互作用强。LDL本身可用作载体,但LDL比脂质体制剂贵得多,较少使用。因此,LDL(或较佳的脂质体)对于绿卟啉来说是较好的载体,因为绿卟啉与脂质体相互作用强,易于包在脂质体中。包含脂质复合物(包括脂质体)的绿卟啉组合物在美国专利5,214,036和于1992年2月5日提交的美国专利申请No.07/832,542中加以描述,这两个文献均结合于此作为参考。静脉给药的脂质体BPD-MA也可得自QLTP hoto Theapeutics Inc.,Vancouver,British Columbia。
给药和剂量
光活性化合物可以各种途径之一给药,如口服、非肠道给药或直肠给药,或可将化合物直接放入眼中。以非肠道给药为宜,如静脉内、肌肉内或皮下注射。以静脉注射为特别好。
光活性化合物的剂量可根据给药方式、其所载的制剂(如脂质体的形式)、或是否偶联于靶特异性配体(如抗体或免疫学活性片断)而有很大的变化。一般认为,在光活性剂的类型、制剂、给药方式和剂量水平之间有连系。调整这些参数以适合特定的结合是可能的。
各种光活性化合物需要不同的剂量范围,如果使用绿卟啉,典型的剂量范围为0.1-50mg/M2体表面积,较佳为约1-10mg/M2,更佳为约2-8mg/M2
在本发明中用于有效、选择性光动力学治疗的各种参数是相互关联的。因此,应当相对于其它参数调整剂量,这些参数为例如光动力学治疗中所用光的光通量、辐照度、持续时间和剂量给药与治疗辐照之间的时间间隔。使用这些参数都应调整到能产生视觉灵敏度的明显提高,而无眼组织的明显损害。
换言之,当光活性化合物剂量降低时,闭合脉络膜新生血管组织所需的光通量有增加的趋势。
光治疗
在光活性化合物给药后,将眼的靶组织在被所选择的药物吸收波长下进行辐照。上述光活性化合物的光谱是本领域已知的;对于任何特定的光活性化合物,确定光谱是不重要的事情。但是,对于绿卟啉来说,所需的波长范围一般在约550nm和695nm之间。此范围内的波长对于促进向机体组织穿透特别好。
辐照的结果,认为光活性化合物在其激发状态通过其它化合物相互作用,形成活性中间体,如单电键氧(Singlet Qxygen),它可引起细胞结构破坏。可能的细胞靶包括细胞膜、线粒体、溶酶体膜和细胞核。从肿瘤和新生血管模型得到的证据表明,血管的闭合是光动力学治疗的主要机制,见于上皮细胞损伤,相继的血小板凝聚、脱颗粒和血栓形成。
根据组织的类型、靶组织的深度和其上流体或血液的量,辐照治疗中的光通量可有很大变动,但较佳为变化于约50-200焦耳/cm2
辐照度典型地变化于约150-900mW/cm2,以约150-600nW/cm2为佳。然而,可以选择使用较高的辐照度,因其有效和具有缩短治疗时间的优点。
光活性剂给药后至光治疗之间的最适时间也可根据给药方式、给药形式和所靶标特定眼组织而作大的变动。光活性剂给药后的典型的时间从约1分钟至约2小时,较佳为约5-30分钟,更佳为10-25分钟。
光辐照的持续时间取决于所需的光通量,对于辐照度为600mW/cm2,则光通量为50J/cm2时,需辐照90秒;光通量为150J/cm2时,需辐照270秒。
治疗的评价
临床试验和眼底摄影典型地揭示了在光动力学治疗后即刻无颜色变化,虽然有些病例约24小时后出现轻度的视网膜变白。通过对内皮细胞损伤的观察从组织学上确定脉络膜新血管形成的封闭。也可以与新生血管组织的破坏所伴随的检出空泡胞浆和异常核的观察来作评价。
一般说来,关于新血管形成减少的光动力学治疗效应可在治疗后特定的时间用标准荧光素血管造影技术加以确定。
本发明首要的是评价视觉灵敏度。它是用本领域的标准方法和常规的“视力表”进行的,在该方法中用辨认一定大小的字母(通常给定大小的一行上有5个字母)的能力评价视觉灵敏度。视觉灵敏度的测定在本领域是已知的,标准方法用于评价按照本发明的视觉灵敏度。
下面的实施例是用来阐述而不是限制本发明的。
实施例1
各种PDT染料的比较
将被诊断为适合于年龄相关的黄斑变性(AMD)实验治疗的患者分为3组。
A组,22个病人,用如下方案进行治疗:给予BPD-MA6mg/M2体表面积,药物配制在可得自QLT Photo therapeutics,Vancouver,BC的市售脂质体静脉注射组合物中,通过静脉给药。输注开始后30分钟,使这些患者接受来自相干氩染料激光器No.920(Coherent Medical laser,Palo Alto,CA)的辐照度为600mW/cm2、总光通量为50J/cm2、75J/cm2100、1J/cm2、105J/cm2或150J/cm2的光(Ohkuma,H.etal.,Arch Ophthalmol(1983)101:1102-1110;Ryan,S.J.,ArchOphthalmol(1982)100:1804-1809)。
第二组,15个病人,B组,象A组一样,也接受在脂质体制剂中的BPD-MA6mg/M2,静脉注射,但如A组所述进行的辐照在输注开始后20分钟开始。
C组15个病人,除了给予BPD-MA12mg/M2外,接受与A组同样的治疗方案。
为了治疗后对患者的评价,在治疗后1周、4周和12周,进行荧光素血管造影。治疗后3个月,用标准视力表进行视觉灵敏度测试。将每组视觉灵敏度的变化进行平均,不计所给的总光通量。
3个月后,接受治疗方案A的病人显示视觉灵敏度改善+0.10(改善1.0表示常规视力表上改进一行)。接受治疗方案B的病人显示视觉灵敏度提高+0.53;接受治疗方案C的病人视觉灵敏度降低平均-0.40。
作为对比,用Macular Photocoagulation Study Group在Clinical Sciences(1991)109:1220-1231上所描述的标准光凝聚治疗法进行治疗的184个病人,在治疗后3个月,显示视觉灵敏度减弱-3.0。这比179个罹患AMD的病人样本不进行治疗,在这段时间显示视觉灵敏度丧失-2.0的结果还差。
因此,方案B(给予在脂质体制剂中的BPD6mg/M2,20分钟后开始辐照)在这3种试验方案中是最好的。
                          实施例2
                    视觉灵敏度提高的时程
在本研究中,对16个接受上面实施例1所述的方案B的病人(1周后、4周后和3个月后)进行了平均视觉灵敏度评价。治疗1周后,这些病人的视觉灵敏度平均增加+2.13;治疗4周后,平均值为+1.25,3个月后为+0.53。
这些结果好象与封闭脉络膜新生血管(CNV)的成功与否至少部分相关。治疗方案B的那些病人,用荧光素血管造影术试验的16个病人中的10个显示4周后CNV封闭超过50%,视觉灵敏度相应地提高+1.6。4周后显示CNV封闭低于50%的剩下的6个病人,其视觉灵敏度提高+0.7。
接受实施例1的方案C的15个病人中,7人显示CNV封闭高于50%,视力灵敏度提高+1.4。15个中3个显示CNV封闭低于50%,视觉灵敏度丧失-0.3。15个中的5个显示典型的CNV复发和视觉灵敏度丧失-1.6。
另一方面,按方案A治疗4周后,21个病人中的9个显示CNV封闭大于50%,但视觉灵敏度下降-0.2。21个中的9个显示CNV封闭少于50%,但视觉灵敏度提高+0.9。接受治疗的21个病人中的3个显示典型的CNV复发,但视觉灵敏度未见改变。
3个月后,结果如表1所示,其中注明了视觉灵敏度的改变。
                             表1
  治疗方案A   治疗方案B  治疗方案C
典型的CNV≥50%封闭     +0.7(3/20)     +3(4/13) (0/12)
典型的CNV<50%封闭     +0.14(7/20)     0(3/13)     +1.75(4/12)
典型的CNV复发     -0.1(10/20)     -0.3(6/13)     -1.4(8/12)
因此,在CNV封闭和视觉灵敏度的提高之间看来有些相关但并不完全相关。本发明的方法可最容易地施用于有有害的新生血管(特别是在脉络膜上)的患者。因此,合适的适应症包括黄斑变性、眼组织胞浆菌病综合征、近视和炎症性疾病。
图2为接受治疗方案B的各患者视觉灵敏度改变的时程。所有患者均有改善,但有些病例治疗后的改善随时间而消退.
                            实施例3
                        重复治疗的效应
如实施例1所述,用治疗方案B对各患者进行治疗,然后从初次治疗起在2周和6周进行重复治疗。重复治疗看来提高视觉灵敏度增加的程度.结果概括于图3。
如图3所示,例如,在20/126的基线上开始的患者No.901在2周后视觉灵敏度提高+2;第二次治疗后2周,提高超过基线+5。对于患者906来说,第一次治疗后,在第2周时提高+2;第二次治疗1周后,增加到+3。有些患者有轻度复发,一般来说,重复治疗维持或增加视觉灵敏度的提高。

Claims (12)

1.光活性化合物在制备改善需要作光动力学治疗的人类受治疗者视觉灵敏度的药物上的应用。
2.如权利要求1所述的应用,其中所述受试者的所述眼睛含有有害的新生血管。
3.如权利要求2所述的应用,其中所述新生血管是脉络膜新生血管。
4.如权利要求1所述的应用,其中光活性剂为绿卟啉、血卟啉衍生物、绿素和根皮三酸。
5.如权利要求4所述的应用,其中所述光活性化合物为绿卟啉。
6.如权利要求5所述的应用,其中所述绿卟啉为如下结构式化合物
Figure C9719295700021
其中,R1和R2独立地选自C2-6烷氧羰基、C1-6烷基、C6-10芳基磺酰基、氰基和-CONR5CO,其中R5为C6-10芳基或C1-6烷基;
各R3独立地为羧基,C2-6烷氧羰基或其盐、酰胺、酯或酰腙或为C1-6烷基;
R4为CH=CH2或-CH(OR4’)CH3,其中OR4’为H或可任意地被亲水性取代基所取代的C1-6烷基。
7.如权利要求6所述的应用,其中所述绿卟啉是如下结构式所示化合物
Figure C9719295700022
其中R1或R2独立地为C2-6烷氧羰基;
一个R3为C2-6烷氧羰基,另一个R3为C2-6烷氧羰基取代基的酯;R4为CH=CH2或-CH(OH)CH3
8.如权利要求7所述的应用,其中绿卟啉是如下结构式所示化合物其中R1和R2为甲氧基羰基;
一个R3为-CH2CH2COOCH3,另一个R3为CH2CH2COOH;
R4为CH=CH2,即BPD-MA。
9.如权利要求1所述的应用,其中所述制剂包含与低密度脂蛋白复合的所述光活性剂。
10.如权利要求1所述的应用,其中所述制剂是脂质体制剂。
11.如权利要求1所述的应用,其中所述人类受治疗者被诊断为患有与年龄相关的黄斑变性,其他黄斑变性、眼组织胞浆菌病综合征、近视和炎症性疾病中的一种疾病。
12.如权利要求1所述的应用,其中所述药物包含偶联于结合靶标眼组织的特异性结合配基的所述光活性剂。
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