CN110405205B - Laser processing device and method - Google Patents

Laser processing device and method Download PDF

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Publication number
CN110405205B
CN110405205B CN201910576274.8A CN201910576274A CN110405205B CN 110405205 B CN110405205 B CN 110405205B CN 201910576274 A CN201910576274 A CN 201910576274A CN 110405205 B CN110405205 B CN 110405205B
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laser
laser beam
powder
movable
dimensional scanning
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CN110405205A (en
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高文焱
王军龙
李本海
李广
李凯
冯巧玲
侯振兴
张路
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Beijing Aerospace Control Instrument Institute
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Beijing Aerospace Control Instrument Institute
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F12/00—Apparatus or devices specially adapted for additive manufacturing; Auxiliary means for additive manufacturing; Combinations of additive manufacturing apparatus or devices with other processing apparatus or devices
    • B22F12/40—Radiation means
    • B22F12/41—Radiation means characterised by the type, e.g. laser or electron beam
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
    • B22F10/20—Direct sintering or melting
    • B22F10/28—Powder bed fusion, e.g. selective laser melting [SLM] or electron beam melting [EBM]
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F12/00—Apparatus or devices specially adapted for additive manufacturing; Auxiliary means for additive manufacturing; Combinations of additive manufacturing apparatus or devices with other processing apparatus or devices
    • B22F12/30—Platforms or substrates
    • B22F12/33—Platforms or substrates translatory in the deposition plane
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F12/00—Apparatus or devices specially adapted for additive manufacturing; Auxiliary means for additive manufacturing; Combinations of additive manufacturing apparatus or devices with other processing apparatus or devices
    • B22F12/30—Platforms or substrates
    • B22F12/37—Rotatable
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F12/00—Apparatus or devices specially adapted for additive manufacturing; Auxiliary means for additive manufacturing; Combinations of additive manufacturing apparatus or devices with other processing apparatus or devices
    • B22F12/40—Radiation means
    • B22F12/41—Radiation means characterised by the type, e.g. laser or electron beam
    • B22F12/43—Radiation means characterised by the type, e.g. laser or electron beam pulsed; frequency modulated
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F12/00—Apparatus or devices specially adapted for additive manufacturing; Auxiliary means for additive manufacturing; Combinations of additive manufacturing apparatus or devices with other processing apparatus or devices
    • B22F12/40—Radiation means
    • B22F12/44—Radiation means characterised by the configuration of the radiation means
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F12/00—Apparatus or devices specially adapted for additive manufacturing; Auxiliary means for additive manufacturing; Combinations of additive manufacturing apparatus or devices with other processing apparatus or devices
    • B22F12/40—Radiation means
    • B22F12/49—Scanners
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
    • B22F3/10—Sintering only
    • B22F3/105—Sintering only by using electric current other than for infrared radiant energy, laser radiation or plasma ; by ultrasonic bonding
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
    • B22F10/30—Process control
    • B22F10/36—Process control of energy beam parameters
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
    • B22F10/30—Process control
    • B22F10/36—Process control of energy beam parameters
    • B22F10/366—Scanning parameters, e.g. hatch distance or scanning strategy
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F12/00—Apparatus or devices specially adapted for additive manufacturing; Auxiliary means for additive manufacturing; Combinations of additive manufacturing apparatus or devices with other processing apparatus or devices
    • B22F12/50—Means for feeding of material, e.g. heads
    • B22F12/53—Nozzles
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F12/00—Apparatus or devices specially adapted for additive manufacturing; Auxiliary means for additive manufacturing; Combinations of additive manufacturing apparatus or devices with other processing apparatus or devices
    • B22F12/60—Planarisation devices; Compression devices
    • B22F12/63—Rollers
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P10/00—Technologies related to metal processing
    • Y02P10/25—Process efficiency

Abstract

A laser processing device and method, aiming at the selective laser sintering of metal materials, metal powder is sprayed into a powder chamber through a powder nozzle, and the compaction and uniform distribution of the powder in the powder chamber are realized through the reciprocating horizontal rolling of a compression roller; the laser beam is reflected to a two-dimensional scanning galvanometer through a movable 45-degree reflecting mirror, the laser beam output by the two-dimensional scanning galvanometer scans the section track of the 3D printing model after the 3D printing model is sliced in a layering way through a main control device, and the final complete printing piece is obtained through sintering accumulation of one layer by one layer; the main control device controls the scanning of the three-dimensional scanning galvanometer and the rotation of the motor, so that the defocusing amount of the laser beam irradiated on each point on the surface of the printed piece is unchanged; laser irradiation on the whole surface of the printed piece is completed by the set track, so that the whole surface of the printed piece is colored, and laser direct coloring is realized without adding any pigment. The integrated metal material color 3D printing is realized by irradiating the online surface of the metal material selective laser sintering forming part.

Description

Laser processing device and method
Technical Field
The invention relates to a laser processing device and a laser processing method, and belongs to the technical field of metal material color 3D printing.
Background
The laser has good directivity, monochromaticity, coherence and high brightness, the laser beam is easy to transmit, and meanwhile, the heat affected zone and the heat deformation in the laser processing process are small, so that the laser belongs to non-contact type and is easy to realize automation. Therefore, research and application of laser processing have been receiving much attention.
The 3D printing is a new forming technology, the core of the technology is that a complex 3D shape of a workpiece to be formed is converted into a simple 2D section combination through slicing processing, materials are deposited layer by layer along the height direction through 3D printing equipment according to a computer aided design model of the workpiece to form a series of 2D section slices of the workpiece, the slices are mutually bonded, and finally the slices are stacked into a three-dimensional workpiece. At present, 3D printing technology is rapidly developed, mainly including photocuring molding, fused deposition molding, layered solid processing, three-dimensional printing, and the like. The existing 3D printing technology can effectively realize the molding of metal materials, but the molded parts are all natural colors after metal sintering, and the color 3D printing cannot be realized. There are problems including: 1. low efficiency, long cycle: the molded part cannot be colored in real time or in place along with the printing process, and the molded part needs to be placed in a special environment or device for secondary treatment; 2. low intensity, no color pattern: traditional coloring techniques, such as chemical dye coloring, can achieve coloring of color patterns, but with low strength and short service life. The anodic oxidation is used for coloring, the strength is high compared with the coloring strength of the chemical dye, but the coloring of the selected area pattern cannot be realized. At present, no metal material color 3d printing system exists at home and abroad.
Disclosure of Invention
The technical problem solved by the invention is as follows: the laser processing device and the laser processing method overcome the defects in the prior art, obtain the colored metal printing piece, solve the problem that no abundant metal materials with various colors can be selected, overcome the defects of holes, cracking and the like of the printing piece, realize the colored 3D printing of the metal materials, realize the direct laser coloring without adding any pigment, and realize the integrated colored 3D printing of the metal materials by irradiating the online surface of the metal material selective laser sintering forming piece.
The technical scheme of the invention is as follows: a laser processing apparatus comprising: the device comprises a laser emission source (1), a laser beam (2), a press roller (3), a movable 45-degree reflector (4), a two-dimensional scanning galvanometer (5), a 45-degree reflector (6), a three-dimensional scanning galvanometer (7), a powder nozzle (8), a powder chamber (9), an objective table (10), a motor (11), a material receiving box (12) and a main control device (13);
defining a coordinate system: the origin point is an arbitrary point, and the positive direction of the y axis of the coordinate system is parallel to the direction of the laser beam (2) emitted by the laser emission source (1); the positive direction of the x axis of the coordinate system is parallel to the direction of the reflected output of the laser beam (2) sent by the laser emission source (1) by the 45-degree reflector (6), and the z axis is determined by the right-hand rule;
the laser emission source (1) is used for emitting laser beams (2) required by selective laser sintering 3D printing and sending the laser beams to a movable 45-degree reflector (4);
a movable 45-degree reflector (4) for reflecting the laser beam from the laser emission source (1) and reflecting the laser beam to a two-dimensional scanning galvanometer (5)
The two-dimensional scanning galvanometer (5) can control the scanning track of the laser beam sent by the movable reflector (4) to realize the scanning of the laser beam on a powder bed (namely a two-dimensional plane);
the objective table (10) is connected with a motor (11); the motor (11) can drive the objective table (10) to move along the z axis and rotate by taking the z axis as a center, so that the objective table can rotate; the motor (11) can also drive the objective table (10) to move along the x axis and the y axis;
the object stage (10) can move relative to the powder chamber (9);
the powder chamber (9) is hollow and cylindrical, and the objective table (10) is positioned in the powder chamber (9);
the powder nozzle (8) is used for spraying powder into the powder chamber (9);
the inner wall of the powder chamber (9) and the objective table (10) form a containing cavity for containing powder sent by the powder nozzle (8), and the powder in the powder chamber (9) is compacted by the compression roller (3) and the upper surface of the powder is ensured to be coincided with a focal plane of the laser beam to form a powder bed;
the 45-degree reflecting mirror (6) is moved out of the optical path after the movable 45-degree reflecting mirror (4) moves, and the 45-degree reflecting mirror (6) receives and reflects the laser beam output by the laser emission source (1) and reflects the laser beam to the three-dimensional scanning galvanometer (7);
the three-dimensional scanning galvanometer (7) can control the scanning track of the laser beam sent by the 45-degree reflecting mirror (6), realize the scanning of the laser beam on a printed matter (14) (namely a three-dimensional curved surface), and realize the coloring of the printed matter (14).
Preferably, the powdery material is sintered and molded by laser.
The laser beam required by the selective laser sintering 3D printing specifically comprises the following steps: wavelength of 800--9-10-3Second pulsed laser.
Preferably, the movable position of the movable mirror (4) is: the working position of the 45-degree reflector (4) can be moved during the sintering and forming process of the printing piece (14).
Preferably, the stage (10) comprises: the supporting column is connected with the bearing surface and is vertical to the bearing surface; the bearing surface is circular; the support column is connected with an output shaft of the motor (11) and is positioned on a straight line.
Preferably, the object stage (10) is located in the powder chamber (9), and specifically comprises: the powder chamber (9) is a hollow cylinder; the stage (10) includes: the outer diameter of the bearing surface is matched with the inner diameter of the powder chamber (9) so that the bearing surface can move in the powder chamber (9) along the z axis.
Preferably, the laser beam (2) is emitted from the laser emission source (1), transmitted by the optical system and irradiated on the powder bed to be melted, and the single-layer selective laser sintering work is completed.
Preferably, the movable 45-degree reflecting mirror can move along the vertical direction of the laser beam, when the movable 45-degree reflecting mirror works, the movable 45-degree reflecting mirror reflects the laser beam to the two-dimensional scanning vibrating mirror, and the laser beam output by the two-dimensional scanning vibrating mirror performs selective laser sintering work on powder of the powder bed; when the movable reflector moves to the outside of the light path of the laser beam output by the laser emission source (1) along the vertical direction of the laser beam, the 45-degree reflector works to reflect the laser beam to the three-dimensional scanning galvanometer, and the laser beam output by the three-dimensional scanning galvanometer colors the surface of a printed piece.
Preferably, before the single-layer selective laser sintering operation, the upper surface of the powder chamber is superposed with a focal plane of a laser beam and a compaction plane of the press roller, the powder chamber has an axisymmetric geometric structure, and the cross section shape is consistent with that of the objective table.
A laser processing method comprises the following steps:
step 1: the 3D printing model of the printed piece (14) is sliced in layers through a main control device, each layer of slice is a single-layer selective laser sintering section, and the thickness of each layer is the thickness of the single-layer selective laser sintering section;
step 2: the upper surface of the powder chamber is coincided with the upper surface of the objective table, and then the objective table is descended by a distance of the thickness of the sintering section;
and step 3: metal powder is sprayed into the powder chamber through a powder nozzle, and the powder in the powder chamber is compacted and uniformly distributed through reciprocating horizontal rolling of a compression roller;
and 4, step 4: the movable 45-degree reflector works, a laser emission source is started, a laser beam is reflected to the two-dimensional scanning galvanometer through the movable 45-degree reflector, the laser beam output by the two-dimensional scanning galvanometer scans the cross section track of the 3D printing model after the 3D printing model is sliced in a layering way through the main control device, and the single-layer selective laser sintering work is completed;
and 5: closing the laser emission source;
step 6: the objective table is lowered by a distance of one sintering section thickness, metal powder is sprayed into the powder chamber through the powder nozzle again, and compaction and uniform distribution of the powder in the powder chamber are realized through reciprocating horizontal rolling of the compression roller;
and 7: the movable 45-degree reflector works, a laser emission source is started, a laser beam is reflected to the two-dimensional scanning galvanometer through the movable reflector, the laser beam output by the two-dimensional scanning galvanometer scans the next section track of the 3D printing model after layered slicing by the main control device, the selective laser sintering work of the next layer is completed, and the laser emission source is closed;
and 8: repeating steps 6-7 until printing of the entire printed article (14) is completed;
and step 9: the objective table is descended until the printed piece is completely moved out of the lower surface of the powder chamber, and the output shaft of the motor is rotated by 90 degrees clockwise in parallel to the YOZ plane, so that the output shaft of the motor rotates from being parallel to the z axis to being parallel to the y axis;
step 10: starting a motor to rotate for 360 degrees, driving the objective table and the printed piece to rotate for 360 degrees, and dropping redundant powder on the printed piece to the receiving box;
step 11: the main control device controls the three-dimensional scanning galvanometer (7) and the motor, and the irradiation track of the laser beam on the surface of the printed piece is calculated according to the space coordinate of each point on the surface of the 3D printing model and the rotating speed of the motor;
step 12: the movable 45-degree reflector moves to the outside of a light path along the vertical direction of the laser beam, the laser emission source is started, the 45-degree reflector works, and the laser beam output by the laser emission source (1) is reflected to the three-dimensional scanning galvanometer;
step 13: the main control device controls the scanning of the three-dimensional scanning galvanometer and the rotation of the motor, so that the defocusing amount of the laser beam irradiated on each point on the surface of the printed piece is unchanged; step 14: and finishing laser irradiation on the whole surface of the printed piece according to the set track, and closing a laser emission source to realize coloring of the whole surface of the printed piece.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the advantages that: (advantages of the general scheme, and advantages of the partial scheme.)
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
(1) the invention can realize real-time coloring in the printing process or direct in-place coloring of printed parts without blanking after printing is finished, can improve the processing efficiency and shorten the coloring period.
(2) According to the invention, the surface of the formed part is irradiated by laser to generate an oxide film, and different color presentations are obtained by utilizing an optical interference principle. The oxide film and the surface of the formed part are metallurgically bonded, and the strength is high.
(3) The invention realizes irradiation scanning of different patterns by utilizing the editable and controllable coloring path of the three-dimensional scanning galvanometer, and can change irradiation parameters in the coloring process to realize coloring of different colors or gradient colors.
(4) In order to ensure high reproduction of color and prevent the surface dirt of the material from influencing the color, the invention needs to add pretreatment on the surface of the material, namely, the surface dirt of the material is removed by laser irradiation, and the used processing parameters are as follows: the laser single pulse energy is 1mj, the scanning speed is 1000mm/s, and the lap joint rate is 15%.
(5) The invention can improve the processing efficiency, shorten the coloring period and realize the real-time coloring in the printing process or the direct in-place coloring of the printed piece without blanking after the printing is finished.
(6) The coloring method of the invention has high coloring power intensity after coloring, generates an oxide film on the surface of a formed part by laser irradiation, and obtains different color presentations by utilizing the principle of optical interference. The oxide film and the surface of the formed part are metallurgically bonded, and the strength is high.
(7) The invention can realize coloring of color patterns, and can realize irradiation scanning of different patterns due to the editable and controllable coloring path of the three-dimensional scanning galvanometer, and the irradiation parameters can be changed in the process to realize coloring of different colors or gradient colors.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of the structure of the processing apparatus of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The invention is described in further detail below with reference to the figures and specific embodiments.
The invention relates to a laser processing device and a laser processing method, aiming at selective laser sintering of metal materials, metal powder is sprayed into a powder chamber through a powder nozzle, and compaction and uniform distribution of the powder in the powder chamber are realized through reciprocating horizontal rolling of a compression roller; the laser beam is reflected to a two-dimensional scanning galvanometer through a movable 45-degree reflecting mirror, the laser beam output by the two-dimensional scanning galvanometer scans the section track of the 3D printing model after the 3D printing model is sliced in a layering way through a main control device, the single-layer selective laser sintering work is completed, and the final complete printing piece is obtained through the sintering accumulation of one layer by one layer; the main control device controls the scanning of the three-dimensional scanning galvanometer and the rotation of the motor, so that the defocusing amount of the laser beam irradiated on each point on the surface of the printed piece is unchanged; laser irradiation on the whole surface of the printed piece is completed by the set track, so that the whole surface of the printed piece is colored, and laser direct coloring is realized without adding any pigment. The integrated metal material color 3D printing is realized by irradiating the online surface of the metal material selective laser sintering forming part.
The selective laser sintering of the invention combines two emerging technologies of laser processing and 3D printing, and utilizes powdery materials for molding: spreading material powder on the upper surface of the component substrate in the powder chamber and leveling, scanning the cross section of the component on the newly-spread new powder layer by using laser, sintering the material powder together under the irradiation of high-intensity laser to obtain a new cross section of the component, and metallurgically bonding the new cross section with the formed component below. After the sintering of one layer of section is finished, a new layer of material powder is laid, and the selective sintering is continued. And after the whole part is molded, removing redundant powder to obtain a final part molded part.
As shown in FIG. 1, the working structure of the processing device of the invention is schematic, the left figure is a schematic diagram of selective laser sintering, and the right figure is a schematic diagram of coloring a metal forming part. The laser printing device comprises a laser emission source 1, a laser beam 2, a compression roller 3, a movable reflector 4, a two-dimensional scanning galvanometer 5, a reflector 6, a three-dimensional scanning galvanometer 7, a powder nozzle 8, a powder chamber 9, a stage 10, a motor 11, a material collecting box 12, a main control device 13 and a printing part 14.
The present invention provides a laser processing apparatus, including: the device comprises a laser emission source (1), a laser beam (2), a press roller (3), a movable 45-degree reflector (4), a two-dimensional scanning galvanometer (5), a 45-degree reflector (6), a three-dimensional scanning galvanometer (7), a powder nozzle (8), a powder chamber (9), an objective table (10), a motor (11), a material receiving box (12) and a main control device (13);
defining a coordinate system: the origin point is an arbitrary point, and the positive direction of the y axis of the coordinate system is parallel to the direction of the laser beam (2) emitted by the laser emission source (1); the positive direction of the x axis of the coordinate system is parallel to the direction of the reflected output of the laser beam (2) sent by the laser emission source (1) by the 45-degree reflector (6), and the z axis is determined by the right-hand rule;
the laser emission source (1) is used for emitting laser beams (2) required by selective laser sintering 3D printing and sending the laser beams to a movable 45-degree reflector (4);
a movable 45-degree reflector (4) for reflecting the laser beam from the laser emission source (1) and reflecting the laser beam to a two-dimensional scanning galvanometer (5)
The two-dimensional scanning galvanometer (5) can control the scanning track of the laser beam sent by the movable reflector (4) to realize the scanning of the laser beam on a powder bed (namely a two-dimensional plane);
the objective table (10) is connected with a motor (11); the motor (11) can drive the objective table (10) to move along the z axis and rotate by taking the z axis as a center, so that the objective table can rotate; the motor (11) can also drive the objective table (10) to move along the x axis and the y axis;
the object stage (10) can move relative to the powder chamber (9);
the powder chamber (9) is hollow and cylindrical, and the objective table (10) is positioned in the powder chamber (9);
the powder nozzle (8) is used for spraying powder into the powder chamber (9);
the inner wall of the powder chamber (9) and the objective table (10) form a containing cavity for containing powder sent by the powder nozzle (8), and the powder in the powder chamber (9) is compacted by the compression roller (3) and the upper surface of the powder is ensured to be coincided with a focal plane of the laser beam to form a powder bed;
the 45-degree reflecting mirror (6) is moved out of the optical path after the movable 45-degree reflecting mirror (4) moves, and the 45-degree reflecting mirror (6) receives and reflects the laser beam output by the laser emission source (1) and reflects the laser beam to the three-dimensional scanning galvanometer (7);
the three-dimensional scanning galvanometer (7) can control the scanning track of the laser beam sent by the 45-degree reflecting mirror (6), realize the scanning of the laser beam on a printed matter (14) (namely a three-dimensional curved surface), and realize the coloring of the printed matter (14).
The powder material is sintered and formed by laser, and the preferable scheme is as follows: spreading material powder on the upper surface of the component substrate in the powder chamber and leveling, scanning the cross section of the component on the newly-spread new powder layer by using laser, sintering the material powder together under the irradiation of high-intensity laser to obtain a new cross section of the component, and metallurgically bonding the new cross section with the formed component below. After the sintering of one layer of section is finished, a new layer of material powder is laid, and the selective sintering is continued. And after the whole part is molded, removing redundant powder to obtain a final part molded part.
The laser beam required for selective laser sintering 3D printing is preferably: wavelength of 800--9-10-3Second pulsed laser.
The movable position of the movable reflector (4) is specifically as follows: during the sintering and forming process of the printing piece (14), the movable 45-degree reflecting mirror (4) works, and the preferable working mode is as follows: the movable 45-degree reflector (4) is arranged in a light path and reflects laser beams sent by the laser emission source (1) to the two-dimensional scanning galvanometer (5), the movable 45-degree reflector (4) does not work in the surface coloring process of a printed matter (14), namely, the movable 45-degree reflector (4) moves out of the light path along the X-axis negative direction, and the laser beams sent by the laser emission source (1) are input to the 45-degree reflector (6) to be reflected. The further preferable scheme is as follows: the movable 45-degree reflecting mirror can move along the vertical direction of the laser beam, when the movable 45-degree reflecting mirror works, the laser beam is reflected to the two-dimensional scanning vibrating mirror, and the laser beam output by the two-dimensional scanning vibrating mirror performs selective laser sintering work on powder of the powder bed; when the movable reflector moves to the outside of the light path of the laser beam output by the laser emission source (1) along the vertical direction of the laser beam, the 45-degree reflector works to reflect the laser beam to the three-dimensional scanning galvanometer, and the laser beam output by the three-dimensional scanning galvanometer colors the surface of a printed piece.
The stage (10) includes: the supporting column is connected with the bearing surface and is vertical to the bearing surface; the bearing surface is circular; the support column is connected with an output shaft of the motor (11) and is positioned on a straight line. The objective table (10) is positioned in the powder chamber (9), and specifically comprises: the powder chamber (9) is a hollow cylinder; the stage (10) includes: the outer diameter of the bearing surface is matched with the inner diameter of the powder chamber (9) so that the bearing surface can move in the powder chamber (9) along the z axis.
The preferred scheme is as follows: and the laser beam (2) is emitted from the laser emission source (1), is transmitted by the optical system and irradiates the powder bed to be melted, and the single-layer selective laser sintering work is completed.
The preferred scheme is as follows: before single-layer selective laser sintering, the upper surface of the powder chamber is superposed with the focal plane of the laser beam and the compaction plane of the press roller, the powder chamber is of an axisymmetric geometric structure, and the cross section shape is consistent with that of the objective table.
The preferred scheme is as follows: the objective table is attached to the inner surface of the powder chamber, so that powder is prevented from falling and leaking, and axial movement of the powder chamber can be ensured.
The preferred scheme is as follows: the motor can be along powder room axial displacement, can realize simultaneously that motor axial position 90 degrees rotate.
The preferred scheme is as follows: the printing piece (14) is a 3D printing piece and is made of the following materials: TA1, TA2 and TC4 titanium alloy materials.
The laser processing method comprises the following steps:
step 1: the 3D printing model of the printed piece (14) is sliced in a layering way through a main control device (preferably, the 3D printing model is sliced in a layering way through slicing calculation), each layer of slice is a single-layer selective laser sintering section, and the thickness of each layer is the thickness of the single-layer selective laser sintering section; 3D prints the model layering section and is the fashioned processing procedure of laser 3D, and the model of the part that will print is imported into main control system, and main control system prints the thickness of single-layer printing in-process according to 3D and carries out the layering section with this thickness with the part, and each layer is the sintering cross-section that 3D printed. In the 3D printing process, a three-dimensional entity to be printed is finally formed through sintering and accumulation layer by layer.
Step 2: the upper surface of the powder chamber is coincided with the upper surface of the objective table, and then the objective table is descended by a distance of the thickness of the sintering section;
and step 3: metal powder is sprayed into the powder chamber through a powder nozzle, and the powder in the powder chamber is compacted and uniformly distributed through reciprocating horizontal rolling of a compression roller;
and 4, step 4: the movable 45-degree reflector works, a laser emission source is started, a laser beam is reflected to the two-dimensional scanning galvanometer through the movable 45-degree reflector, the laser beam output by the two-dimensional scanning galvanometer scans the cross section track of the 3D printing model after the 3D printing model is sliced in a layering way through the main control device, and the single-layer selective laser sintering work is completed;
and 5: closing the laser emission source;
step 6: the objective table is lowered by a distance of one sintering section thickness, metal powder is sprayed into the powder chamber through the powder nozzle again, and compaction and uniform distribution of the powder in the powder chamber are realized through reciprocating horizontal rolling of the compression roller;
and 7: the movable 45-degree reflector works, a laser emission source is started, a laser beam is reflected to the two-dimensional scanning galvanometer through the movable reflector, the laser beam output by the two-dimensional scanning galvanometer scans the next section track of the 3D printing model after layered slicing by the main control device, the selective laser sintering work of the next layer is completed, and the laser emission source is closed;
and 8: repeating steps 6-7 until printing of the entire printed article (14) is completed;
and step 9: the objective table is descended until the printed piece is completely moved out of the lower surface of the powder chamber, and the output shaft of the motor is rotated by 90 degrees clockwise in parallel to the YOZ plane, so that the output shaft of the motor rotates from being parallel to the z axis to being parallel to the y axis;
step 10: starting a motor to rotate for 360 degrees, driving the objective table and the printed piece to rotate for 360 degrees, and dropping redundant powder on the printed piece to the receiving box;
step 11: the main control device controls the three-dimensional scanning galvanometer (7) and the motor, and the irradiation track of the laser beam on the surface of the printed piece is calculated according to the space coordinate of each point on the surface of the 3D printing model and the rotating speed of the motor; the further preferred scheme is as follows: the three-dimensional scanning galvanometer can adjust the position of a laser beam focus in real time according to the three-dimensional model contour data, so that the laser beam focus always falls on the position to be colored and processed of the three-dimensional model contour, and the color coloring of the three-dimensional curved surface is realized from point to line and from line to surface. However, the effective scanning range of the three-dimensional scanning galvanometer is limited, and for the area with the laser beam incidence angle larger than 45 degrees, the irradiation influence of the laser beam is weakened, the normal coloring cannot be realized, the rotation of the motor is matched, so that the uncolored model outline area is rotated to be right below the three-dimensional scanning galvanometer, and meanwhile, the rotation speed of the motor is matched with the scanning speed of the three-dimensional scanning galvanometer. The scanning track and speed of the three-dimensional scanning galvanometer and the rotation direction and speed of the motor are controlled by the main control device.
Step 12: the movable 45-degree reflector moves to the outside of a light path along the vertical direction of the laser beam, the laser emission source is started, the 45-degree reflector works, and the laser beam output by the laser emission source (1) is reflected to the three-dimensional scanning galvanometer;
step 13: the main control device controls the scanning of the three-dimensional scanning galvanometer and the rotation of the motor, so that the defocusing amount of the laser beam irradiated on each point on the surface of the printed piece is unchanged; the three-dimensional scanning galvanometer can ensure that a laser beam processed on a three-dimensional curved surface is a laser beam at a focal position, namely the defocusing amount is always 0, and similarly, the defocusing amount of the laser beam irradiated on each point of the surface of a printed piece is also controlled to be constant, the constant value meets the requirement of the invention of 2-5mm, and the motor rotates to rotate an uncolored area to be right below the three-dimensional scanning galvanometer so as to realize splicing.
Step 14: and finishing laser irradiation on the whole surface of the printed piece according to the set track, and closing a laser emission source to realize coloring of the whole surface of the printed piece. The preferred scheme is as follows: and finishing laser irradiation on the whole surface of the printed piece according to a set track, namely performing coloring work according to set coloring parameters (the output power value of a laser emission source, the scanning speed value of a laser beam passing through a three-dimensional galvanometer, and the scanning lap joint value of the laser beam emitted by the three-dimensional scanning galvanometer) along the set track until the surface of the whole printed piece is colored, and closing the laser emission source.
In step 3, the metal powder sprayed into the powder chamber includes all metal, metal alloy powder, preferably titanium alloy powder.
In step 13, the preferred scheme is: the defocusing amount of the laser beam irradiated on each point on the surface of the printed matter is unchanged, and the defocusing amount is preferably 2-5 mm.
In the step 14, the output power value of the laser emission source of the color of the printed matter is influenced by the scanning speed value and the scanning lap ratio value of the laser beam output by the three-dimensional scanning galvanometer (7). The preferred scheme is as follows: the preferred scheme is as follows: the scanning overlap ratio is the ratio of the overlapping area of two light spots to the area sum of the two light spots in the laser beam scanning process. The color is influenced by the combined action of three parameters, namely the output power value of a laser emission source, the scanning speed value of a laser beam output by a three-dimensional scanning galvanometer (7) and the scanning lap joint rate, and the preferable scheme for influencing the color by the combined action is as follows:
the yellow color appears on the shaped part, preferably: the output power value of the laser emission source is 30-55W, the scanning speed value of the laser beam is 600-900 mm/s, and the scanning lap joint rate of the laser beam is 30-50%;
to appear orange on the shaped part, it is preferred that: the output power value of the laser emission source is 30-55W, the scanning speed value of the laser beam is 500-800 mm/s, and the scanning lap joint rate of the laser beam is 35-50%;
the molded part is red-colored, preferably: the output power value of the laser emission source is 30-60W, the scanning speed value of the laser beam is 500-800 mm/s, and the scanning lap joint rate of the laser beam is 40-50%;
a purple color appears on the shaped part, preferably: the output power value of the laser emission source is 40-60W, the scanning speed value of the laser beam is 400-800 mm/s, and the scanning lap joint rate of the laser beam is 40-55%;
the molded part exhibits a blue color, preferably: the output power value of the laser emission source is 40-65W, the scanning speed value of the laser beam is 400-600 mm/s, and the scanning lap joint rate of the laser beam is 50-60%;
the molded part is greenish, preferably: the output power value of the laser emission source is 50-65W, the scanning speed value of the laser beam is 400-500 mm/s, and the scanning lap joint rate of the laser beam is 50-65%.
The method for realizing coloring by processing is used for titanium alloy products, and the artistry and the appearance identification are improved. Durable coloring, wear resistance, high strength, short processing period and high efficiency.
Further preferred is that, by preferred constraints: k (P/V) eta (10.6) is more than 0.1, P is the output power value of the laser emission source, V is the scanning speed value of the laser beam passing through the three-dimensional galvanometer, eta is the scanning lap joint value of the laser beam emitted by the three-dimensional scanning galvanometer, and K is a constant of 10 mm/J. Satisfying the formula condition, more stable color rendering can be obtained.
Further, in order to ensure high reproduction of color and prevent the surface dirt of the material from influencing the color, the preferable scheme is to add pretreatment on the surface of the material, namely, remove the surface dirt of the material through laser irradiation, and the used processing parameters are as follows: the laser single pulse energy is 1mj, the scanning speed is 1000mm/s, the lap joint rate is 15%, and the coloring firmness and the color stability are obviously improved through the pretreatment performance.
The invention can realize real-time coloring in the printing process or direct in-place coloring of printed parts without blanking after printing is finished, can improve the processing efficiency and shorten the coloring period. An oxide film is generated on the surface of the formed part through laser irradiation, and different color presentations are obtained by utilizing the optical interference principle. The oxide film and the surface of the formed part are metallurgically bonded, and the strength is high.
The invention realizes irradiation scanning of different patterns by utilizing the editable and controllable coloring path of the three-dimensional scanning galvanometer, and can change irradiation parameters in the coloring process to realize coloring of different colors or gradient colors. The invention can improve the processing efficiency, shorten the coloring period and realize the real-time coloring in the printing process or the direct in-place coloring of the printed piece without blanking after the printing is finished.
The coloring method of the invention has high coloring power intensity after coloring, generates an oxide film on the surface of a formed part by laser irradiation, and obtains different color presentations by utilizing the principle of optical interference. The oxide film is metallurgically bonded with the surface of the formed part, so that the strength is high; and the coloring of color patterns can be realized, the irradiation scanning of different patterns can be realized due to the editable and controllable coloring path of the three-dimensional scanning galvanometer, and the irradiation parameters can be changed in the process to realize the coloring of different colors or gradient colors.

Claims (10)

1. A laser processing apparatus characterized by comprising: the device comprises a laser emission source (1), a laser beam (2), a press roller (3), a movable 45-degree reflector (4), a two-dimensional scanning galvanometer (5), a 45-degree reflector (6), a three-dimensional scanning galvanometer (7), a powder nozzle (8), a powder chamber (9), an objective table (10), a motor (11), a material receiving box (12) and a main control device (13);
defining a coordinate system: the origin point is an arbitrary point, and the positive direction of the y axis of the coordinate system is parallel to the direction of the laser beam (2) emitted by the laser emission source (1); the positive direction of the x axis of the coordinate system is parallel to the direction of the reflected output of the laser beam (2) sent by the laser emission source (1) by the 45-degree reflector (6), and the z axis is determined by the right-hand rule;
the laser emission source (1) is used for emitting laser beams (2) required by selective laser sintering 3D printing and sending the laser beams to a movable 45-degree reflector (4);
a movable 45-degree reflector (4) for reflecting the laser beam from the laser emission source (1) and reflecting the laser beam to a two-dimensional scanning galvanometer (5)
The two-dimensional scanning galvanometer (5) can control the scanning track of the laser beam sent by the movable 45-degree reflecting mirror (4) to realize the scanning of the laser beam on the powder bed, namely the scanning on a two-dimensional plane;
the objective table (10) is connected with a motor (11); the motor (11) can drive the objective table (10) to move along the z axis and rotate by taking the z axis as a center, so that the objective table can rotate; the motor (11) can also drive the objective table (10) to move along the x axis and the y axis;
the object stage (10) can move relative to the powder chamber (9);
the powder chamber (9) is hollow and cylindrical, and the objective table (10) is positioned in the powder chamber (9);
the powder nozzle (8) is used for spraying powder into the powder chamber (9);
the inner wall of the powder chamber (9) and the objective table (10) form a containing cavity for containing powder sent by the powder nozzle (8), and the powder in the powder chamber (9) is compacted by the compression roller (3) and the upper surface of the powder is ensured to be coincided with a focal plane of the laser beam to form a powder bed;
the 45-degree reflecting mirror (6) is moved out of the optical path after the movable 45-degree reflecting mirror (4) moves, and the 45-degree reflecting mirror (6) receives and reflects the laser beam output by the laser emission source (1) and reflects the laser beam to the three-dimensional scanning galvanometer (7);
the three-dimensional scanning galvanometer (7) can control the scanning track of the laser beam sent by the 45-degree reflecting mirror (6) to realize the scanning of the laser beam on the printed matter (14), namely the scanning on a three-dimensional curved surface, and realize the coloring of the printed matter (14).
2. A laser processing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein: the selective laser sintering 3D printing is: and sintering and molding the powdery material by using laser.
3. A laser processing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein: the laser beam required by the selective laser sintering 3D printing specifically comprises the following steps: wavelength of 800--9-10-3Second pulsed laser.
4. A laser processing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein: the movable position of the movable 45-degree reflector (4) is as follows: the working position of the 45-degree reflector (4) can be moved during the sintering and forming process of the printing piece (14).
5. A laser processing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein: the stage (10) includes: the supporting column is connected with the bearing surface and is vertical to the bearing surface; the bearing surface is circular; the support column is connected with an output shaft of the motor (11) and is positioned on a straight line.
6. A laser processing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein: the objective table (10) is positioned in the powder chamber (9), and specifically comprises: the powder chamber (9) is a hollow cylinder; the stage (10) includes: the outer diameter of the bearing surface is matched with the inner diameter of the powder chamber (9) so that the bearing surface can move in the powder chamber (9) along the z axis.
7. A laser processing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein: and the laser beam (2) is emitted from the laser emission source (1), is transmitted by the optical system and irradiates the powder bed to be melted, and the single-layer selective laser sintering work is completed.
8. The laser processing device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the movable 45 ° reflecting mirror is movable in a direction perpendicular to the laser beam, and when the movable 45 ° reflecting mirror is operated, the movable 45 ° reflecting mirror reflects the laser beam to the two-dimensional scanning galvanometer, and the laser beam output from the two-dimensional scanning galvanometer performs selective laser sintering operation on the powder of the powder bed; when the movable reflector moves to the outside of the light path of the laser beam output by the laser emission source (1) along the vertical direction of the laser beam, the 45-degree reflector works to reflect the laser beam to the three-dimensional scanning galvanometer, and the laser beam output by the three-dimensional scanning galvanometer colors the surface of a printed piece.
9. A laser processing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein: before single-layer selective laser sintering, the upper surface of the powder chamber is superposed with the focal plane of the laser beam and the compaction plane of the press roller, the powder chamber is of an axisymmetric geometric structure, and the cross section shape is consistent with that of the objective table.
10. A laser processing method implemented based on the laser processing apparatus of claim 1, characterized by comprising the steps of:
step 1: the 3D printing model of the printed piece (14) is sliced in layers through a main control device, each layer of slice is a single-layer selective laser sintering section, and the thickness of each layer is the thickness of the single-layer selective laser sintering section;
step 2: the upper surface of the powder chamber is coincided with the upper surface of the objective table, and then the objective table is descended by a distance of the thickness of the sintering section;
and step 3: metal powder is sprayed into the powder chamber through a powder nozzle, and the powder in the powder chamber is compacted and uniformly distributed through reciprocating horizontal rolling of a compression roller;
and 4, step 4: the movable 45-degree reflector works, a laser emission source is started, a laser beam is reflected to the two-dimensional scanning galvanometer through the movable 45-degree reflector, the laser beam output by the two-dimensional scanning galvanometer scans the cross section track of the 3D printing model after the 3D printing model is sliced in a layering way through the main control device, and the single-layer selective laser sintering work is completed;
and 5: closing the laser emission source;
step 6: the objective table is lowered by a distance of one sintering section thickness, metal powder is sprayed into the powder chamber through the powder nozzle again, and compaction and uniform distribution of the powder in the powder chamber are realized through reciprocating horizontal rolling of the compression roller;
and 7: the movable 45-degree reflector works, a laser emission source is started, a laser beam is reflected to the two-dimensional scanning galvanometer through the movable reflector, the laser beam output by the two-dimensional scanning galvanometer scans the next section track of the 3D printing model after layered slicing by the main control device, the selective laser sintering work of the next layer is completed, and the laser emission source is closed;
and 8: repeating steps 6-7 until printing of the entire printed article (14) is completed;
and step 9: the objective table is descended until the printed piece is completely moved out of the lower surface of the powder chamber, and the output shaft of the motor is rotated by 90 degrees clockwise in parallel to the YOZ plane, so that the output shaft of the motor rotates from being parallel to the z axis to being parallel to the y axis;
step 10: starting a motor to rotate for 360 degrees, driving the objective table and the printed piece to rotate for 360 degrees, and dropping redundant powder on the printed piece to the receiving box;
step 11: the main control device controls the three-dimensional scanning galvanometer (7) and the motor, and the irradiation track of the laser beam on the surface of the printed piece is calculated according to the space coordinate of each point on the surface of the 3D printing model and the rotating speed of the motor;
step 12: the movable 45-degree reflector moves to the outside of a light path along the vertical direction of the laser beam, the laser emission source is started, the 45-degree reflector works, and the laser beam output by the laser emission source (1) is reflected to the three-dimensional scanning galvanometer;
step 13: the main control device controls the scanning of the three-dimensional scanning galvanometer and the rotation of the motor, so that the defocusing amount of the laser beam irradiated on each point on the surface of the printed piece is unchanged;
step 14: and finishing laser irradiation on the whole surface of the printed piece according to the set track, and closing a laser emission source to realize coloring of the whole surface of the printed piece.
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