CN110311133A - 一种三维碳负极材料及其制备方法、应用 - Google Patents
一种三维碳负极材料及其制备方法、应用 Download PDFInfo
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- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种三维碳负极材料及其制备方法、应用,所述三维碳负极材料包括泡沫镍,以及泡沫镍表面包覆的碳层。将小分子有机物作为碳源,通过水热法使小分子有机物脱水聚合成多糖,并原位包覆在泡沫镍上;后在保护气氛下进行热处理,将多糖碳化成碳层。本发明的制备方法工艺简单,成本低,易于推广;并且避免了粘结剂和导电剂的使用,提高了材料的利用率;利用泡沫镍本身的三维结构直接合成三维电极,作为电池负极材料具有良好的性能。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及电池材料及其制备方法、应用,特别是涉及一种三维碳负极材料及其制备方法、应用。
背景技术
传统的化石能源日益枯竭,同时环境污染问题也日益严重,迫使人们不断寻找新的可替代能源。二次电池储能系统由于绿色无污染,能量密度高,循环性能好,受到越来越多的关注。锂离子电池目前已经在移动电子设备中得到了广泛的应用。锂离子电池一般是由正极,负极,隔膜,电解液组成的。其中,电极材料,尤其是负极材料的发展很大程度上决定了锂离子电池未来能否在动力汽车,航空航天等高科技领域崭露头角。
目前锂离子电池商业化使用的负极材料主要是石墨化的碳材料。在实际应用的过程中,存在循环充放电中,碳材料易发生粉化脱落,从而导致电极接触变差的问题。另一方面,石墨类碳材料的主要原材料是石油及其制品,而我们国家原油短缺,因此,寻找新的碳材料来源以及合成新型碳负极材料,是大势所趋。
发明内容
发明目的:本发明的目的是针对现有技术中碳材料的不足,提供一种三维碳负极材料,无需粘结剂,制备简单,且适于大规模生产的三维碳材料;本发明还提供了一种三维碳负极材料的制备方法;还提供了一种三维碳负极材料的应用。
技术方案:本发明提供的三维碳负极材料,以小分子有机物作为碳源,所述三维碳负极材料包括泡沫镍,以及泡沫镍表面包覆的碳层。
所述泡沫镍的厚度为0.1~5mm,孔隙率为10%~99%。
本发明还提供了一种三维碳负极材料的制备方法,包括如下步骤:
(1)将小分子有机物作为碳源,将碳源溶于溶剂中,采用水热法将小分子有机物脱水聚合成多糖,并包覆在泡沫镍上;
(2)将步骤(1)得到的泡沫镍在保护气氛下进行热处理,多糖碳化成碳,并直接原位包覆在泡沫镍表面。
所述步骤(1)中的小分子有机物为葡萄糖、蔗糖、果糖中任一种。
优选地,所述步骤(1)中的将碳源溶于溶剂中,其中碳源的浓度为0.01~1000mg/mL。
为了进一步优化三维碳负极材料的性能,所述步骤(1)中的水热法的反应温度为20~250℃,反应时间为0.1~100h。
所述步骤(2)中的热处理的反应温度为400~800℃,反应时间为0.1~100h。
所述步骤(2)中的保护气氛为氮气或氩气。
本发明还提供了三维碳负极材料在二次电池中的应用。二次电池可以是锂离子电池或者钠离子电池等。
发明原理:本发明通过葡萄糖等的小分子有机物作为碳源,并通过水热反应以及后续的热处理碳化过程,以泡沫镍为骨架,原位地在泡沫镍上均匀、紧密的包覆碳层,利用泡沫镍本身的三维结构直接合成三维电极,作为电池负极材料具有良好的性能;三维碳材料的制备方法首先以葡萄糖、蔗糖等为碳源前驱体,通过水热反应在泡沫镍上原位生长并包覆葡萄糖脱水形成的多糖;后进一步通过在保护气氛下热处理,将多糖转化成碳层。将本发明提供的三维碳材料作为电极材料,具有增强电极材料和电极的接触,延长电极寿命,制备简单,成本低,易于推广等优点,并且避免了粘结剂和导电剂的使用,提高了材料的利用率,因此可以在二次电池上广泛应用。
有益效果:
(1)本发明可以在泡沫镍上原位包覆均匀、紧密的碳层,利用泡沫镍本身的三维结构直接合成三维电极,作为电池负极材料具有良好的性能;
(2)本发明的制备方法工艺简单,成本低,易于推广;并且避免了粘结剂和导电剂的使用,提高了材料的利用率;
(3)本发明的碳源为葡萄糖、蔗糖、果糖等小分子有机物,避免了石油及其制品的石墨类碳材料的使用;
(4)本发明的三维碳负极材料应用于锂离子电池、钠离子电池,具有很好的循环性能以及很高的比容量。
附图说明
图1为实施例1制备的三维泡沫镍-碳负极和未包覆碳的泡沫镍的数码照片;
图2为实施例1制备的三维碳负极的X射线衍射(XRD)谱图;
图3为实施例1制备的三维碳负极的(1000倍)扫描电子显微镜(SEM)图;
图4为实施例1制备锂离子电池三维碳负极的循环性能曲线图;
图5为实施例2制备钠离子电池三维碳负极的循环性能曲线图。
具体实施方式
下面结合实施例进行进一步地详细描述。
以下实施例中用到的原料试剂:泡沫镍、乙醇、葡萄糖、蔗糖、果糖、锂片均为市面上购买。
实施例1:
本实施例的三维碳负极材料的制备方法及步骤如下:
(1)将泡沫镍剪成3cm×3cm用水和乙醇反复清洗几次,然后在鼓风烘箱里80摄氏度充分干燥;
(2)将4g葡萄糖和80ml水搅拌混合,制成均一的水溶液,然后转移至聚四氟乙烯内胆中,放入准备好的泡沫镍,在不锈钢高压反应釜中密封,放到鼓风烘箱里在180℃进行水热反应,反应时间为12小时。反应结束后自然冷却到室温,将衬底取出用水和乙醇冲洗,在鼓风烘箱里80摄氏度干燥8小时;
(3)将样品在氩气保护气氛中400℃热处理2小时,即得到碳包覆的泡沫镍三维碳负极。
图1、图2和图3分别是由本实施例合成的三维泡沫镍-碳负极和未包覆碳的泡沫镍的数码照片、三维碳负极的X射线衍射图谱、1000倍放大的扫描电镜照片。从图1可以明显看到,包覆过碳的泡沫镍颜色明显变黑。从图2可知,所得到的是金属镍和碳,没有其他的杂质相。从图3中可见,由葡萄糖裂解形成的碳层,均匀的包覆在泡沫镍表面。
将制备的三维碳负极与锂片组装锂离子电池,组装方法与步骤为现有技术,本发明不做详细描述;并进行恒电流充放电实验,充放电电流是100mA/g,充放电电压范围为0.01~2.5V之间。结果如图4所示,经过100次循环,循环容量依然可以保持在400mAh/g以上,表明具有很好的循环性能以及很高的比容量。
实施例2:
本实施例的三维碳负极材料的制备方法及步骤如下:
(1)将泡沫镍剪成3cm×3cm用水和乙醇反复清洗几次,然后在鼓风烘箱里80摄氏度充分干燥;
(2)将4g蔗糖和80ml水搅拌混合,制成均一的水溶液,然后转移至聚四氟乙烯内胆中,放入准备好的泡沫镍,在不锈钢高压反应釜中密封,放到鼓风烘箱里在180℃进行水热反应,反应时间为20小时。反应结束后自然冷却到室温,将衬底取出用水和乙醇冲洗,在鼓风烘箱里80摄氏度干燥8小时;
(3)将样品在氮气保护气氛中400℃热处理2小时,即得到碳包覆的泡沫镍三维电极。
本实施例制备得到的三维碳负极材料的低倍、高倍形貌及结构特性与实施例1相符。
后将制备的三维碳负极与金属钠组装成钠离子电池,并进行恒电流充放电实验,充放电电流是100mA/g,充放电电压范围为0.01~2.5V之间。结果如图5所示,经过100次循环,循环容量依然可以保持在,180mAh/g以上,表明具有很好的循环性能以及很高的比容量。
实施例3:
本实施例的三维碳负极材料的制备方法及步骤如下:
(1)将泡沫镍剪成3cm×3cm用水和乙醇反复清洗几次,然后在鼓风烘箱里80摄氏度充分干燥;
(2)将6g葡萄糖和80ml水搅拌混合,制成均一的水溶液,然后转移至聚四氟乙烯内胆中,放入准备好的泡沫镍,在不锈钢高压反应釜中密封,放到鼓风烘箱里在180℃进行水热反应,反应时间为12小时。反应结束后自然冷却到室温,将衬底取出用水和乙醇冲洗,在鼓风烘箱里80摄氏度干燥8小时;
(3)将样品在氩气保护气氛中500℃热处理3小时,即得到碳包覆的泡沫镍三维电极。
本实施例制备得到的三维碳负极材料的低倍、高倍形貌及结构特性与实施例1相符。并将其制备成锂离子电池,电池的电学特性与实施例1相符。
实施例4:
本实施例的三维碳负极材料的制备方法及步骤如下:
(1)将泡沫镍剪成3cm×3cm用水和乙醇反复清洗几次,然后在鼓风烘箱里80摄氏度充分干燥;
(2)将8g果糖和70ml水搅拌混合,制成均一的水溶液,然后转移至聚四氟乙烯内胆中,放入准备好的泡沫镍,在不锈钢高压反应釜中密封,放到鼓风烘箱里在180℃进行水热反应,反应时间为10小时。反应结束后自然冷却到室温,将衬底取出用水和乙醇冲洗,在鼓风烘箱里80摄氏度干燥8小时;
(3)将样品在氮气保护气氛中600℃热处理1小时,即得到碳包覆的泡沫镍三维电极。
本实施例制备得到的三维碳负极材料的低倍、高倍形貌及结构特性与实施例1相符。并将其制备成锂离子电池,电池的电学特性与实施例1相符。
实施例5:
本实施例中,三维碳负极材料的制备方法及步骤与实施例1基本相同,不同之处在于热处理的反应温度为700℃,反应时间为1h,制备得到的三维碳负极材料形貌、结构特性以及制备成锂离子电池的电学特性与实施例1相符。
Claims (8)
1.一种三维碳负极材料,其特征在于:包括泡沫镍以及泡沫镍表面包覆的碳层,所述碳层是以小分子有机物作为碳源形成的。
2.根据权利要求1所述的三维碳负极材料的制备方法,其特征在于包括如下步骤:
(1)将小分子有机物作为碳源,将碳源溶于溶剂中,采用水热法将小分子有机物脱水聚合成多糖,并包覆在泡沫镍上;
(2)将步骤(1)得到的泡沫镍在保护气氛下进行热处理,多糖碳化成碳,并直接原位包覆在泡沫镍表面。
3.根据权利要求2所述的三维碳负极材料的制备方法,其特征在于:所述步骤(1)中的小分子有机物为葡萄糖、蔗糖、果糖中任一种。
4.根据权利要求2所述的三维碳负极材料的制备方法,其特征在于:所述步骤(1)中的将碳源溶于溶剂中,其中碳源的浓度为0.01~1000mg/mL。
5.根据权利要求2所述的三维碳负极材料的制备方法,其特征在于:所述步骤(1)中的水热法的反应温度为20~250℃,反应时间为0.1~100h。
6.根据权利要求2所述的三维碳负极材料的制备方法,其特征在于:所述步骤(2)中的热处理的反应温度为400~800℃,反应时间为0.1~100h。
7.根据权利要求2所述的三维碳负极材料的制备方法,其特征在于:所述步骤(2)中的保护气氛为氮气或氩气。
8.一种如权利要求1所述的三维碳负极材料在二次电池中的应用。
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CN111627724A (zh) * | 2020-04-22 | 2020-09-04 | 上海工程技术大学 | 碳包覆镍基薄膜电极材料及其制备方法和应用 |
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CN113003701A (zh) * | 2021-02-08 | 2021-06-22 | 哈尔滨工业大学 | 电耦生物滤池深度净化铅锌矿尾矿库废水装置 |
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